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Question 1-10 Chaparral Ecosystems Chaparral ecosystems are shrub land communities that are relatively rare. The largest chaparral ecosystems are found in the state of California in the United States, parts of Northern Mexico, Australia, Chile, and South Africa. Winters in this ecosystem are mild and wet, and the summers tend to be hot and dry. Wildfires occur frequently, with highly flammable plant growth building up in between fire seasons. With an average rainfall of only 15-39 inches of rain per year, shrub plants of the chaparral are most likely to catch fire during the extra dry conditions of late summer and early fall. Although the thought of fire is frightening to those with homes or businesses close to chaparral growth, it is actually far more dangerous to prevent wildfires and allow shrubs to take over. Small fires once in a while are actually beneficial to the chaparral communities, keeping the plant growth under control and acting in some other surprising ways. There are some plant species living in chaparral ecosystems that cannot reproduce unless there has been a fire. The heat, smoke, and changes in the soil following a burn actually release seeds from some plants, and create ideal growing conditions for others. What causes the frequent fires in this region? Sometimes lightning strikes will start vegetation on fire, but this accounts for only a small portion of the fires. Humans are the cause of wildfires more often than not. A match, cigarette, or campfire is left carelessly unattended, and hot dry winds, like the Santa Ana winds in California, whip the fire into an untamed blaze. If it has been a long time since the last fire, vegetation will fuel the fires, often making them difficult for firefighters to put down. People who live in and near chaparral ecosystems have to be very careful to keep a vegetation-free zone clear around homes and other buildings to prevent fire damage. Buildings on hillsides are also in danger of mudslides if rains follow wildfires. Although there are definite hazards in this ecosystem, when people take steps to ensure safety, wildfires are a natural and important part of a healthy chaparral system. 1. Chaparral ecosystems are mostly made of a. moss b. bush c. coral d. scrub 2. We can find chaparral ecosystem, except, in a. Northern Mexico b. Australia c. Chile d. America 3. Why do wildfires often occur? a. Because the ecosystems are mild and wet b. Because highly flammable plants grow there c. Because it is lack of rain d. Because it likes to catch fire

4. The fires are somehow useful for the ecosystem, because a. the fire is not frightening b. the fire improves homes and businesses c. small fires happen once a while d. it can control the shrubs development 5. Some vegetation in chaparral cant reproduce if there is no a. heat b. seed c. rain d. shrub 6. These statements below are true, except a. the thunder causes wildfire in a small percentage b. cigarette is the major cause of fire c. Santa Ana winds set fire more frequently than the others d. untamed blaze is caused by hot dry winds 7. What is the correct plants reproduction process in the chaparral ecosystem? a. Fire soil alteration plants release seeds b. Rain soil alteration plants release seeds c. Fire soil burn plants release seeds d. Rain soil burn plants release seeds 8. Although there are definite hazards in this ecosystem Hazards has the synonym with word a. Blizzards b. Hot winds c. Risks d. Plants 9. Why do people around the ecosystem not totally try to solve the wildfire problem? a. Because buildings on hillsides are safe from fire b. Because the fires are beneficial for the ecosystem c. Because people take steps to ensure safety d. Because free zone clear around homes and other buildings 10. What is topic probably discussed in the next paragraph? a. Rainfall b. Smoke effect c. Frightened people d. Safety action

Question 11-22 Its Elemental All of the stuff around us that takes up space is called matter. Matter is made out of elements. An element cannot be taken apart chemically to make any other substances. Although elements are made up of microscopic parts called Atoms, those atoms have all the properties of the element. A property is a characteristic. How is the (11)______ experienced with the senses? (What does it look like, feel like, taste like, sound like, or smell like?) How does it act under certain conditions, or when it is mixed with other elements? When you answer those questions, you are describing an elements (12)______. The kind of atoms that connect, and the way they join, determines the properties of each element. (13)______ join together to make elements, and then those elements join together to make (14 )______. The whole process is kind of like building something out of blocks that connect together. In the early days of scientific study, (15)______ started writing down what they were observing about elements. There were probably as many different ways to write it all down as there were people. Just think about the differences between the way you and your friends take notes in class! It was hard for scientists to share information and build on each others studies until the information was organized in a standard way that scientists could all use. Of course there were changes and adjustments along the way, but we finally ended up with a chart called the (16)______. In 1869, a Russian (17)______ named Dmitri Mendeleyev arranged all the known elements based on their properties and the number of (18)______ (positively charged particles) found in one atom of each element. Mendeleyev noticed a pattern in these numbers, and was even able to use the pattern to predict future elements before scientists discovered them! Today, we know of about (19) ______ different elements, but there are (20)______ elements that are found in the largest amounts on Earth. You have probably heard the names of these 18 before: (21)______, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Neon, Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine, and Argon. When it comes down to the building blocks of matter, its (22)______! Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word! 11. a. matter 12. a. matter 13. a. matter 14. a. matter 15. a. chemist 16. a. chemist 17. a. chemist 18. a. chemist b. properties b. properties b. properties b. properties b. scientist b. scientist b. scientist b. scientist c. element c. element c. element c. element c. protons c. protons c. protons c. protons d. atoms d. atoms d. atoms d. atoms d. Periodic Table d. Periodic Table d. Periodic Table d. Periodic Table

19. a. 18 20. a. 18 21. a. 18 22. a. 18

b. 100 b. 100 b. 100 b. 100

c. Hydrogen c. Hydrogen c. Hydrogen c. Hydrogen

d. elemental d. elemental d. elemental d. elemental

Question 23-40 WHY DO THINGS FLOAT? Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors. The most widely known anecdote about Archimedes tells of how he invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape. According to Vitruvius, a new crown in the shape of a laurel wreath had been made for King Hiero II, and Archimedes was asked to determine whether it was of solid gold, or whether silver had been added by a dishonest goldsmith. Archimedes had to solve the problem without damaging the crown, so he could not melt it down into a regularly shaped body in order to calculate its density. While taking a bath, he noticed that the level of the water in the tub rose as he got in, and realized that this effect could be used to determine the volume of the crown. For practical purposes water is incompressible, so the submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. By dividing the weight of the crown by the volume of water displaced, the density of the crown could be obtained. This density would be lower than that of gold if cheaper and less dense metals had been added. Archimedes then took to the streets naked, so excited by his discovery that he had forgotten to dress, crying "Eureka!" (Greek: "!," meaning "I have found it!") The story of the golden crown does not appear in the known works of Archimedes. Moreover, the practicality of the method that is described has been called into question, due to the extreme accuracy with which one would have to measure the water displacement. Archimedes may have instead sought a solution that applied the principle known in hydrostatics as Archimedes' Principle, which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies. This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Using this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the golden crown to that of solid gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a gold reference sample, then immersing the apparatus in water. If the crown was less dense than gold, it would displace more water due to its larger volume, and thus experience a greater buoyant force than the reference sample. This difference in buoyancy would cause the scale to tip accordingly. Galileo considered it "probable that this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself."

23. Why was Archimedes popular? a. Because he was a Greek physicist b. Because his few details of his life were known c. Because he was awarded as one of important scientists d. Because he was popular astronomer 24. What kind of award did Archimedes get? a. People put his name in a pump machine b. People could explain the lever principle c. People made foundation of hydrostatics d. People took a credit of innovative machine 25. He is credited with designing innovative machines The italic word can be best replaced by a. given b. taken c. certified d. concluded 26. The most famous of Archimedes invention story was a. he found a method to determine a crown b. he found a method to measure asymmetrical objects volume c. he found a known anecdote d. he found a known method to determine irregular shape 27. King Hierro II asked Archimedes to identify his crown to make sure it is made of a. gold b. silver c. solid silver d. solid gold 28. Archimedes was asked to determine whether it was of solid gold. It refers to a. gold b. solid gold c. crown d. King Hierro 29. What was the problem to measure the Kings crown? a. It was expensive b. It belonged to the King c. It couldnt be melted d. It would be damaged 30. Where did Archimedes get the idea to identify the crowns density? a. When he did the experiment b. When he found a rose c. When he measured the effect d. When he was in the bath up 31. How did Archimedes determine the density of the crown? a. By dividing the crowns mass by the volume of water displaced b. By submerging the crowns weight by the volume of water displaced c. By dividing the water shifts volume by the mass of the crown d. By submerging the water shifts volume by the crown weight

32. According to Archimedes the crowns density would be lower if a. it was made of gold b. it was made of expensive metal as gold c. it was added by less dense metal d. it was added by solid gold 33. Why did Archimedes took to the street naked? a. Because he was crying b. Because he said Eureka c. Because he found the crown d. Because he was happy about his invention 34. For practical purposes water is incompressible Practical has the same meaning with the word a. real b. good c. convenient d. pretty 35. so the submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. Its refers to a. crowns b. waters c. tubs d. golds 36. due to the extreme accuracy with which one would have to measure the water displacement. The synonym of the word extreme is a. bad b. crazy c. tremendous d. normal 37. Where did Archimedes publish the hydrostatic principle? a. In the newspaper b. In his book c. In the Kings letter d. In his thesis 38. How do we compare the density of an object to another by using this principle? a. By immersing the object on a scale with a reference sample b. By balancing the object on a scale with a reference sample c. By immersing the water with a reference object d. By balancing the water with a reference object

39. it would displace more water due to its larger volume, The synonym of the word displace is a. disable b. drown c. shrink d. shift 40. it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself. It refers to a. method b. demonstration c. difference d. buoyancy

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