Gi i thi u Ki N TRC MY TNH

Gi i thi u

Ki n trc my tnh 39 6x2 Gi ng vin: Hu nh Tr ng Th a

Email: htthua@ptithcm.edu.vn HP: 0909899791

M c ch mn h c
ki n trc chung t ch c t p l nh ki n trc CPU v cc thnh ph n CPU phn c p b nh v ch a ch ki n trc v t ch c thng tin trn a

N i dung chi ti t (1/2)

Gi i thi u chung

Khi ni m ki n trc v t ch c my tnh C u trc v ch c n ng c a my tnh L ch s pht tri n my tnh Ki n trc von-Neumann v ki n trc Harvard Cc h s m v t ch c l u tr d li u trn my tnh
Kh i x l trung tm

Cc thnh ph n ch c n ng c a CPU Thanh ghi Kh i i u khi n Kh i lgic v s h c H th ng Bus

T p l nh my tnh

Khi ni m t p l nh, thnh ph n l nh my Chu trnh th c hi n l nh my M t s d ng l nh thng d ng Cc d ng ton h ng Cc ch a ch

N i dung chi ti t (2/2)

B nh trong

Th c hnh
L p trnh h!p ng :
Turbo ASM
ct.asm -> tasm ct (ct.obj)-> tlink ct (ct.exe)

Gi i thi u chung v b nh my tnh B nh s c p B nh cache at RAID a quang

B nh ngoi

H th ng BUS v thi t b ngo i vi

Marie Sim Emu8086 Flat Assembler

Nguyn t c giao ti p v i thi t b ngo i vi BUS h th ng PCI

Ti li u tham kh o
[1] Stallings W., Computer Organization and Architecture, Prentice Hall 1996. [2] Hennesy J.L. and Patterson D.A., Computer Architecture. A Quantitative Approach, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003. [3] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Prentice Hall 2006 [4] H" Khnh Lm, K thu t vi x l, Nh xu t b n B u i n, 2005.

My tnh v ki n trc my tnh

T NG QUAN V Ki N TRC MY TNH
Khi ni m ki n trc v t ch c my tnh C u trc v ch c n ng c a my tnh L ch s pht tri n my tnh Ki n trc von-Neumann Ki n trc Harvard Cc h s m v t ch c l u tr d li u trn my tnh

My tnh l g?
L thi t b i n t Nh n, x l v cho k t qu . n v ho t ng = ch ng trnh

M hnh phn l p c a 1 h th ng my tnh

Ki n trc my tnh & T ch c my tnh

Ki n trc my tnh:
ct

T ch c my tnh:
$ ! " # % & '! " #

( )
( )

#
#/
* 2

C * +
0

-.

CH C N NG

1
L u tr d li u

(* + /
3 4 5 5 , 6 0 , ) 0 #2 71
Di chuy n d li u K thu t i u khi n

X l d li u

C U TRC

C u trc t ng quan
Thi t b ngo i vi

My tnh
nv x l trung tm B nh chnh

My tnh

Lin k t h th ng Nh p/ Xu t

Cc

ng lin l c

C u trc CPU
CPU
Computer
I/O System Bus Memory CPU

C u trc CPU (tt)

Registers

Arithmetic and Login Unit

Internal CPU Interconnection Control Unit -. $

(* + '! 3 4 5 , 8 9: ; < - = 3 4 5 > &/ ( ? @ 3 4 5 A3 3 > 5 1 .2

Cng su t c a B vi x l
di t d li u (4bit n 64bit) Kh n ng nh a ch! nh v t l T c x l l nh
MIPS=(fxN)/(M+T)
f: t"n s N: s l M: s l T: h s lm vi c c a b VXL #ng cc n v ALU #ng vi l nh (th ng c 47 vi l nh cho 1 l nh) th i gian truy c p b nh

T c
B

x l
5, > 58 9: /
3 3 C D A GA 3 ; J

B . > $ E F ? G HE 3 3 I F K . 8

B 0

, > 58 9: /
H(3! J "

L 58 9: 3 4 5 A3 5 8 0 8 B 5,> 58 9 : M 0 , 8 2

T c

x l (tt)

Nng cao t c

c a B VXL
ng

D ng xung nh p:

T0: chu k$ xung nh p T"n s xung nh p: f0 = 1/T0 M%i thao tc c a b x l c"n kT0 T0 cng nh& => b x l ch y cng nhanh

X l song song v ki n trc siu h (ng x l K thu t b nh Cache K thu t ng ng r ng bus

Vd': My tnh dng b x l Pentium IV 2GHz

Ta c f0 = 2 GHz = 2x109 Hz T0 = 1/f0 = 1/(2x109) = 0,5 ns

B nh my tnh
(* + / ( 3 > & 1> 5 1 / N O HP A ; J Q HR AJ ( 0 ./
L 5 1 3 HF A L 5 1 3 HS8A E A 3J E A 3J

B nh trong
; 2

(* +

(* M ( ? @ 3 T " B 5) U !M 1 G9; V > 5 1> ; W/ P X E Y P Z E

3 4> 5 1 3 /
J

L 5 1 . L 5 1 A H> 5 1

B nh chnh
(* ; ( ? @ 9; V 2 B T * + 1 [ 2 <+ 1 \ T * A3> -A2 < 5; , + 1 - T Y nh ng [ :, + 1 M 2

B nh Cache
L 5 1 5 % ( ? @ > 5 1 . $ + > 5 1 U ] > 5 1 . B 5 ( A \ 5 ( A . ( A 3 % !M 2 5( ? @

* 8 9: 2

B nh ngoi
(* +
^ N ! "

H th ng vo/ra
/
0 ' , ; 1; 4 -. "> 3 _

%
1

(* + / 3 T M . 1 " 1> 32 ( 3 > &/

b 3; HF J P ; HX J ( 0 ./ ( "> 3 4 H? A A U A ( M 3 _ HF XE 3 ;A J

U T (

1 5 3 4> 5 1 3/
;

L 5 1` / a * Ya ' L 5 1 / a( U Y U b U L 5 1> ; W/ c ;! Y A 3-

A J

C u trc c b n c a h th ng vo/ra

Thi t b vo/ra
(* + / - T; > 3 -. 2 ( 3 4 "> 3 4 HB L < b J
B B B B

> > &/

"> 3 /> . Y 5Y - d e "> / Y - e "> 1 / T ae "> ' M /E X U SE e

Module vo/ra
(* + / d B L < b 1 -. 2 E 6 M 3 _ 5 3 % 5 T 3 _ HF f X? 3 J2 E 6 T 3 _ 5 [ 8 2 ( B L < b ! " 3 T; 1 -. M T 3 _ 2

Ho t
B Ng)t

ng c a my tnh

B
^ 3 4 5 E -. %
< B

Chu k$ l nh
> & , -. % 4 > 1 / (chu k$ l nh)

>6 3 % %

>; ` " ; ` 2

Quy trnh nh n l nh
L = 0 6 Y ( ? @ ` > 5 1 .2 L 5 " ? (,( ? @ [, g 2 ( ? @ ` + 1 ]> h? ( 2 ^ 4 3 F P G ! 3 Y5 ; ? ( 5 + ] ! " "2

Minh h*a quy trnh nh n l nh

Quy trnh th+c hi n l nh

L 58 9: & i i . '! - 02 ( ! 3 , /
B 3 T; B 3 T; j 9 :; / 3 % d 3 3 N' ! g K " 3 ( ? @ ( ? @ 1

Ng)t (Interupt)
L d( ? @4 ; ` 5 ! YO 3 V V =2 3 4 =/ " 3

> 5 1 . M 3 _ d 3 ;

(
O

<= ; 36 ! Y . ; V / Y 3k e < =; 36 0 * Y. ; V / 6> 5 1P Z E <= ; 3 M 3 _ . = "( ? @- 0 3 T; 2

Ho t
G !

ng ng)t
5 Y > 58 9 :! " . A3 = => > 58 9: 4 2 =/

Chu k$ l nh c ng)t

3 =2 < " !M , < " .

B 4 ; ` ( ) & H M " > =J B" ? ( ] " 3 V V = ( 3 V V = ( 3 V V =Y !M V & " V > 4 ; ` 2

Ho t

ng ng)t (tt)

X l v i nhi u yu c"u ng)t

j 9: = 0
Y = " ! 0 ! > => h =! g A3 3 ! ! = K 5 = > ) L 58 9 : g> ] 8 9: 5 = ( = W 0 8 9 :8 3 ( =

j 9: =
( = <= * 3 a * ) => 8 & = l =

Ho t
m 3 4 5 ( !

ng vo/ra
3 _ / 3 4 5 B L < b 1> 3 3 4 5 3 _ /
1 M 3 T;

H th ng Bus
3 T; -. 2
3 _ " 1> 5
#" !" %& ' (&

( ? @ 3 T; E M 3 _ 1 .2

H th ng Bus (tt)
L / \ ! " ; n M 0 , -. 1 2 N 55 > / \ ; D -, > ' > M l \H [ ; n 3> [ > ; J ?D 3 4 ) #> /
( ) ( ) # # > >

H th ng Bus (tt)

Bus

a ch!:
[ 8 ( ? @ Y . ' ! + M 1 -T 1 M 3 _ 2 3 _ 2

Bus d li u:
- ;

`> 5 1 " ( ? @

Bus i u khi n:
-

Ki n trc Von Neumann vs Harvard

Ki n trc Von Neumann vs Harvard (tt)

Nh n l nh

Nh n d li u Nh n l nh

Th+c hi n l nh Nh n d li u Th+c hi n l nh

Ki n trc my tnh t i thi u

L ch s pht tri n my tnh

B" 0 HCopq_CoqrJ - E - .

Th h th hai (1958-1964) My tnh dng Transitor Th h th ba (1964-1974) My tnh dng vi m ch SSI, MSI B" * HCosp_ J My tnh dng vi m ch LSI, VLSI

ENIAC My tnh i n t

"u tin

ENIAC (ti p)

SA 3 < A FA 3 ;( 3 A E - S ! A "! " Copt->Copu2 D vk dY 3vY r d 5 d2 Cr2 kkk w 9 Y C2 qkk M = 5 N% tk ) Y VCpkK R \ 2 vk Ck > H . 3 D J2 T q2 kkk d 3 5 3 5 D 2 ( M > $ -> $ ) 0 = ; n = 2

My tnh von Neumann - IAS

Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies 1947 -> 1952 Jonh von Neumann thi t k #c xy d+ng trn t ,ng ch ng trnh #c l u tr c a von Neumann/Turing (1945)

IAS (ti p)
Bao g(m cc thnh ph"n: n v i u khi n, n v s h*c v logic (ALU), b nh chnh v cc thi t b vo ra B nh chnh ch a ch ng trnh v d li u B nh chnh #c nh a ch! theo t ng ng n nh , khng ph' thu c vo n i dung c a n ALU th+c hi n cc php ton v i s nh phn n v i u khi n nh n l nh t b nh , gi i m v th+c hi n l nh m t cch tu"n t+ n v i u khi n i u khi n ho t ng c a cc thi t b vo ra Tr thnh m hnh c b n c a my tnh

Jonh von Neumann v IAS

Cc my tnh th

ng m i

1947 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) 1950s UNIVAC II
Nhanh h n B nh l n h n

My tnh UNIVAC

IBM
International Business Machine 1952 IBM 701
My tnh l u tr ch ng trnh "u tin c a IBM S d'ng cho tnh ton khoa h*c

1955 IBM 702

Cc ng d'ng th ng m i

IBM 701 & IBM 702

My tnh dng Transitor

My tnh PDP-1 c a DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) my tnh mini "u tin IBM 7000 Hng tr m nghn php c ng trong 1 giy Cc ngn ng l p trnh b c cao ra i

DECs PDP-1 (1960)

IBM 7030 (1961)

My tnh dng vi m ch SSI, MSI v LSI

Vi m ch (IC Integrated circuit): nhi u transistor v cc ph"n t khc #c tch h#p trn m t chip bn d-n
SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI

Lu t More
Gorden Moore (ng sng l p Intel S transistor trn chip s. g p i sau 18 thng Gi thnh c a chip h"u nh khng thay i M t cao h n -> ng d-n ng)n h n Kch th c nh& h n -> ph c t p t ng ln i n n ng tiu th' t h n H th ng c t chip lin k t v i nhau h n -> tin c y h n

Siu my tnh xu t hi n: CRAY-1, VAX B vi x l (microprocessor) ra i

B x l "u tin ra i IBM 4004 (1971)

IBM 360/Family (1964-1968)

C t model 20 minicomputer (b nh 24K) n model 91 supercomputer #c xy d+ng cho h th ng phng th tn l a B)c M

IBM 360/40
Dng H H DOS

IBM 360/67
Time sharing system Ph"n c ng h tr# virtual memory Dng H H CP-67 (http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/CP-67) 500 KB RAM

IBM 360/91
#c thi t k x l cc d li u t c cao cho cc ng d'ng khoa h*c: khm ph khng gian, d+ bo th i ti t, v t l nguyn t 16.6 tri u php c ng/s; -> 1000 bi ton v i 200 t/ php tnh/ngy 2-6 MB main memory, CPU c 5 n v x l (ng th i

PDP-11 (1972)

Siu my tnh CRAY-1 (1976)

H H Cray Operating System 100-160 php tnh d u ch m ng/s (megaflops) X l d li u vector 8MB main memory

PC c tch h#p mn hnh (1977)

VAX 11/780 (1978) my tnh 32 bit

Osborne 1 (1980) my tnh kh chuy n

My tnh c kh n ng di chuy n "u tin, kch th c nh&, n ng 24pound (10,9kg)

My tnh dng vi m ch VLSI

Cc s n ph0m chnh dng cng ngh VLSI:
B vi x l (microprocessor): CPU #c ch t o trn 1 chip Vi m ch i u khi n t ng h#p (chipset): m t ho c m t vi vi m ch th+c hi n nhi u ch c n ng i u khi n v n i ghp B nh bn d-n (semiconductor memory): ROM, RAM Cc b vi i u khi n (microcontroller): my tnh chuyn d'ng #c ch t o trn 1 chip

Cc h th ng my tnh hi n
My tnh nhng My tnh c nhn PC My tr m lm vi c My ch - Server M ng my tnh Internet m ng my tnh ton c"u

M t s h th ng my tnh nhng

Siu my tnh Earth Simulator c a NEC (2002)

5200 processor 35860 40960 Gflops

Siu my tnh ASC Purple c a IBM (2005)

10240 processor 40960 GB main memory 280600 367000 Gflips

Siu my tnh BlueGene L c a IBM (2005)

131702 processor 32768 BG main memory 280600 3678000

Cc h
m
( 3

mc b n
D HU A
\ 9; V

G- A J -G- A J G- A J
D

m
E -.

D HL
9; V

m
U n

Hm A8; A
" O

H th p phn
( Ck U n Ck / kY CY vY tY pY qY uY sY rY o D > ; x ! / Ck
_C

V d' s th p phn
psv2 tr y p8 Ckv z s8 CkC z v8 Ckk z t8 Ck_C z r8 Ck_v ( , 0 - /
psv / Ck y ps ; v ps / Ck y p ; s p / Ck y k ; p

kk2 2 2 kkk y k oo2 2 2 ooo y Ck

0 7 /
0 0 - yt - yr

k2 tr 8Ck y t2 r 02 r 8Ck y r2 k

H nh phn
( v ( L U n ! v D/ k D O M > /
_C

D ng t ng qut c a s nh phn
C m t s nh phn A nh sau: C > H> -; J ] ) ; x v
A = anan-1...a1a0.a-1...a-m

Gi tr c a A
A= an2n

#c tnh nh sau:

+ an-12n-1 +...+ a020 + a-12-1 +...+ a-m2-m

>

kk2 2 2 kkk y k CC2 2 2 CCC y v

V d' s nh phn

Chuy n i s nguyn th p phn sang nh phn

?
; 0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2-3-4 = 26 + 25 + 23 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3 + 2-4 = 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 105.6875(10)

1101001.1011(2)

C/
3v l ) - 0;

?
?D .

v/
T , v =>

Ph
105 52 26 13 6 3 1

ng php chia d"n cho 2

i 105(10)
= = = = = = = 52 26 13 6 3 1 0 d d d d d d d 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 :2 :2 :2 :2 :2 :2 :2

Ph

ng php phn tch thnh t ng c a cc 2i

Vd': chuy n

b . ; VC/ - T CkqHCkJ Ckq y up z tv z r z C y vu z vq z vt z vk K " & / CkqHCkJ y kCCk CkkCHvJ b . ; Vv/ CskkkHCkJ y Cutrp z qCv z up z tv z r y vCp z vo z vu z vq z vt

CskkkHCkJ y kCkk kkCk kCCk CkkkHvJ

Cq Cp Ct Cv CC Ck o r s u q p t v C k

K t qu : 105(10) = 1101001(2)

Chuy n s l1 th p phn sang nh phn

b . ; VC/
k2 ursq k2 tsq k2 sq k2 q 8 v 8 v 8 v 8 v

Chuy n s l1 th p phn sang nh phn (tt)

b . ; Vv/ 8v 8v 8v 8v 8v 8v 8v y y y y y y y

T k2 ursqHCkJ
0 0 0 0 yC yk yC yC

T k2 rCHCkJ
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y y y y y y y C C k k C C C

y C2 tsq y k2 sq y C2 q y C2 k

K "

& / k2 ursqHCkJy k2 CkCCHvJ

k2 rC k2 uv k2 vp k2 pr k2 ou k2 ov k2 rp

C2 uv C2 vp k2 pr k2 ou C2 ov C2 rp C2 ur

k2 rCHCkJ k2 CCkkCCCHvJ

Chuy n s l1 th p phn sang nh phn (tt)

b . ; Vt/
k2 v k2 p k2 r k2 u k2 v k2 p k2 r k2 u 8v 8v 8v 8v 8v 8v 8v 8v

H 16 (Hexa)
( Cu U n Cu / kY CY vY tY pY qY uY sY rY oY Z Y L Y ( Y U Y SY c " O 3 D/
p> g - "> $ C

y y y y y y y y k2 p k2 r C2 u C2 v k2 p k2 r C2 u C2 v

T k2 vHCkJ
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yk yk yC yC yk yk yC yC

M5 m A8

k2 vHCkJ k2 kkCCkkCCHvJ

Quan h gi a s nh phn v s Hexa

Vd' chuy n i s nh phn s Hexa: 0000 00002 = 0016 1011 00112 = B316 0010 1101 1001 10102 = 2D9A16 1111 1111 1111 11112 = FFFF16
Nh phn 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Hexa 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

M ha v l u tr d li u trong my tnh
E O; h3 ( 3 4;
U U

3 -. D
D 4 3 /; 33 / l 4! \

'

- 1 1 3

S nguyn, s th+c, k t+

M ha v ti t o tn hi u v t l
Cc d li u v t l thng d'ng:
m thanh Hnh nh

Th t+ l u tr cc Byte d li u
L 5 1 . \ T * A3> -A N 5; `; (word) " `1 " '> -A => 0 &> " * > -A 3 > 5 1 . 1 ; ' b-A2 C /
^
L -A B-A

0
) 3 3 )

]H^ A_A ; J/
h + h + h + h + 1 1 1 1 [ ] , [ 1 2 [ ] [ 1 Y 2

^
L -A B-A

0 l n HL _A ; J/

V d' l u tr d li u 32bit

L u tr c a cc B x l i n hnh
Intel 80x86 v cc Pentium:
Little-endian

Motorola 680x0 v cc b x l RISC:

Big-endian

Power PC v Itanium:
Little-endian v Big-endian

Bi u di2n s nguyn
S nguyn khng d u (Unsigned Integer) S nguyn c d u (Signed Integer)

Bi u di2n s nguyn khng d u

< - = T /U n - !M ; )Z / 2v C k _C _ve2 Q ,Z . > > ; x

U &>

; x ,Z / `k " v

_C

Cc v d'
b . ; VC/ L ; x - !M ; ) D -> $ r_> / Z y pC { L y Cqk Q& / Zy pC y tv z r z C y vq z vt z vk pC y kkCk CkkC vpz vvz vC Ly Cqk y Cvr z Cu z p z v yvsz Cqk y CkkC kCCk

Cc v d' (tt)
b . ; Vv/ ( 3 - !M ; )E Y < > ; x> $ r_> /
E y kkkC kkCk <y CkCC CkkC

j Q& /

# |

E y kkkC kkCk y vp z vC y Cu z v y Cr <y CkCC CkkC y vs z vq z vp z vt z vk

y Cvr z tv z Cu z r z C y Crq

V i n = 8 bit
L ; x
kkkk kkkC kkCk kkCC yk yC yv yt

Tr'c s h*c s nguyn khng d u v i n = 8bit

`k " vqq
( #: / CCCC CCCC z kkkk kkkC C kkkk kkkk

Tr'c s h*c

kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk

Tr'c s h*c my tnh

e CCCC CCCC y vqq

b/ vqq z C y k| => ; 3 1 3

V i n=16, 32, 64 bit

y Cu > / ; &>
kkkk e kkkk kkkk e CCCC

Bi u di2n s nguyn c d u
G > n 5 G > n /
Q& 9Z 5 DY / G > n 5 , Z: & 3 > , Z HG > n ,Z J y HG > n 5 , Z J zC

; x `k " uqqtq HvCu_CJ

kkkk kkkk kkkk y k kkkk CCCC CCCC y vqq kkkC kkkk kkkk y vqu CCCC CCCC CCCC y uqqtq

b . ; V / 1 yr >
Q& 9 Z y kkCk kCkC G > n 5 , Z y CCkC CkCk z C G > n , Z y CCkC CkCC

y tv > / ; &> y up > / ; &>

; x `k " vtv_C ; x `k " vup_C

b Zz HG > n

,Z J y k =>

Bi u di2n s nguyn c d u b3ng m b 2

< U n
_C

Bi u di2n s d
U 4 T k _ve v C Q , ,
k

ng
; Z / Z /

= T
> >
_ve

/
; x ; ) Z /

v C k

b 1Z ; ; x 51 b 1Z D/ , ;

/ > _C y kY > } 4 > !M ; ) > ; x > $ > n * Y -> _C y C

U &>

; x

/ k " v _C_C

Bi u di2n s m
U 4 T C _ve v C Q , ,
k

Bi u di2n t ng qut cho s nguyn c d u

D Z / U 4 Q T
_C

,
_ve v C k

- Z / /

D Z /

,Z

U &>

; x

D / _C " _v

_C

U &>

; x / `_Hv _CJ " z Hv _C_CJ

Cc v d'
b . ; VC: L ; x r> Zy z qr {Ly _rk Q& / Zy z qr y kkCC CkCk Ly _rk B /z rk y kCkC kkkk G > n 5 y CkCk CCCC z C G > n y CkCC kkkk b/ Ly _rk y CkCC kkkk ; ) D -> $

Cc v d' (tt)
b . ; Vv/ m i -8 c ; ) >
?y kCCk kkCk ~y CCkC CkCC

, ; x ;1 D /

Q& /
?y kCCk kkCk y up z tv z v y z or ~y CCkC CkCC y _Cvrz upz Cuz rz vz C y _ts

V i n = 8 bit
L ; x kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkC kkkk kkCk kkkk kkCC e kCCC CCCC Ckkk kkkk Ckkk kkkC e CCCC CCCk CCCC CCCC `_Cvr " z Cvs y y y y k z C z v z t

Tr'c s h*c s nguyn c d u v i n = 8 bit

Tr'c s h*c

yz Cvs y _ Cvr y _ Cvs y _v y _C

( #: / z Cvs z C y_Cvr _Cvr _ C y z Cvs => ; 3 8 & -

Tr'c s h*c my tnh

V i n=16, 32, 64 bit

b 1 y Cu > / >
kkkk kkkk e kCCC Ckkk e CCCC

Chuy n

i t byte thnh word

; x `_tvsur " z tvsus

kkkk kkkk kkkk y k kkkk kkkk kkkC y z C CCCC CCCC CCCC y z tvsus kkkk kkkk kkkk y _ tvsur CCCC CCCC CCCC y _C

b 1 y tv > / > b 1 y up > / >

; x `_vtC " vtC_C ; x `_vut " vut_C

N 1 ; / z Co y kkkC kkCC Hr > J z Co y kkkk kkkk kkkC kkCC HCu > J => r> > N 1 D/ _ Co y CCCk CCkC Hr > J _ Co y CCCC CCCC CCCk CCkC HCu > J => r> >

Bi u di2n s nguyn theo m BCD

L -( 3 ; A;U A ( 3 ; A U n p> i3 3 `k " o
k C v t p kkkk kkkC kkCk kkCC kCkk q kCkC u kCCk s kCCC r Ckkk o CkkC

V d' s BCD
35 0011 0101BCD 61 0110 0001BCD 1087 0001 0000 1000 0111BCD 9640 1001 0110 0100 0000BCD

( u T ! M 9; V / CkCkY CkCCY CCkkY CCkCY CCCkY CCCC

Cc ki u l u tr s BCD
L ( U! M p_> > -A2
b . ; V / G tq
0011

Th+c hi n cc php ton s h*c v i s nguyn

L ( U 6 Php c ng s nguyn khng d u

H@

! A;L ( U J/ E 6 3 p_> ) ,
/
0101

L ( U

H? ! A;L ( U J/ m 3 C> -A2

tq
0011 0101

L ( U
/

b . ; V /

Nguyn t)c c ng s nguyn khng d u

K 5 2 - !M ; ) _> Y ! " _> / &

V d' c ng 2 s nguyn khng d u

qs y kkCC CkkC + tp y z kkCk kkCk oC kCkC CkCC y upz Cuz rz vz Cy oC => vko y CCkC kkkC zst y kCkk CkkC vrv C kkkC CkCk y Cu z r zv y vu => ( 1 3 H( 3 y CJ) #

< " !M < " B

1 !] > 3 ) ! " & M M # H( 3 y kJ2 1 !] > 3 ) ! " & Y 1 3 H( 3 y CJ2 1 3 H( -X J 8 & - ! T v -1

N k" & # 5 A3Cu_> / vko y kkkk kkkk CCkC kkkC zst y z kkkk kkkk kCkk CkkC kkkk kkkC kkkC CkCk yvquz Cuz rz v y vrv

Php

od u

C ng s nguyn c d u
K D ( 5 ( 5 5 v ; ) _> ! M "> ( ! " & _> / 3 v ! ; )/ ! " & M M # 2 v n ; )/
; ) 1 & 4 Y ! 2 4 ! " 8 & -

B / zts y kkCk kCkC L n 5 y 1CkC CkCk zC Bn y CCkC CkCC y _ts ^ ) > n , D/ _ ts y CCkC CkCC Bn 5 y kkCk kCkk zC Bn y kkCk kCkC y z ts
! " # $ % & # '

< "; ) ! " &n & # 2 < "! " & ; ) HX A I 3 J ! "

B 8 & - ! T _Hv _CJY z Hv _C_CJ

3 ; &>

; x

V d' c ng 2 s nguyn c d u khng trn

(+70) = 0100 0110 (+42) = 0010 1010 +112 0111 0000 = (+97) = 0110 0001 (- 52) = 1100 1100 +45 1 0010 1101 = (- 90) = 1010 0110 (+36) = 0010 0100 - 54 1100 1010 = (- 74) = 1011 0110 (- 30) = 1110 0010 - 104 1 1001 1000 =

V d' c ng 2 s nguyn c d u b trn

Hz sqJ y kCkk CkCC Hz rvJ y kCkC kkCk z Cqs CkkC CCkC y _Cvr z Cu z r z p z C y () )=> H_ CkpJ y CkkC Ckkk H_ ptJ y CCkC kCkC _ Cps C kCCk CCkC y up z tv z r z p z C y * )=> C v . ; V ' T $ 3 ; & > ; x [-CvrY z Cvs

+112

+45

-54

-104

Nguyn t)c th+c hi n php tr

? d `v - / j y jz H_ J < - =/ ^ ) -> n , Yl 5 1j

Nhn s nguyn khng d u

( ~ Y Z / > ( /C> v ` => . v * % E Y

_> _> 3 Z Y ~

Vd' 1011 x 1101 (11 x 13 = 143)

Nhn s nguyn c d u
? C/
; - !M ; ) & /
[ &> $

C2 ( - T ` v2 <D v ; t2 m [ ; ) ,! "
< "v ` n < "v ` ! ) -> n v.

; ) => ! M 0 ; ) => & 3; )! "

Nhn s nguyn c d u (tt)

?
G9; V 3 D -L 3 3

Vd' (+7) x (-3) = (-21) theo Booth

v/

Chia s nguyn khng d u

Vd' 7:3 = 2 d 1

Chia s nguyn c d u
G9; V
N T > ( 0; H '

G ; )
c 3
> ; x

)
? 3 <
3

5
> A j 5
JY

&
-

- !M ; )
=> ; !M ; ) => ; J [ ; )! " 0; 0; &

[ ; )/

B T !

Hz J / Hz J => ! M Hz J / H_J => & 3; ) H_J / Hz J => & 3; ) H_J / H_J => & 3; )

/ 5 ; ) ) S jy E P
0

> /

; x

A3

E P S

HE HP ; 8 JY 0 HS8 3 A J

Chu0n IEEE 754/85

( Py v ( ; 4 /
U 4 U 4 U 4 U 4 tv_> pp_> up_> rk_>

Cc d ng bi u di2n chnh

D ng 32 bit
G > ; )/
G y k => G ; G y C => G D

V d' 1
j , > ; x> $ tv_> /

CCkk kkkC kCkC kCCk kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk 0 S/

G y C => G D A y Ckkk kkCkv y Ctk => S y Ctk Cvs y t

A Hr > J

iA8A _Cvs ,

A y S z Cvs => S y A Cvs Cvs O 5 H> J

Hvt > J
E y C2

0 7,

0 , /

E /

b/ jy _C2 CkCkCCkk vt y _CCkC2 kCC y _Ct2 tsq kkCC CCCC Ckkk kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk y + yz C2 k

( M *8 jy H_CJG C2 vA_Cvs

V d' 2
L ; x ,- . / 0 1 2 '; 4 ; ) ) 5 F SSS sqp/85 tv_>

- 1 %>

Q& / kCkkCCCC 8vu jy rt2 sqCk y CkCkkCC2 CCv y C2 B / G yk D ; S y A_Cvsy u => A y Cvsz uy CttCk y Ckkk kCkCv b/ jy kCkk kkCk CkCk kCCC Ckkk kkkk kkkk kkkk

Cc bit c a e b3ng 0, cc bit c a m b3ng 0, th X=0 x000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 => X=0 Cc bit c a e b3ng 1, cc bit c a m b3ng 0, th X= x111 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 => X= Cc bit c a e b3ng 1, cn m c t nh t 1 bit b3ng 1,
khng bi u di2n cho s no c (NaN not a number)

D i gi tr bi u di2n
2-127 10-38 n 2+127 n 10+38

D ng 64 bit
G > ; ) A HCC > J iA8A _Ckvt , 0 S/ =>S y A Ckvt Hqv > J 0 7, 0 E / Q , / G A_Ckvt jy H_CJ C2 v U & > ; x / Ck_tkr " Ckztkr

D ng 80 bit
G > ; ) A HCq > J iA8A _Cutrt , 0 S/ => S y A Cutrt Hup > J 0 7, 0 E / Q , / jy H_CJG C2 vA_Cutrt U & > ; x / Ck_potv " Ckzpotv

Bi u di2n k t+
B m ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) B m Unicode

B m ASCII
U 3Z < GF HZ A < 3 G ; ; F AJ " ! " L 5 ir > => i vr y vqu c , 3 / ! : Y i` / kkCu c Cu
Cvr ! : Cvr ! : Y i `kkCu sc Cu h5 Y i `rkCu c c Cu

ASCII Character Code 128 k t+ chu0n (Hexa)

Cc k t+ m, r ng: c m 8016 FF16

( ! :
\

B m h#p nh t Unicode
U 3 i -. 0 L 5 iCu_> L 5 i M ( 6 ! : " b "! "

h5
"4 3 -. 0 '

a> h /

b . ; V /
L 5 i! : h5 , F L E => F L E _? ( 2 L 5 i! : h 5 , Z A => E 3 2 ( -T ! : h5 i 3 ! : , " b Y. ; V > 5 i B ( b < t2

Unicode character code 256 k t+ chu0n

Minh h a Kh i x l trung tm - CPU

S kh i t ng qut v cc thnh ph n ch c n ng c a CPU Cc thanh ghi Kh i i u khi n Kh i l gic v s h c System Bus T p l nh my tnh

Cc thnh ph n c a my tnh
System Bus
0 1

H th ng Bus

n-2 n-1

Data Bus
Mang d li u
Khng c s khc nhau gi a d li u v l nh trong tr ng h p ny.

Address bus
Xc nh ngu n v ch c a d li u
nh a ch c a nh c n Ngh a l CPU c n xc c

r ng c a Bus s quy t nh kh n ng chuy n t i d li u c a CPU

8, 16, 32, 64 bit

r ng Bus xc h th ng
8080 dng 16 bit 64K.

nh kh n ng nh t i a c a
a ch => khng gian a ch l

Control Bus
i u khi n v nh th i thng tin
Tn hi u c/ghi b nh Yu c u ng t Tn hi u ng h

Cc thnh ph n chnh c a CPU

CPU
Computer
I/O System Bus Memory CPU

Registers

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Internal CPU Interconnection Control Unit

C u trc bn trong CPU

Nhi m v c a CPU
Nh n l nh (fetch instruction): CPU c l nh t! b nh Gi i m l nh (decode instruction ): xc nh thao tc m l nh yu c u Nh n d li u (fetch data): nh n d li u m i t! b nh ho"c cc c ngvo/ra X l d li u (process data): th c hi n cc php ton s ho"c hay logic v i cc d li u Ghi d li u (write data): ghi d li u ra b nh ho"c cc c ng vo/ra

Chu k# l nh
2b c:
Fetch Execute

Chu k# l nh
Nh n l nh Gi i m l nh Nh n ton h$ng Th c hi n l nh C t ton h$ng Ng t

Nh n l nh
! ! " #! $ % & & ( )* + ,! . ( ! 1 2 ! + $ 4 # !

Gi i m l nh
' ! 1 2 ( $ - ! " #! $ 5 - ! " #! $ ! . ! 6 !7 8 / 6 ! 9 ! : ! 6 !7 8 6 0 * /

' . / 3

/0

Nh n d li u
/ ;

Nh n d li u gin ti p
! ! " #! $ % = !+ 3 & ( % . / 5 . 0 ( ! ! " #! $ % < / ; ( %. / > ? $ . / ; / ;

< / <

; 9

! ! " #! $ % ( %. /

Th c thi l nh
? ! " + ; ? $. A @ . /

Ghi ton h$ng

+ ,! ! + ,! ! ! " #! $ ! * + ,! ( /0 -

5 %B :! & C . / B 2 0 $ ! , < / D %B /! 0 $ ! " #! $ E F H

I ,!

! G

m t qu trnh ghi ton h ng

V d v th c thi ch

ng trnh

L u

tr$ng thi Chu k# l nh

Ng t (Interrupts)
L k% thu t cho php cc module khc (I/O) c th ng t ngang ti n trnh x l bnh th ng Ch ng trnh
overflow, division by zero

ng tc ng t v ch

ng trnh

nh th i
c to b&i b c dng & ch nhi m nh th i bn trong CPU c quy n trong cc h th ng a

I/O
T! I/O controller

L'i ph n c ng
memory parity error

Chu k# l nh c ng t
=! + + ,! E L ( M 0 ! ! " #! $ ! J" * + ,! ( ! * E J" # ! KG ( / 4 3 8 NG & ! - 8 E J 3 8 G / ! " #! $ K ( ;

L u tr$ng thi trong chu k# l nh c ng t

5 5 . /

a ng t
C m ng t
CPU s t$i. Cc ng ng t hi Cc ng b( qua cc ng t m i m ch thi hnh ng t hi n t m i s ph i i v s c ki m tra sau khi n hnh hon t t. t c thi hnh theo th t m ch ng x y ra.

a ng t- Tu n t

u tin ng t
Cc ng t c u tin th p c th s b ng t b&i cc ng t c u tin cao h n. Khi ng t c u tin cao h n hon t t, CPU s c tr v cho ng t tr c .

a ng t- L ng

Minh h a a ng t

ng ng l nh (Instruction Pipelining)
! P G R 9 ! D ! * . E O / ; . / + Q 0 0 " K

Bi u l nh

th i gian c a

ng ng

; ?S O

/ ;A

= E T U 1 ! / VT 1 G : ! 6 !7 E I U/ + U1 ! / VI 1 G T / ; E UW U +X+ +U V W G = / ; E T U WU +VT W G <9 ! E Y 8 U U1 ! / VY 1 G : !/ ; E Z! UW U + V ZW G

Cc xung

tc a

ng ng l nh

Cc thnh ph n chnh c a CPU

CPU
Computer
I/O System Bus Memory CPU

[ M \A+ / ! " O / ; + ] . ! 0 * [ + ,! A ^+ _ + ,! # `6 & [ ! " #! $A + /F Q 0

Registers

Arithmetic and Login Unit

Internal CPU Interconnection Control Unit

ALU

n v s h c v logic
od u

CU
Nh n l nh t! b nh ghi l nh

nv

i u khi n

S h c: c ng, tr!, nhn, chia, t ng gi m, Logic: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, php d ch bit

a vo thanh tr( sang

T ng n i dung c a PC l nh k ti p

Gi i m l nh c nh n xc nh thao tc m l nh yu c u Pht ra cc tn hi u i u khi n th c hi n l nh Nh n cc tn hi u yu c u t! bus h th ng v p ng v i cc yu c u

Cc tn hi u khi n
/# A / . ! a b 7 L !

n
;

nv
; /+ /

i u
*

Cc tn hi u i ra t! khi n
! ! " #! $ *
! 5 ! " #! $ 5 ! " #! $ X'

nv
/

i u
A

! !L / ! a ! 0 *

$! 6 !7 a ; !

!
5 ! " #! $ 5 ! " #! $

! " #! $ *
& O . / c

/ . !

! " #! $

T p thanh ghi (Registers)

d 3 . ) ! $A
< !e / O ! ; L ! __ / / ; J L !! $ ! ; ! 5( / ! . d ! * D & <@ . / 8 ^f _ $ N D ( ! ! " -> 3 ! 3 ? ! / ; ! ! d
! ! #O ( (

Phn lo$i thanh ghi theo ch c n ng

< ! A` 6 f 3 & 0g . / c a < ! + ,! A d ; L ! + ,! < ! 3 A ? $ d / )+ ,! a < ! ! " #! $B; ! A d O ! ! " #! $ . ; ! a < ! A d ( 9 !

M t s thanh ghi i n hnh

!
h E/ / UG / 4+ ,! I E I / ! UG / 4 38 N E N #/ ! UG < ! J. ! DE h U 2 U !U i1+ U 82 U !UG

B
j IP

m ch
( % ! ./

ng trnh PC
4

<

! + ,! !; !

: ! , ! U /F ( . / a N #! ( . / > ! + 9 3 $ 4 # !a

Thanh ghi con tr( d li u

d 3 & + ,! . D 0

Ng n x p - stack
= 3 8 .] &?M \' 1 T WE ' 1V T ! W G =3 8 L + ] $ __ / / 50 3 8 . 3 &8 5 3 8 . O ! e J* ] / 38 5 3 8 ? $ 0 g !

Con tr( ng n x p - SP
N d 38 k !M
=! + <O ! 4J ! N

Thanh ghi c s& v thanh ghi ch s

0 1

3 O

&

!. / 3 8 A
& (

N 9 ! 6 ( M. / 3

k! M 0 8 A
<O ! 4J ! N =! +

#4 ! 3
3 3 & (
n-2 n-1

( % N 9

k! 3 8

l > N

4. / 0

! J A d 3 & J E J G < ! D A d ! , 3 & . 0 / & ! 3 & JE D G 5 3 & 0 m J n D

<

Cc thanh ghi d li u
d + ,! ; ! ? ! " L !/ ) # `6

Thanh ghi a n ng (8088/8086)

? ! _ ! ` 6" #! ( X[E h [E U , 16 bitG : [E/ , 16 bitG: D / 7 9 !a d d a D ) J / L >Q 0t / ( . ! a ' W Wa 6# /, 16 bitG: d # `6

! + ,! !D 0 *A o > pS > q r > S s ! !D+ M M

6 trong l nh XLAT.

<

!M ' (+ ] ` 0.+ a

$ d E & G D
!. / g / ; ! ! .

` 0/ )+
/ d E + . ! o

I [E + , 16 bitG: ] p Q / ) ! I [j + ] ! G / $ d

! X[ DpS ! a 0 pS ! g

Thanh ghi o$n (8088/8086)

< !/ ; A < ! ( U U A / u u U)

Thanh ghi con tr( v ch s (8088/8086)

1E !
4& ! / ;

! / / ! UG
0! U / a ( !/ & . 3 8 . . . / ; N( N A 1) / ; / ; ( / ; ( ( !/ N N(N N A h )a !/ N N

NE/ + U U U , 16 bitG : / & a

N A 1 a

D !( & !/ D !( & ! 2

1 $ ! ! DN 1 .I 1$

h E U/ ! UG
t 4"+ ,!

N E

#/ ! UG

I NE +
D, ! D, !

U U , 16 bitG : /+ ,! a

%. / .I N A N 1 ! .I N A I 1 a

4. / (I N A N )a 4. /+ ,!

N 1 E/ U! + U 8 G
3 8 ( ! $ + ! v ] l ! a

N NE # U U , 16 bitG : & !/ 4 3 8 N .N N A Na Y NE U 8 U U , 16 bitG : + ] $

Y N A I 1. I N A N 1. l ! ! E l ! G l !% . /E l ! w Ga

!/ I N(I N A N 1 )a !/ I N (I N A N 1 )a

I 1 E + U! ! /! + U 8 G
4. / / ; + ,!

Thanh ghi tr$ng thi status register

j % ! . !LE T 2 U !UG d O ! ; ! L P / A / ! ; ! # `6 P / L ! " #! $A ! $ ; !! " #! $

Thanh ghi tr$ng thi (8088/8086)

h !x A TE 0u G L & ( b N h a

T m p # !? & / )

Bit 2: PF (parity flag) c parity PF ph n nh tnh ch)n (parity) c a t ng s bit 1 c trong k t qu . C& PF =1 khi t ng s bit 1 trong k t qu l ch)n. h !s A XTE 8 !0 0u G L & _+ ] ( / P & ! 7h I a D XTm p # !? & / ) h I /E s! / Ga Dh I M E s ! MG

Bit 6: ZF (zero flag) c r'ng, ZF = 1 khi k t qu b*ng 0.

Thanh ghi tr$ng thi (8088/8086) - tt

V d c php ton
L| U/ EL l GA ( ! * p #! # `6 P / e x a LN ! EL+ M GA ( ! * p #! # `6 P / 4 x L 0EL & GA ( ! *p P / ? & / . ! ! / M -> L / . & !D #O + Ma LW Uu / { EL . GA ( ! * p !D 0 * ] + M .# ` 6 ?+ M ( ; ! -> L / . & !D ?+ Ma

Bit 7: SF (sign flag) c d u, SF = 1 khi k t qu m. h !o A < TE h !z A 1 TE !U 1 Tm p a u G L y 0 ,< Tm p # ! ! 8 ^ fJ / U Uu G L / P 0 * & l ! # f9 U / d9 6 ! ! E ] ! Ga ?+ Ma K U K (E # U! U G ( / P ; 0 .

h !XA I TE + ! U! / u G L I Tm p # ! h !h A W TE / Uu / { G L . W Tm p #! # ` 6- (

. ! & !

/ . !! & ! ;> 8 6 0

D ! & ! P

V d c

i u khi n

T p l nh my tnh
b l ! 8 ^f ? < L ? . b l ! ! $ -> . l !D ( $ 9 ! ( O6 e . ( 8 _ . 3

C Interrupt (C cho php ng t) N u IF = 1 -> CPU & tr$ng thi cho php ng t v i tn hi u yu c u ng t t! bn ngoi g i t i N u IF = 0 -> CPU & tr$ng thi c m ng t v i tn hi u yu c u ng t t! bn ngoi g i t i

Q . 8 ^f / 8 # f! ( ! & ,

Cc thnh ph n c a l nh my

Cc ki u thao tc
0 $+ ,! [ ^f D % & !D 0 * [ ^ f/ ! 5 ! " #! $ . / c 0 $ ! " #! $ E F G 5 ! " #! $ D [ ^ f D+ M M [ ^f + ,! 0 *+ _

b 7 5 / < / < /

/
/

E /U ! / / + U -> / / + U G
/ . 8 ^f 6 ! 9 !

M7 ?

/ ; A ! d F ; wA + ,! . / ; A + ,!

/ / /

Cc l nh chuy n d li u
b W C Y ' W XI N < W 2 Y Y [} X= : Y ' Y X2 N Y < N } W /0 + ,! w = ;+ ,! & 8 ^f M+ ,! 8 ^f & </ g ! ! + w . 0 $ !x. // ; 0 $ !p . // ; M ! + / ; w . / 38 ' M 0 !+ 38 / ;

Minh h a l nh MOVE (8088/8086)

MOVE Des, Source V d : MOV 100H, AX MOV AX, MEM1 MOV AX, BX MOV AX, 0FFFFH

Minh h a l nh Y [} X= : Y(8088/8086)
XCHG Des,Source

Minh h a l nh LEA (8088/8086)

LEA Des, Source
N$p a ch hi u d ng vo thanh ghi 5 :h [ >[ > I [ > h> N 1 > I 1 a = w .* ! / / ; I N ( / / )O &_ $ a

XCHG AH, AL XCHG AL, [BX]

[BX] l nh c a ch DS:BX

LEA DX, MSG LEA CX, [BX] [DI]

Minh h a l nh PUSH/POP (8088/8086)

PUSH C t d li u vo ng n x p POP L y d li u t! ng n x p PUSH Ngu n (SP SP 2;Ngu n {SP}).
N }h [ N a M h [. / 3 8 >; ! + /

Cc l nh s h c
XI I Nh < 2 X < b ' < 1' I 1 C 1 I Y Xh N W '< Y = Y : X< Y 1 =2 Y b Y = < I Y2 Y b Y = < W b X2 Y !/ ; < !/ ; = Q !/ ; ! !/ ; ' M 0 0 D !/ ; 5 g ! + M / ; E M 0 ]r G < 3 / ; * p : ! 6 / ; ! p < r/ ; $ L

POP ch ( ch {SP};SP SP + 2)
W I [M 0r 0U I [ a 38 > . /

Minh h a l nh ADD/SUB (8088/8086)

ADD Des,Source SUB Des,Source
ADD AX, BX ; AX AX+BX ADD AL, 74H ; AX AX+ 74H SUB CL, AL ; CL CL AL SUB AX, 0405H ; AX AX - 0405H.

Minh h a l nh MUL (8088/8086)

MUL s nhn ngu n
MUL BX b 'b Y b p

SD ( Q 6 ! ( / ) X' k ! ! 0U Q & ! . / ! X[

0 $ . / # `6

! X[ ( ^ !

C ! / ; O , U 0$ }& ! q } > + ] ! X' > h ' a MOV AL, 05H ; AL 05H MOV BL, 03H ; BL 03H ADD AL, BL ; AL 05H+03H =08H MOV 100H, AL ; Di chuy n k t qu t! AL vo v tr nh DS:100H.

aC ! / ; Q }& ! q } > + ] !' a MOV AL, 05H ; AL 05H (s c nhn) MOV CL, 03H ; CL 03H (s nhn) MUL CL ; AL 0FH (k t qu ) MOV MEM1, AL; chuy n k t qu (0FH) t! AL vo v tr nh c nhn MEM1.

Minh h a l nh DIV (8088/8086)

DIV s chia ngu n N D ! 6 ! . D# O + M pS ! d / ! X[ a k `6 D FJ / ! X' >j D+ J / ! X} a
V d : C ! / ; $ !S } /q } > + ] !' a b W CX[ > x x x S } X[ S } MOV CL, 03H ;CL 3H DIV CL ;AHAL 00H (s d ), 02H (th ng s )

Minh h a l nh INC/DEC/NEG (8088/8086)

1 = b O6 A 5 I Y b O6 A 5 NEG ch 5 5 n p cp

Minh h a l nh CMP (8088/8086)

CMP - Compare Byte or Word (so snh 2 byte hay 2 t ). Vi t l nh: CMP ch, G c. ' . 0 ; / L > #O # `6 / L . 0 L (+ ] $; /L / 6 0? ! "# !a CF ZF ch = Ngu n 0 1 ch > Ngu n 0 0 ch < Ngu n 1 0.

Cc l nh logic
X= I W 2 [ W 2 = W < < Y N < N } 1 T < 2 W < X< Y <9 ! P X= I <9 ! P <9 ! P [ W 2 5 6 / ! / ; <9 ! P L !/ ; W 2 !/ !/ ; E M 0 ]pG X= Ir / ; ; ;

I ! E 6 ! G / 0 ! E 6 ! G /

Minh h a cc l nh AND, OR, XOR

: ! 6^ ? !
E 2 pG m px pxpx px E 2 r G mx x x xpppp

Minh h a l nh TEST (8088/8086)

TEST ch, Ngu n N . 0 / ; #O #O ( ! , a L ( ; / F (+ ] . 6 0? ! "# !a ' . 0t ? + _ U Tc ng:
Xo: CF, OF AT > N T > | TET kO 8 A XT a ! * `

! d + ,!

0g ! .# ` 6 ! "# ! ) ; a
o ! MG

2 p <- E 2 pG X= IE 2 r G mx x x xpx px P / X= I+ ] $8 / D !. ! , j ; ! / ; a 2 p<- E 2 pG W 2E 2 r G mpx pxpppp P / W 2+ ] $ ! j ; ! / ; a

0 *

D !

D !.! ,

0 *

D !

2 p<- E 2 pG [ W 2E 2 r G mpx pxx px p P / [ W 2+ ] $ 6 / D !.! , j ; ! / ; a

V d :
0 * D !

< Y N <X} > X' TEST AH, 01H TEST BP, [BX][DI]

C .X}& ! X' $ ; /L a ; Bit 0 c a AH = 0? ; V BP v i nh DS:BX+DI.

Minh h a l nh D ch tri (8088/8086)

SAL- Shift arithmetically Left (D ch tri s h c) SHL- Shift (Logically) Left (D ch tri logic). Vi t l nh:
SAL ch, CL SHL ch, CL

Minh h a l nh D ch ph i (8088/8086)
SAR - Shift Arithmetically Right (D ch ph i s h c). Vi t l nh: SAR ch, CL

Minh h a l nh Quay vng (8088/8086)

ROL - Rotate All Bit to the Left (Quay vng sang tri) Vi t l nh: ROL ch, CL

Cc l nh vo ra chuyn d ng (8088/8086)
IN Acc, Port OUT Port, Acc IN AL, DX OUT DX, AX ( ( c d li u t! C ng v thanh ghi) a d li u t! thanh ghi ra C ng) l u a ch c ng)

ROR - Rotate All Bit to the Right (Quay vng sang ph i). Vi t l nh: ROR ch, CL

(DX dng

AL (8 bit), AX (16 bit)

V d : ROL BX, 1 ; quay vng sang tri thanh ghi BX. b W C ' > s ) D ` 0 . / !' a ROL AL, CL ; quay vng sang tri thanh ghi AL 4 l n.

Cc l nh chuy n i u khi n
b E h 2 X= } Gc'
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L nh r nhnh khng i u ki n
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L nh r nhnh c i u ki n
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L nh CALL v RETURN
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C u trc chung c a cc b x l tin ti n (tt)

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Ki n trc Intel
Ki Ki Ki Ki n trc 4-bit: 4004 n trc 8-bit: 8008, 8080, 8085 n trc 16-bit: 8086/8088, 80186, 80286 n trc 32-bit:
80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II Celeron, Pentium III, Pentium IV

Ki n trc 16-bit (IA-16)

!* / A pS c ! [ ^f P / D 0 *& ! pS c ! 6 f & U / / ;S sk 0U b J /+ j 0 1 h b c

Ki n trc 64-bit: Itanium 128 bit?

Ki n trc 32-bit (IA-32)

[ ^f ?q !* / A q r ! P / D 0 *& ! q r c ! . !
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Ki n trc 64-bit (IA-64)

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B nh my tnh
Phn lo i v c u trc phn c p b nh my tnh B nh ROM v RAM B nh cache
Vai tr v nguyn l ho t Cc ph Cc ph ng php ng Cc d ng ki n trc v t ch c/ nh x cache c ghi v cc chnh sch thay th nh h ng Hi u n ng cache v cc y u t

" + ,. / 0 1

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#$ %&
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B nh ngoi

at a quang RAID NAS v SAN

Ph
' 3 4 $ 5 6
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ng th c truy c p tu n t

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tape
start first location

3
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$ 5
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read to here

location of interest

Ph

ng th c truy c p tr c ti p
a ch duy nh t

Ph

ng th c truy c p ng u nhin

Cc kh i d li u ring c Truy xu t b ng cch:

nh y n vng k c n tm ki m tu n t ( ho c disk

i, v d nh

a quay)

Cc a ch ring xc nh cc v tr c th Access time c l p v tr ch ho c v tr tr c

c

Access time ph thu c vo v tr ch v v tr tr

RAM

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jump to here read to here block i

read here

Associative (lin k t)
D li u c nh v b ng cch so snh v i n i dung c!a m t ph n d li u c l u tr Access time c l p v i v tr d li u v v tr truy xu t tr c .
cache

A $ =
7B $ 5 $: C 7 $ 5 6
Truy c p ng u nhin: Khng ng u nhin: 1/(Th"i gian Chu k#) 7 D E7 F G DH I

9J $4 % K
( @ ) L $

Phn c p h th ng nh
4 % K
9 M "H 9 N :M " * 4% % H O P &H 9N Q P & 4% % 1

size ? speed ? cost ? registers

trong CPU

7 R S
C T UQ "4 % K J> ! 8 (

smallest, fastest, most expensive, most frequently accessed medium, quick, price varies

B nh trong B nh ngoi
L u tr v backup

C th g$m 1 ho c nhi%u m c cache

largest, slowest, cheapest, least frequently accessed

Phn c p h th ng nh
decreasing cost per bit, speed, access frequency increasing capacity, access time

Phn c p h th ng nh

7 )

( $ %& = ( ; M V( ; ! H , M V( ;

B nh bn d n

T ch c nh

ROM (Read Only Memory)

:N :M " W$ X N T$
T 4 3 M 3 3 Y S = Y Y 6 $: J *Z [ 2 1

Cc ki u ROM
I [ \
N ] U & : T MQ $ ]

I [ \*
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VV

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` `I [ \* ` %
P J O P +

RAM (Random Access Memory)

cd * I ( H e \V 5 1
5

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SRAM (Static RAM) RAM t nh

& %$ X + N R ] $ f S > #$ %& g 7 ' U 6 #h % ! V a %da % ->

SRAM cell
Logic 1:
C1=high, C2=low T1,T4: off T2,T3: on

Logic 0:
C1=low, C2=high T1,T4: on T2,T3: off

DRAM (Dynamic RAM) RAM

& %$ X PV> % ! V 3 ] $ f 3 M #$ %& % T V 3 I i6 3 #h % ! V ^ -> ;

ng
M

DRAM cell

Cc DRAM tin ti n
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T ch c c!a chip nh

Cc tn hi u c!a chip nh
EV #$ %& B
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T ch c c!a DRAM
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B gi i m 2->4

Bi t p
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B nh chnh
3 M: S 3 Y & < 4 ! ( X%$ &T s( ^ 7 j > Vc V 5 j V = & _< " k #$ %& g 3 :N _ V! L $ M% K L $ M % K% h 5 $ 4 ! 6 $ !

T ch c b nh
'

an xen
R4 5 -> R

VE p

-> V

$ 5 "

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VE 16

-> hai =

an xen

VE 32

-> b n =

an xen

VE 64

-> tm =

an xen

B nh
D $ 5

m nhanh (Cache memory)

U $ : P & X $ 5 P J &

3 4 !

+ V

V d v% thao tc c!a cache

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V sao Caching nng cao t c

x& l

B nh chnh c 100,000 words, access time l 0.1 s. Cache c1000 words v access time l 0.01 s. N u word c trong cache (hit), n c th c truy xu t tr c ti p b i VXL. ch c trong memory (miss), n ph i c truy%n n cache tr c khi truy xu t Gi s& r ng 95% cc yu c u truy xu t l hits. Average time truy xu t 1 word l: (0.95)(0.01 s)+0.05(0.1 s+ 0.01 s) = 0.015 s
Close to cache speed

Ho t

ng

c cache
cache hit !

C u trc chung c!a cache/b nh chnh

D li u c m t trong cache

L y d li u t cache (fast) cache miss !

D li u khng c m t trong cache a vo cache, sau chuy n d li u

c cc block t b nh chnh cache n CPU

C u trc chung c!a cache/b nh chnh

\ T %: W r D ( $ 7 *i 9 $ 5 = Q M 5
7 ) 7 ) PP P: N

Cc ph

ng php nh x
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nh x tr c ti p
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nh x lin k t ton ph n
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nh x lin k t ton ph n

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$ 5 V N V!: N P * VT T 1 Y> % : S N P4 ! J 5 " %: } r u Q > < " -> _P, > -> :N ; $ M J >r 0 3 Q >% : " -> ; P $ M J% < c 5 " r 9

Cc gi i thu t thay th block trong cache

,r I ( V 5 % :V @ $ r 0r a Z a [* a T Z. aT[ $1 5 " %: ~ j >% q $ ] ! 4 Q >% : " ! ;. T 4 Q > % : " &r / rW a * W T a L $ % 5 T( 1 5 %: PT % ; $ 5 ]r or W I * W T I % 5 T( 1 5 %: P : M B ( ! ] :N & $ 5 -> & % ! $L $ M ]r

Ph

ng php ghi d li u khi cache hit

$ 1
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Cache trn cc b x& l Intel

p m/ p - :N P p mop -p 9 $ V P0
% Ep 9 ( X%$E p 9

b Q $ 5 L $* e

W , W ,4 !W 0

MT$* e
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$ Pentium 4

B nh ngoi
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at
B% m t bao ph! v t li u t ho(oxit s t) B% m t s& d ng nhm B% m t b ng thu( tinh
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K) thu t

c v Ghi

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c:
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c i nt

T ch c v
7 : N z j q V

nh d ng d li u
& ! X 4 z

Gi a cc Track c kho ng tr ng bM V: M X :T = ( $ %& 2 :% ! $ V n t c gc l h ng s

T ch c v

nh d ng d li u

a t (Platter)

Cc track chia lm nhi%u sector

Thng th "ng 100 sector trn 1 track 1 sector kho ng 512 byte,256byte,1024byte 1 sector c 1header v 1 trailer (d li u d c bi t)

9 : g ]% !V T P JP 3 ,T ,:

Cc

c tnh

at

D 6 $ ?* \ $ %% %

T 1

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7" Q f *? V6 V1 9N " Q f

Th"i gian truy c p

Th"i gian tm ki m (track) tr* quay (sector)

Cylinders

i m%m
p . | r0| . / r| #$ %& g _ ,roo \ 7 V* / m V1 7N ( ^ I i6 7 3 % P J: N ( h X

a c ng
\ 7N ( ^ #$ %& 6 $ ? = % ]

RAID
I( $( F 5 Z( ( #T : T 7 ? S 4 % K &A ' A V R% ( $ 5 ] #X%$ & %$ X q R ? 4 % K P JT s( ^ ( $ %& ( ) J%$ X N : J V % i . n :N ^% > N B & ? g 7% > R "* I FZ # md61

, / 0mm \ 0mm| / m b. om b . p m b. ,0m b t

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RAID 0
Khng d th a Phn chia %u d li u
Round Robin

RAID 1
n t t c cc a
Cc a c nhn i D li u c phn chia %u n t t c cc a. 2 b n gi ng nhau c!a cng 1 d li u c l u trn 2 a D li u c c t 1 trong 2 a, ghi trn c 2 a Vi c khi ph c d li u r t n gi n

T ng t c

truy xu t d li u
a

Cc nhu c u v% d li u c th khng n m chung a D li u trn cc a c tm ki m $ng th"i T p cc d li u t ng t nhau c phn chia n nhi%u

Thay a b h v th c hi n nhn b n l i Khng c downtime

Chi ph cao

RAID 2
Cc a c $ng b c tnh nh" cc bit t ng ng trn cc a ng ng Ch phn chia m t t d liu (byte/word) Vi c s&a l+i Nhi%u Nhi%u d th a Chi ph cao Khng c s& d ng a parity ch a m s&a l+i Hamming t i cc v tr t

RAID 3
T ng t RAID 2 Ch 1 a d th a Parity bit n gi n cho m+i t p cc bit t ng ng D li u trn a l+i c th c ti t o l i d a vo cc d li u cn l i v thng tin parity T c truy xu t d li u r t cao

RAID 4
M+i L a ho t $ng ng d li u cl p cao a kh l n c c phn chia trn cc Ph h p v i cc yu c u I/O t c

RAID 5
Gi ng RAID 4 Parity c phn chia %u trn t t c cc Round robin Trnh hi n t Th "ng ng ngh,n c chai a

Vi c ki m tra parity u cj th c hi n t ng bit m t d c theo cc d li u phn chia trn m+i a Parity c l u trn parity disk

parity disk c!a RAID 4

c s& d ng trong cc network servers

RAID 6
D li u c ghi trn cc a c l p, s& d ng ph i h p 2 parity ring bi t T ng t nh RAID 5, nh ng RAID 6 s& d ng thm 1 parity ch u l+i th 2.
Wires

Network Attached Storage (NAS) vs Storage Area Network (SAN)

NAS dng TCP/IP Networks
Ethernet, FDDI, ATM (TCP/IP over Fibre Channel)

SAN dng Fibre Channel Protocols NAS dng TCP/IP and NFS/CIFS/HTTP SAN dngEncapsulated SCSI

NAS vs SAN (tt)

NAS T t c cc my c th k t n i n NAS thng qua LAN ho c WAN chia s- files. Xc nh d li u d a vo tn file v cc byte offsets, truy%n file data or file meta-data (file's owner, permissions, creation data, etc.), Cho php kh n ng chia s- thng tin gi a cc h i%u hnh khc nhau (Unix v NT. File System c qu n l b i NAS SAN Ch c server dng SCSI Fibre Channel m i c th k t n i n SAN. Gi i h n 10km Xc nh d li u d a trn s hi u kh i v truy%n cc kh i d li u th.

a quang - CD
#dI [ \* V #T :I [ \ 1 #dI* I ( % #1 #dI e* I8 % #1 #$ %& N ( ^ mm \ ? #
? #dI [ \ #de V 6 $

File Sharing ph thu c h i%u hnh v khng c nhi%u h i%u hnh h+ tr File System c qu n l b i servers

Backups and mirrors c th c hi n trn files, ti t ki m bandwidth v th"i gian (Snapshot)

Backups v mirors d li u trn t ng block m t

c 3T k,| m 9H T

a quang - CD

a quang - CD

CD l 1 m u plastic nh , dy kho ng 1,2 mm L p nh a polycarbonate L p m ng Bump (l p b t khng kh) (nh ng m ng bump t c v ko di thnh nh ng track data hnh xo n c). L p nhm m ng ph n chi u b o v l p bump (g ). L p axt Acrylic c phun nh ln trn l p nhm Nhn a c in ch ng ln l p axit.

c in lin

b o v n.

a quang - CD
'B ( X%$ > 5 B QU ) *$ q V1 < "P ! r 6 $ 9 # P J g 3 o. p " $V$ * V@ $ #4 : ] n( $ %& : M 0\ 1

a quang - CD
D X VM $ V &: n( ! > ! m. | V. ( ! m. p / V4 ! ,0| Vr -4 "% g V $ V - VM B :P

QU B

% !m. | V z QU B

9 M X 0 % "% !,. - V $ V *B 1 + V 4 z QU ! 5 r

a quang - CD

a quang - CD Player
TY V4 ! c( X%$ ! X $ V Gj V/ ; # 4\ L $5 ? r & 6 $: J L $5 Q 0mm " | mm 4 z ( ^ $ 4 ! :; $ & c) WT 4 !V ] $ : ^ J c $ V r H $ 5 6 6 $: J % T X :Q U & %$ #.

a quang - CD Player

a quang - CD

7 % T " $Q $ 5 L $% < % 5 . % N V M Q > &% > " [ s( h J X 5R T r Khi tia laser qut qua nh ng l+ h ng (pit) v land (bump) s, ph n x ln c m bi n Opto t o thnh nh ng bit 0, 1.

a quang - CD

a quang - CD

a quang - CD

a quang - CD Player

#T\ L $5 ? . 7 : \ 6 $ :J % T ( c ^ J c : ? r 7 c X $ V M + $ . 4 Y 45: % T ( $ 5 J ! Y L $5 ? M V% > Yr

a quang - CD

DVD
DVD (Digital Video Disc) c ng c th c hi u l Digital Versatile Disc. ( a k thu t s a n ng). DVD l m t h th ng l u tr quang ch c, c kh n ng l u tr v sao chp. T ng t CD v nhi u m t.

DVD vs. CD
c tnh ng knh, dy(mm) M t dng S l p Dung l ng (GB) B c c a track (micron) di t i thi u c a pit DVD CD-ROM 120/1.2 120/1.2 1 ho c 2 1 1 ho c 2 1 4.7;8.54;9.4;17 ~0.7 0.74 1.6 0.4-0.44(micr) 0.83

DVD vs. CD
c tnh B c sng s d ng (nm) Kh u s Modulation M s a l!i b n T c qut v"ch (m/s) DVD CD-ROM

635 ho c 650 780 0.6 0.45 8-16 EMF(8-17) RSPC cao 3.5-3.84 CIRC cao 1.3

M ts

c i m DVD

M ts

c i m DVD

T ng thch v i cc lo"i CD tr c. Gi ng CD v m t v t l nh ng dung l ng l n h n 7 l#n. Tu$ vo c%u trc a m c cc dung lu ng:4.7GB, 8.54GB,9.4GB,17.08GB. C lo"i n l p v lo"i a l p.

Ch%t l ng hnh nh, m thanh t t h n v c ng di h n. T ng ch%t l ng c a cc &ng d ng. T%t c 'nh d"ng s d ng file h th ng chung. Xy d ng b o v copy theo chu n.

M ts

c i m DVD

M ts

c i m DVD

B c sng s d ng l m t trong nh ng tham s lm nh h (ng t i m t bit trn a (kho ng 635 n 650 nm) M t thng s khc c ng nh h (ng n m t bit n a l kh u s Number Aperture (NA).

i u ch s c a DVD v ECC(error correction code) c ng lm t ng dung l ng l u tr c a a. Bn c"nh m s a sai RS-PC c kh n ng l n h n 10 l#n so v i cch ang s d ng hi n t"i cho CD .

M ts

c i m DVD

M ts

c i m DVD

Cc d"ng DVD khc c c do hnh d"ng c a cc l p d li u.S khc nhau ny c thi t k t ng thm dung l ng ch&a c a a.

DVD l lo"i a t"o b(i 2 l p n i dy 0.6 mm v m t s s khc nhau c b n gi a CD v DVD m n n)m bn d i b m t. Lo"i 2 l p ngoi l p ph n x" cn c l p bn ph n x"

M ts

c i m DVD

M ts

c i m DVD

C ng nh CD, d li u trn DVD c ng c m ha d i d"ng cc pit trn cc track c a a. L p bn ngoi b)ng Polycarbonate khng c tc d ng l u tr . L p ph n x" c tc d ng ph n x" chm tia Laser.

M ts

c i m DVD

M ts

c i m DVD

L p nhm c tc d ng ph n x" ( bn trong, ngoi ra cn c 1 l p vng m ng lm l p bn ph n x" cho php tia sng xuyn qua. Lo"i a 1 m t th nhn c in trn m t khng l u tr , i v i lo"i 2 m t th vi c in nhn c th c hi n trong ph#n gi a tr c c a a

D li u c ghi trn nh ng vng trn xo n c g m nhi u track.

M ts

c i m DVD
a:

M ts
M t

c i m DVD

Cc track trn

l u tr cao

M ts
Nhi u l p

c i m DVD

Cc lo i DVD
T%t c cc lo"i DVD-5 n DVD-8 th c ng t ng t nh ( CD. C m t l p kim lo"i m ng ph n x" chm sng Laser l"i cho sensor quang. M t m t tr ng. Kch c* c a khe nh h n.bit nh h n v track kht h n so v i ( CD.

Cc lo i DVD
Minh h a c%u t"o:

Cc lo i DVD
S gi ng nhau gi a CD v DVD cng t h n i v i lo"i DVD-9, s d ng 2 l p l u tr thng tin v 2 chm tia Laser l%y thng tin. L p #u tin l l p bn ph n x", n cho php chm tia th& 2 c c thng tin ( l p th& 2l l p ph n x" ton ph#n.

Cc lo i DVD

Cc lo i DVD
Minh h a c%u tao:

a ny c t"o b(i s k t dnh c a 2 l p b m t trong su t i v i tia c c tm. a c thi t k cho php ch&a c l ng thng tin g%p i lo"i DVD-5.

Cc lo i DVD
S c i thi n xa h n n a c a CD l lo"i a c"nh kp c gi i thi u ( lo"i m i: DVD-10 v DVD-18. DVD-10 c t"o b(i 2 l p kim lo"i c s( ph n x" ton ph#n ghp v i nhau.Ch%t g n k t khng nh%t thi t ph i l trong su t. B(i v d li u c c ra b(i chm Laser t+ 2 m t c a a.

Cc lo i DVD
Do 1 n a d li u n)m ( pha kia c a a nn c#n c th ph i l t s%p a l"i, ho c l ph i c lo"i #u c a c th c c2 m t. D nhin l dung l ng a ph i c t ng g%p i 9.4 GB so v i c a DVD-5.

Cc lo i DVD
Minh h a c%u t"o:

Cc lo i DVD

DVD-18 c ng c 2 l p nh v y nh ng 2 l p d li u,m m!i l p l"i c c b(i 2 chm tia laser. Do n c dung l ng l n h n v ph&c t"p c ng t ng ln nhi u.

Cc lo i DVD
Minh h a c%u t"o:

DVD-R v DVD-RW hay DVD-RAM

Ngy nay #u c a DVD th h#u nh c ng c c cc lo"i khc nh : DVD-RAM DVD-ROM, DVD-Video, DVD-R, CD-Audio, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW,VCD. Lo"i a ghi DVD r rng l ph&c t"p h n DVDROM thng th ng, Laser ph thu c vo m&c n ng l ng c, xo v ghi.

DVD-Video v DVD-Audio
,ng d ng video DVD ph thu c nhi u vo 'nh d"ng d li u. D li u ( l p th& nh%t c b t #u t+ trong ra ngoi cn l p th& 2 th ng c l"i. C 2 lo"i chu n nn d li u c b n #u tin l MPEG-1, MPEG-2.

DVD-Video v DVD-Audio
MPEG-2 c kh n ng l c kho ng 97% tn hi u hnh nh m ch%t l ng khng thay i ng k . lm gi m i t c d c cho a(vd : lo"i a 4,7 GB ghi c 133pht video thay v 4 pht) Nh cc lo"i gi i thu t nn khc, MPEG-2 c th lo"i cc tn hi u hnh nh d th+a.

DVD-Video v DVD-Audio
DVD c th c t i 8 track cho m thanh. Ngoi ra cn cung c%p ch&c n ng truy c p d li u tr c ti p. N cn c kh n ng hi n th' ph t i 32 lo"i ngn ng . Ch%t l ng m thanh cao. N u cng ch%t l ng m thanh v i CD th DVD l u tr c t i 7 gi .

DVD-Video v DVD-Audio
Chuy n i s - t ng t (DAC) 96kHz/24 bit ho c 192kHZ/24bit

DVD-Video v DVD-Audio
So snh ch%t l ng bi n i tn hi u:

Red laser v Blue laser

Ta th ng s d ng l Laser (c b c sng t+ 630nm n 650nm). t ng dung l ng l u tr th ph i s d ng cc nh sng laser c b c sng nh h n nh mu xanh hay tm. Nh th ta c th t ng ln n 15GB/1 l p th m ch 45GB. Nh ng kh th c hi n h n l b c sng di.

Magnetic Optical Storage Systems

khng lm gi m ch%t l ng c a d li n m khng h"n ch s l#n ghi/xa th ng i ta s d ng h th ng quang t+(MO). MO mang 2 nguyn t c c b n c a h th ng quang v t+ l: ghi b)ng t+ v c b)ng quang.

Magnetic Optical Storage Systems

C 2 lo"i tiu chu n cho MO l lo"i 5.5 inch v 3.5 inch. Lo"i 5.5 inch c dung l ng t ng ng CDROM. V i kh n ng c a mnh MO c th b vo vi c n khng r. v nhanh nh cc lo"i CD-R, CD-RW.

Magnetic Optical Storage Systems

Ho"t ng ghic:

Magnetic Optical Storage Systems

S minh h a :

Nhin li u t+ c c tr ng b(i 1 nhi t l nhi t Curie. Nhi t Curie nhi t m ( n m%t t+ tnh lm m%t d li u. V i cc lo"i v t li u t+ hi n t"i th nhi u ny l 200 C.

Magnetic Optical Storage Systems

/ nhi t cao h n cho php ta ghi d li u. C th dng Laser n ng l ng nh ghi v t%t c n ng l ng t p trung vo m t i m r%t nh . c d li u d a vo s phn c c nh sng (hi u &ng Kerr) Khi qua b m t, phn c c nh sng c a chm ph n x" c s thay i nh (kho ng 0.5 ). S thay i ny c th dng nh n ra cc bit 0 v 1.

Magnetic Optical Storage Systems

Thi t k c b n c a a MO:

MAGNETIC TAPE
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MAGNETIC TAPE
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MAGNETIC TAPE
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Track 9

Physical record

MAGNETIC TAPE
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Flash disk
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H th ng BUS H th ng Bus v Vo-Ra

H th ng Bus M t s lo i bus: ISA, EISA, PCI, AGP, PCI-E
H th ng vo-ra
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Phn c p Bus (tt)

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Cc Bus i n hnh trong PC

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ISA Bus
PC/XT:
20 ng a ch 8 bit d li u Intel 8086/6088 62 chn

PC/AT
24 ng a ch 6 bit d li u Intel 80286 98 chn

EISA Bus
32 ng a ch 32 bit d li u Ph n m r ng c 2 levels Ng t c th c l p trnh

MCA (Micro Channel architecture)

C u trc gi ng EISA B ng m ch nh h n EISA D li u 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit Intel 80386/80486

Network Interface Card IBM 83X9648 (MCA)

PCI Bus
Do Intel thi t k , c l p v i CPU B ng thng r ng (133MB/sec, 528MB/sec) H tr Plug-and-Play (thi t l p c u hnh t ng) Bus d li u: 32 bit, 64 bit Xung nh p: 33 MHz, 66 MHz

PCI Bus
Cc lo i thng d ng: network card, sound card, modems, TV tuner card

&

PCI Express Bus

PCI Epress Bus (tt)

Pht tri n ki n trc PCI (t ng thch v i PCI) Ki n trc Point-to-Point Serial Links (Lane)
(Khng dng ki n trc shared parallel bus)

B ng thng r ng
b t u t 200 MB/sec, c th x2, ..,x32

H tr t t h n cho truy n thng a ph ng ti n (audio, video) Thm b t thi t b khi my ho t ng (Hot plugging)

PCI Epress Bus (tt)

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

Do Intel thi t k T ng t c hi n th hnh 3D, hnh ng Dng 1 bus ring (AGP) Chip AGP c th ng th i truy c p b nh v i CPU B ng thng 533 MB/sec

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

D ng I/O bus, i u khi n nhi u lo i thi t b : a c ng, CDROM, scanner, my in .. C th n 15 thi t b /cp S d ng c 2 lo i giao ti p serial v parallel

Cn g i l ATA (AT Attachment) EIDE (Extended IDE) ATA-2

i u khi n CDROM H tr LBA (Logical Block Addressing)

ATA-4
Serial Attached SCSI drive connector Centronics 50 SCSI connector

Ultra ATA
DMA l 33MHz/..

ATA-33/66/100 ..: t c

Logical Block Addressing

a ch CHS c th c chuy n sang a ch LBA dng cng th c
C, H v S l cylinder number, head number, v sector number LBA : logical block address HPC : the number of heads per cylinder SPT : the number of sectors per track

Serial ATA (SATA)

T c

cao, t 150 MB/sec

Native Command Queuing (NCQ)

a ch LBA c th

c chuy n sang

a ch CHS dng cng th c:

Ch i u khi n a D! ci " t (Hotplugging)

 

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USB (Universal Serial Bus)

K t n i cc thi t b " c i m:
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_device_bandwidths