Professional Documents
Culture Documents
=
+ +
= =
+ +
(4)
where , , c d p and q are positive integers to be determine later,
n
a and
m
b are unknown
constants. Eq. (4) can be re-written in the following equivalent form:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ex p .. . ex p
.
ex p . .. ex p
c d
p q
a c a d
u
b p b q
q q
q
q q
+ +
=
+ +
(5)
Step 3. In order to determine the values of c and , p we balance the highest order linear term
with the highest order nonlinear term and determining the values of d and , q we balance the
lowest order linear term with the lowest order nonlinear term in Eq. (3). Thus, we obtain the
values of , , c d p and q .
Step 4. Substituting the values of , , c d p and q into Eq. (5), and then substituted Eq. (5) into
Eq. (3) and simplifying, we obtain
( ) ex p 0,
i
i
C i q =
0, 1, 2, 3, . . . i = (6)
Then each coefficient 0
i
C = is to set, yields a system of algebraic equations for '
c
a s and
' .
p
b s
4
Step 5. We assume the unknown '
c
a s and '
p
b s can be determined by solving the system of
algebraic equations obtained in Step 4. Putting these values into Eq. (5), we obtain exact
traveling wave solutions of the Eq. (1).
3. Application of the method
In this section, we apply the method to construct the traveling wave solutions of the (3+1)-
dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsev equation. The obtained solutions will be
displayed in graphs by using the software Maple 13.
We consider the (3+1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsev equation:
2
0,
t x x x x x y y x z z
u u u u u u o + + + + = (7)
where o is a nonzero constant.
Zayed [52] solved the Eq. (7) using the ( ) '/ G G -expansion method. Later in article [53] he
solved same equation by the generalized ( ) / G G ' -expansion method.
Here we will solve this equation by the exp- function method.
Now, we use the transformation Eq. (2) into Eq. (7), which yields:
2
' 3 0, Vu u u u o ' ''' + + = (8)
where primes denote the derivatives with respect to . q
According to Step 2, the solution of Eq. (8) can be written in the form of Eq. (5).
To determine the values of c and , p according to Step 3, we balance the highest order linear
term of u ''' with the highest order nonlinear term of
2
u u '
in Eq. (8) i.e., u '''
and
2
u u '
.
Therefore, we have
( )
| |
1
2
ex p 3 . . .
,
ex p 4 . . .
c p c
u
c p
q
q
+ + (
''' =
+
(9)
and
( )
| |
3
2
4
ex p 3 . . .
,
ex p 4 . . .
c p c
u u
c p
q
q
+ + (
' =
+
(10)
5
where
j
c are coefficients only for simplicity, from Eqs. (9) and (10), we obtain
3 3 , p c p c + = + which leads . p c =
To determine the values of d and , q we balance the lowest order linear term of u ''' with the
lowest order nonlinear term of
2
u u ' in Eq. (8). We have
( )
| |
1
2
. . . ex p
,
. . . ex p 4
d d q
u
d q
q
q
+ (
''' =
+
(11)
and
( )
| |
3
2
4
. . . ex p 3
,
. . . ex p 4
d d q
u u
d q
q
q
+ (
' =
+
(12)
where
j
d are determined coefficients only for simplicity, from Eqs. (11) and (12), we obtain
( ) ( ) 3 , d q d q = which leads . q d =
Any real values can be considered for c and , d since they are free parameters. But the final
solutions of the Eq. (7) do not depend upon the choice of c and . d
Case 1: We set 1 p c = = and 1 . q d = =
For this case, the trial solution Eq. (5) reduces to
( )
1 0 1
1 0 1
.
a e a a e
u
b e b b e
q q
q q
q
+ +
=
+ +
(13)
Since,
1
0, b = Eq. (13) can be simplified:
( )
1 0 1
0 1
.
a e a a e
u
e b b e
q q
q q
q
+ +
=
+ +
(14)
By substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (8) and equating the coefficients of ( ) exp , n q
0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n = with the aid of Maple 13, we obtain a set of algebraic equations in terms of
1 0 1 1 0
, , , , a a a b b
and V :
( )
3 2 2 3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
0, C e C e C e C C e C e C e
A
q q q q q q
+ + + + + + = (15)
6
And, setting each coefficient of exp
( ) , 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., n n q = to zero, we obtain
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. C C C C C C C
= = = = = = = (16)
For determining unknowns, we solve the obtained system of algebraic Eq. (16) with the aid of
Maple 13, we obtain four different sets of solutions:
Set 1:
1
1 1 1 0 1 0
6 6
, , 0, , 0, 6,
2 2
b
b b a a a b V
o o
= = = = = =
(17)
where
1
b
is free parameter.
Set 2:
( )
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 3 1 1 3
, , 2 9 , , , ,
1 8 4 2 1 2 2 2
a a b b a a b a b a b V o o
o o
= = = + = = + =
(18)
where
0
a and
0
b are free parameters.
Set 3:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
0 1 0 1 0 1
2
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2
1 1 1
2 9 9 2 9
, , , , , 3 ,
8 8
b a b a b a
a a b b a a b V a
a a a
o o o
o
o o o
+ + +
= = = = = = + (19)
where
1
a and
0
b are free parameters.
Set 4:
2
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1
, 0, 0, , 0, 3,
7 2
a a a a b a b V o
= = = = = = (20)
where
0
a is free parameter.
Now, substituting Eq. (17) into Eq. (14), we obtain traveling wave solution:
( )
( )
1
1
6 6
,
2
e b e
u
e b e
q q
q q
q
o
=
+
(21)
Eq. (21) can be simplified as:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1
2 c o s h s i n h
6
1 ,
1 c o s h 1 s i n h 2
b
u
b b
q q
q
q q o
(
=
(
+ +
(22)
where 6 . x y z t q = + + +
If
1
1 b
= (23)
7
Substituting Eq. (18) into Eq. (14) and simplifying, we get traveling wave solution:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
1 2 2 3 2 2 9 c o s h s i n h
3
1 ,
3 6 2 9 c o s h 3 6 2 9 s i n h 3 6 2
a b a b
u
a b a b b
o o q q
q
o q o q o
(
+ +
(
= +
(
+ + + +
(24)
where
3
.
2
x y z t q = + + +
If o is negative i. e. o | = , 0 | > ,
0
2 b = and
0
0 a = , then from Eq. (24), we obtain
( )
3
t anh .
2
2
u
q
q
|
= (25)
Substituting Eq. (19) into Eq. (14) and simplifying, we obtain
( )
( ) { } ( ) { }
0
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
7 2
1 ,
8 2 9 co s h 8 2 9 s i n h 8
b
u a
a b a a b a a b
q
o o q o o q o
(
(
= +
(
+ + + + +
(26)
where
( )
2
1
3 . x y z a t q o = + + +
If
0
1, 6 b o = = and
1
1
,
2
a = Eq. (26) becomes
( )
1 3
.
2 1 2 c o s h
u q
q
= +
+
(27)
Substituting Eq. (20) into Eq. (14) and simplifying, we obtain
( )
( ) ( )
0
2 2
0 0
7 2
,
7 2 co s h 7 2 s i n h
a
u
a a
q
o q o q
=
+ +
(28)
where 3 . x y z t q = + +
If
0
3, a = and 8, o = Eq. (28) becomes
( )
3
s ec .
2
u h q q = (29)
Case 2: We set 2 p c = = and 1 . q d = =
For this case, the trial solution Eq. (5) reduces to
8
( )
2
2 1 0 1
2
2 1 0 1
.
a e a e a a e
u
b e b e b b e
q q q
q q q
q
+ + +
=
+ + +
(30)
Since, there are some free parameters in Eq. (30), for simplicity, we may consider
2
1 b = and
1
0. b
+ + +
=
+ +
(31)
Performing the same procedure as described in Case 1, we obtain four sets of solutions:
Set 1:
0
0 0 1 0 1 2 1
6 6
, 0, , 0, , 0, 6,
2 2
b
b b a a a a b V
o o
= = = = = = =
(32)
where
0
b is free parameter.
Set 2:
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1
1 3 1 1 3
, , 0, 2 9 , , , ,
1 8 4 2 1 2 2 2
a a b b a a a b a b a b V o o
o o
= = = = + = = + =
(33)
where
1
a and
1
b are free parameters.
Set 3:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
2 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 2
2 2 2
2 9 9 2 9
, , 0, , , , 3,
8 8
b a b a b a
a a b b a a a b V a
a a a
o o o
o
o o o
+ + +
= = = = = = = + (34)
where
2
a and
1
b are free parameters.
Set 4:
2
1
1 1 1 0 2 0 1
, 0, 0, 0, , 0, 3,
7 2
a
a a a a a b b V
o
= = = = = = = (35)
where
1
a is a free parameter.
Using Eq. (32) into Eq. (31) and simplifying, we obtain
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
0 0
2 c o s h s i n h
6
1 .
1 c o s h 1 s i n h 2
b
u
b b
q q
q
q q o
(
=
(
+ +
(36)
If
0
1 b = , from Eq. (36), we obtain
( )
6
t a n h ,
2
i
u q q
o
= (37)
where 6 . x y z t q = + + +
Substituting Eq. (33) into Eq. (31) and simplifying, we obtain
9
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 3 2 2 9 c o s h s i n h
3
1 .
3 6 2 9 c o s h 3 6 2 9 s i n h 3 6 2
a b a b
u
a b a b b
o o q q
q
o q o q o
(
+ +
(
= +
(
+ + + +
(38)
If o is negative i. e. o | = , 0 | > ,
1
2 b = and
1
0, a = Eq. (38) can be simplified as:
( )
3
t a n h ,
2 2
u
q
q
|
= (39)
where
3
.
2
x y z t q = + + +
Substituting Eq. (34) into Eq. (31) and simplifying, we obtain
( )
( ) { } ( ) { }
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
7 2
1 .
8 2 9 co s h 8 2 9 s i n h 8
b
u a
a b a a b a a b
q
o o q o o q o
(
(
= +
(
+ + + + +
(40)
If
1
1, 6 b o = = and
2
1
,
2
a = Eq. (40) becomes
( )
1 3
,
2 1 2 c o s h
u q
q
= +
+
(41)
where
( )
2
2
3 . x y z a t q o = + + +
Using Eq. (35) into Eq. (31) and simplifying, we obtain
( )
( ) ( )
1
2 2
1 1
7 2
.
7 2 o s h 7 2 s i n h
a
u
a c a
q
o q o q
=
+ +
(42)
If
1
3, a = and 8, o = Eq. (42) becomes
( )
3
s ec ,
2
u h q q = (43)
where 3 . x y z t q = + +
Case 3: We set 2 p c = = and 2 . q d = =
For this case the trial solution Eq. (5) reduces to
( )
2 2
2 1 0 1 2
2 2
2 1 0 1 2
.
a e a e a a e a e
u
b e b e b b e b e
q q q q
q q q q
q
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
(44)
10
Since, there are some free parameters in Eq. (44) we may consider
2
1, b =
2 2
0, 0 a b
= =
and
1
0. b
= So, that the Eq. (44) reduces to the Eq. (31). This indicates that the Case 3 is
equivalent to the Case 2. Eq. (44) can be re-written as:
( )
2 3
2 1 0 1 2
2 3
2 1 0 1 2
.
a e a a e a e a e
u
b e b b e b e b e
q q q q
q q q q
q
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
(45)
If we put
2 1 2 2
0, 0, 1, 0 a a b b
= = = = and
1
0 b