Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

by

Dr. Deepankar Choudhury

Humboldt Fellow, JSPS Fellow, BOYSCAST Fellow

Professor Department of Civil Engineering IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.
Email: dc@civil.iitb.ac.in URL: http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~dc/ Lecture 30

Module 7

Seismic Hazard Analysis

IIT Bombay, DC

Example Case Study on Gujarat, India

Ref: Ph.D. Thesis of Jaykumar Shukla (2013), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
IIT Bombay, DC 3

Location of urban areas selected

Seismic Zones of Gujarat, IS: 1893-Part I (2002)

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Regional Seismicity parameters

2.25 2.00 1.75 1.50
Entire Gujarat Saurashtra Mainland Gujarat Kachchh

Log N

1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

Gutenberg Richter recurrence relations are derived using Least Square Fit method using prepared earthquake catalogue for Mw 4.

Earthquake Moment Magnitude (Mw)

Past seismicity

Rastogi et al. (2013) recommended b value = 0.67 for Saurashtra region.

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Region

a-value

b-value 0.64 0.62 0.41 0.51

G-R relation Log N=4.03 0.64 Mw Log N=4.02 0.62 Mw Log N=3.41 0.41 Mw Log N=4.13 0.51 Mw

R2 0.9783 0.9370 0.9821 0.9899

used (Year)
Saurashtra Mainland Kachchh Gujarat 135 175 189 189 4.03 4.02 3.41 4.13

Choudhury and Shukla (2011) in Disaster Advances, 4(2), 47-59.

b-value using ML method

Another popular method for estimation of bvalue is by using Maximum Likelihood (ML) method (Aki, 1965; Utsu, 1965)

1 ln(10)(u mmin )
b-value using ML estimate 0.526 0.572

u is the sampling average of the magnitudes

Region Kachchh Saurashtra

Mainland Gujarat
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0.642

Various Probability Distributions

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Year 1819 1845 1848 1856 1864 1871 Month 6 4 4 12 4 1 Date 16 19 26 25 29 31 Date (Years) 1819.5 1845.333 1848.333 1857 1864.333 1871.083 Latitude Longitude (0N) (0E) 24 23.8 24.4 20 22.3 21.2 69 68.9 72.7 73 72.8 72.9 Mw 7.8 6.3 6 5.7 5.7 5 25.833 3 8.667 7.333 6.75 Recurrenc e Time (Years Location Kachchh Lakhpat Mount Abu Surat
0.8 1.0 0.9

Surat

Cumulative Probability

Ahmedabad

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1872
1882 1903 1919 1921 1935 1938 1950 1956 1963 1965 1966

4
6 1 4 10 7 3 6 7 7 3 5

14
10 14 21 26 20 14 14 21 13 26 27

1872.372
1882.5 1903.083 1919.391 1921.833 1935.583 1938.25 1950.5 1956.583 1963.583 1965.25 1966.417

21.75
23.2 24 22 25 21 21.6 24 23.3 24.9 24.4 24.46

72.15
71.38 70 72 68 72.4 75 71.2 70 70.3 70 68.69

5
5 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.7 6 5.3 6 5.3 5.1 5

1.289
10.128 20.583 16.308 2.442 13.75 2.667 12.25 6.083 7 1.667 1.167

Bhavnagar
Bhachau Kachchh Bhavnagar Kachchh Surat Satpura Kachchh Kachchh Pakistan Kachchh Pakistan

Pareto Distribution Rayleigh Distribution Weibull Distribution Exponential Distribution Earthquakes Earthquake (Mw >= 5) in Gujarat region

19
20 21 22 23 24 25

1970
1976 1985 1993 2001 2006 2007

2
6 4 8 1 3 11

13
4 7 24 26 7 6

1970.167
1976.5 1985.333 1993.732 2001.083 2006.25 2007.933

24.6
24.51 24.36 20.6 23.44 23.79 21.16

68.61
68.45 69.74 71.4 70.31 70.73 70.54

5.2
5.1 5 5 7.7 5.7 5

3.75
6.333 8.833 8.399 7.351 5.167 1.683

Kachchh
Allah Band Kachchh Rajula Kachchh Gedi, Junagadh

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Choudhury and Shukla (2011) in Disaster Advances, 4(2), 47-59.

Recurrence Estimation
Probability Distribution Model Recurrence interval (years) Predicted 7.853 16.173 3.135 7.011 Last Event occurred on Next Earthquake Expected on Study Date Considered (Nov 10th 2009) 2009.85 2009.85 2009.85 2009.85 Year Left from Present Date Next earthquake expected before Oct 2015* Feb 2024 Jan 2011 Dec 2014*

Exponential Rayleigh Pareto Weibull

2007.933 2007.933 2007.933 2007.933

2015.786 2024.106 2011.068 2014.944

5.936 14.256 1.218 5.094

*Note: This research output published in Journal Disaster Advances in Aug. 2011 was validated by actual occurrence of earthquake of September 2011.
7/11/2013

Choudhury and Shukla (2011) in Disaster Advances, 4(2), 47-59.

b-value proposed & those by other researchers

Study Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Application area b- value Reference

Kachchh Saurashtra Mainland Entire Kachchh Saurashtra Mainland Saurashtra Gujarat

Gujarat Kachchh Kachchh

13
14 15 16 17 18

Gujarat
Gujarat Gujarat Peninsular Gujarat region Gujarat

0.417 0.64 0.62 0.51 0.526 0.572 0.642 0.67 0.87 ( 0.06) 0.72 0.43 0.71 0.03 0.7 to 0.9 0.07 0.4 to 0.6
0.4 to 0.8 0.92 0.55 0.89

Based on least square fit, Present Study

Based on ML estimate, Present Study

Rastogi et al. (2013) WCE NDMA (2010) Tripathi et al., (2005) Ashara et al., (2006) Jaiswal (2006)

Periods for study taken (1820-2008) (1872-2008) (1872-2008) (1820-2008) (1820-2009) (1872-2009) (1872-2009) (1970-2010) (*1800-2009) (1842-2002)

Raghukanth (2010)
Kolathayar et al. (2011) for Clustered catalogue Kolathayar et al. (2011) for declustered catalogue Jaiswal and Sinha (2007) Bhatia et al. (1999) Thaker et al. (2012)

(1250-2008)
(250 B.C. -2010) (250 B.C. -2010) (1842-2002) 1818-2008

Shukla and Choudhury (2012) in NHESS, 12, 2019-2037.

DSHA - Some starting points

Entire Gujarat is divided into three regions Kachchh Saurashtra Mainland Gujarat

Earthquake catalogue is divided as per these three regions

Only fault sources are used as seismic sources Poisson distribution for earthquake occurrence

All the faults are Normal faults, depth ranging 10 to 15km from ground surface.

DSHA
1
Describes the potential for dangerous, earthquake-related natural phenomena i.e. Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)

The earthquake hazard for the site is a peak ground acceleration of 0.57g resulting from an earthquake of magnitude 5.7 on the Narmada Son Fault at a distance of 11.42 km from the site.

Sometimes called Deterministic Scenario in Magnitude, Distance pair i.e. (5.7, 11.42)

Fault Map of study region

26 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 26

Total 40 major faults are considered. Length derived from referred literature and maps. Maximum earthquake magnitude calculated from relationships recommended by few researchers considering one third length as rupture surface.

25
F18 F48 F24 F49 F27 F25A F5 F26 F28 F29 F6 F3 F7 F8 F10 F9 F43 F45 F46 F1 F30 F31 F32 F33 F35 F34 F37 F41

25

24
F14 F13 F15

F17 F21 F23

24

23

F12

23

22

F2

F4

22

F38

F42

21
Legend :
n th Fault, Fn

21

20

20

19 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

19 75

Shukla and Choudhury (2012) in NHESS, 12, 2019-2037. 7/11/2013

GMPEs selected
GMPE Abrahamson and Silva (1997) Boore et al. (1997) Campbell (1997) (Rock site definition is in accordance with NEHRP seismic code) (for Mw > 5 and sites with distance to seismogenic rupture 60 km in active tectonic region) Sadig (1997) Shallow crustal earthquake (Moment magnitude Mw = 4 to 8 and of California distance up to 100 km). Toro et al. (1997) Crustal earthquake of (For spectral period less than 0.2 sec, Intraplate region in Eastern values limited to 1.5 g and periods less and Central North America than 1 sec are limited to 3 g.) Frankel et al. Intraplate region of Central (1996) and Eastern North America Raghukanth and Peninsular India (For sites with shear wave velocity Vs Iyengar (2007) 3.6 km/sec.)
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Applicability Worldwide shallow crustal earthquake Shallow crustal earthquake of Western north America Worldwide shallow crustal earthquake

Remark

Various GMPEs
0.1

Spectral accelerations (g)

Abra.-Silva (1997) Boore-Joyner-Fumal (1997) Campbell (1997) Frankel (1996) Sadigh (1997) Rock Toro (1997) Raghu Kanth & Iyengar (2007)

0.01

1E-3 0
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20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Distance from Hypocenter (km)

DSHA Results
Name
City/Urban Area N0
Ahmedabad Amreli Anjar Baroach Bhavnagar Bhuj Dholavira Dholera Dwarka Gandhidham Gandhinagar Jamnagar Junagadh Mandavi Mehsana Morvi Palanpur Patan Porbundar Rajkot Surat Surendranagar Vadodara Valsad Veraval 23.030 21.602 23.112 21.715 21.770 23.252 23.883 22.248 22.241 23.071 23.229 22.466 21.515 22.833 23.598 22.814 21.171 23.850 21.643 22.283 21.194 22.718 22.306 20.610 20.912

of Location

Deterministic Seismic Scenarios (Controlling Fault/Magnitude-Distance pairs)

Short Period (0.2 sec) (two stored building) E0
72.580 71.218 70.023 72.977 72.143 69.662 70.215 72.195 68.966 70.135 72.651 70.066 70.456 69.346 72.380 70.829 72.438 72.114 69.611 70.800 72.819 71.637 73.187 72.925 70.353

Long Period (2 sec) (highrise buidlings) Distance (km) Fault Mw

7.0 6.0 7.0 5.5 5.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.5 7.0 5.5 5.5 5.5

Fault
F24 F6 F14 F33 F30 F14 F17 F31 F2 F14 F26 F13 F7 F13 F24 F14 F24 F49 F2 F13 F34 F28 F24 F37 F2

Mw
5.5 5.5 7.0 5.5 5.5 7.0 7.0 5.5 5.5 7.0 5.5 7.0 6.0 7.0 5.5 7.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 7.0 5.5 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.5

Distance (km)
171.240 25.330 13.320 7.190 8.000 14.500 5.000 33.030 89.240 15.960 174.240 34.480 14.370 34.720 143.610 59.090 152.810 115.390 110.190 83.280 17.760 105.020 22.190 19.000 12.000

14.290 15.500 13.320 7.190 8.000 14.500 5.000 20.330 12.000 15.960 31.570 34.480 14.370 34.720 15.010 59.090 10.250 15.600 11.640 83.280 17.760 30.570 22.190 19.000 12.000

F17 F7 F14 F33 F30 F14 F17 F28 F13 F14 F17 F13 F7 F13 F17 F14 F17 F17 F43 F13 F13 F17 F24 F37 F2

Shukla and Choudhury (2012) in NHESS, 12, 2019-2037.

Typical scenarios for Ahmedabad City

Ahmedabad city F24 (Mw 5.5,14.29 km) F17 (Mw 7, 171.24 km)

Spectral Accelerations (g)

0.1

0.01

Spectral Period (sec)

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Typical Deterministic Spectra

0.8

Deterministic Spectra
0.7

Ahmedabad

IS 1893 (2002)- Zone III 0.5 Fractile 0.84 Fractile

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

Cities representing Kachchh region has very high ground motions and Mainland Gujarat has lowest ground motions. For Saurashtra mixed results are obtained.

Spectral Acceleration (g)

0.1

0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Spectral Period (s)

Note: 0.5 Fractile = 50th percentile (representing MCE) and 0.84 Fractile = 84th percentile (representing SSE), with 5% damping
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Comparison of present study with IS: 1893 Part I (2002) spectra

Shukla and Choudhury (2012) in NHESS, 12, 2019-2037.

Deterministic scenarios
Name of City/Urban Area

Ahmedabad Amreli Anjar Baroach Bhavnagar Bhuj Dholavira Dholera Dwarka Gandhidham Gandhinagar Jamnagar Junagadh Mandavi Mehsana Morvi Palanpur Patan Porbundar Rajkot Surat Surendranagar Vadodara Valsad Veraval

PGA (g) Median (0.5 percentile) 0.125 0.116 0.530 0.220 0.230 0.620 0.670 0.160 0.089 0.490 0.053 0.200 0.176 0.154 0.125 0.085 0.160 0.138 0.160 0.060 0.094 0.084 0.073 0.091 0.188

IS: 1893 Part1 (2002) PGA in (g) Zone assigned PGA (MCE) PGA (DBE)

III III V III III V V III IV V III IV III V IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III

0.16 0.16 0.34 0.16 0.16 0.34 0.34 0.16 0.24 0.34 0.16 0.24 0.16 0.34 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

0.08 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.12 0.17 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

7/11/2013

Shukla and Choudhury (2012) in NHESS, 12, 2019-2037.

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) for Gujarat, India

IIT Bombay, DC

19

Four Seismicity models used

0.1
Annual Rate of Events > M w=4

0.01

1E-3

1E-4

1E-5 4 5 6 Earthquake Moment Magnitude (Mw) 7 8

F14 (Exponential, b-value LSF estimate) F14 (Exponential,b-value as per ML estimation) F15 (Exponential, b-value LSF estimate) F15 (Exponential,b-value as per ML estimation) F17 (Exponential, b-value LSF estimate) F17 (Exponential,b-value as per ML estimation) F18 (Exponential, b-value LSF estimate) F18 (Exponential,b-value as per ML estimation) F14 (Exponential, b-value=0.92, Jaiswal and Sinha (2007)) F14 (Characteristic Model) F15 (Exponential, b-value=0.92, Jaiswal and Sinha (2007)) F15 (Characteristic Model) F17 (Exponential, b-value=0.92, Jaiswal and Sinha (2007)) F17 (Characteristic Model) F18 (Exponential, b-value=0.92, Jaiswal and Sinha (2007)) F18 (Characteristic Model)

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Logic Tree simulations

Logic Tree used in seismic hazard computations (Figures in the bracket show the weightage assigned in seismic hazard computations) (Abbreviations: Raghu Kanth and Iyengar (2007) RI07, Abrahamson and Silva (1997) AS97, Frankel (1996) F96, Toro et al., (1997) T97, Boore-Joyner and Fumel (1997) BJF97, Campbell (1997) C97, Sadigh et al. (1997)- S97).
7/11/2013

PSHA Calculation overview

Number of Faults = 40

Number of Magnitude-Recurrence relations = 4

Number of GMPEs used = 7 For each city computations = 40 x 4 x 7 = 1120

For PSHA map, 8430 grid points means = 8430 x 4 x 7 = 233520 computations carried out in present study.
This can be handled using computer software like SEISRISK III , CRISIS 2007 , EZ-FRISK88 etc. and MS Excel.
7/11/2013

Performance Levels of Ground motions considered

Designation Chance of Exceedance 50 % Return period (Years) 72 Earthquake Designation

Level 1

Level 2
Level 3

10 %
2%

475
2475

Operational Basis Earthquake (OBE) Contingency Level Earthquake (CLE) Max. Credible Earthquake (MCE)

Which means each 1120/233520 computations are repeated for each level of ground motion computations.
7/11/2013

Typical Seismic Hazard Curve

Ahmedabad
0.1
72 years return period 475 years return period

Annual frequency of exceedence

1E-3

2475 years return period

1E-5

1E-7

1E-9

1E-11

1E-4

1E-3

0.01

0.1

Peak ground acceleration, (g)

Shukla and Choudhury (2012) in NHESS, 12, 2019-2037. 7/11/2013

Comparison of Seismic Hazards

1 0.1
72 years return period
Ahmedabad Amreli Anjar Dholavira Dholera Dwarka Gandhinagar Mandavi Mehsana Morvi Palanpur Patan Porbundar Surendranagar Valsad Veraval Baroach Bhuj Gandhidham Rajkot Jamnagar Junagadh Bhavnagar Vadodara Surat

0.01

Annual frequency of exceedence

475 years return period

1E-3 1E-4 1E-5 1E-6 1E-7 1E-8 1E-9

2475 years return period

1E-10 1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1

Peak ground acceleration, (g)

7/11/2013

How to use these Hazard Curves..

How to use these Hazard Curves..

Development of Uniform Hazard Spectra

1.2

Ahmedabad
1.1 1.0 0.9 Retrun Period 2475 years Retrun Period 475 years Retrun Period 72 years IS 1893 (2002)- Zone III

Spectral Acceleration (g)

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Spectral Period (s)

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Deaggreagation analysis Jamnagar city

0.100

ensity D y it il b a b o r P

0.075

0 .0 5 0

0 .0 2 5

D ista 0.000 nce fro ms ite tos our ce( km )

2 5 3 1 .

75 33.

75 43.

75 73.

25 81.

101

.2 5

108

.7 5

4.0

qu a r th

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

a ke

m Mo

en t

gn Ma

it

(M ude

7 .5

8 .0

7/11/2013

Sensitivity Analysis among Urban Cities

2475 years return period
2.50 2.25 2.00 1.75
Exponential model, b-value estimated using LSF method Characterastic Earthquake Model Exponential model, b=0.92, as per Jaiswal and Sinha (2007) Exponential model, b-value estimated using ML method

PGA (g)

1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00

Gandhidham

Mehsana

Dholavira

Vadodara

Dholera

Dwarka

Ahmedabad

Junagadh

Baroach

Mandavi

Bhavnagar

Gandhinagar

Jamnagar

Palanpur

Porbundar

Cities

7/11/2013

Surendranagar

Veraval

Patan

Amreli

Valsad

Bhuj

Rajkot

Morvi

Anjar

Surat

Summary
The seismicity within the Gujarat is very complex and migrating in nature and region wise not common. Seismic hazard assessment using single seismicity parameter for entire Gujarat may not correctly represent to the actual seismicity distribution. It is therefore important to carryout the seismic hazard analysis for Gujarat region using regional seismicity parameters which are consistent with present state of seismicity in the Gujarat. It is observed that in the prepared earthquake catalogue most of the events are from historic records i.e before 1960 and seismicity rate was constant up to 1962. After 1962, the seismicity rate within the Gujarat is observed to be increased. However for larger earthquake magnitude threshold i.e. Mw 4 catalogue can be considered to be complete for its use in seismic hazard assessment.
7/11/2013

Summary
The seismicity parameter (b-value) is calculated by two different approaches namely Least Square Fit method and Maximum Likelihood method. These parameters constitute the basic framework required for seismic hazard assessment for Gujarat region. The b-values obtained using Least Square Fit are 0.41, 0.64 and 0.62 for Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat, respectively. The b-values estimated using the Maximum Likelihood estimations (Aki, 1965) are observed to be 0.53, 0.57 and 0.64 for Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat, respectively. For Kachchh region, the recurrence interval for the earthquake magnitude Mw = 6 is less than the 25 years and Mw 7.5 it approaches 120 to 150 year. For both Mainland and Saurashtra region The recurrence interval for earthquake magnitude Mw = 5 is greater than 25 years and for Mw = 6 it is more than 125.

Summary
For earthquake magnitude Mw 5 in Gujarat region, it is observed that Exponential Model and Weibull Model are appropriate probability distributions for Gujarat region. Estimated seismic ground motions using Deterministic approach advocates that across Gujarat region, the seismic activities thereby seismic ground motions are dominated by the faults in the Kachchh region. It is again interesting to note that two major faults in Kachchh region namely F17 (Iceland Belt Fault) and F14 (Kachchh Mainland Fault) are the major contributors to the seismicity in the entire Gujarat. It is also notable that the present seismicity in Kachchh region is concentrated near F14 (KMF) and the location of Bhuj earthquake of 2001 is also close to this fault.

Summary
Though the peak ground acceleration (PGA) values are not in close agreement with those recommended by IS:1893 Part 1 (2002) for some cities but overall seismic ground motion distribution across the Gujarat region is more or less in agreement with regional distribution recommended by IS: 1893 Part 1 (2002). It is observed that the seismic hazards for few cities are found to be affected by near sources at lower spectral periods and by distant sources at higher spectral periods. In presently study it is observed that many cities of Gujarat like Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar etc. are influenced by distance source seismicity at higher spectral periods. For all cities in the Mainland Gujarat, the present PSHA study results in close agreement with the seismic ground motions recommended by IS: 1893 Part 1 (2002).

Some Earlier Seismic Hazard Analysis for India: Case Studies

Studies Carried out in India Jabalpur city Sikkim Himalaya Delhi Dehradun Guwahati Bangalore Kolkata
IIT Bombay, DC 35

Jabalpur city

Final hazard map of Jabalpur (PCRSMJUA, 2005)

36

Sikkim Himalaya
Seismic Hazard analysis was carried out deterministically by considering the seismotectonic parameters and presented maximum credible earthquake for Sikkim by Nath et al. (2006). Further developed new attenuation relation for Sikkim Himalaya, a finally he developed seismic microzonation map using geographical information system (GIS)

Nath, 2007
37

IIT Bombay, DC

Delhi
Site-specific Microzonation Study in Delhi Metropolitan City by 2-D Modelling of SH and P-SV Waves by Parvez et al. (2004), Microzonation of earthquake hazard in Greater Delhi area by Iyengar and Ghosh (2004), and Seismic Microzonation Studies for Delhi Region by Rao and Neelima Satyam (2005) and First Order Seismic Microzonation of Delhi, India Using Geographic Information System (GIS) by Mohanty et al. (2006).

Mohanty et al. (2006) prepared a first order seismic microzonation map of Delhi using five thematic, layers viz., Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) contour, different soil types at 6 m depth, geology, groundwater fluctuation and bedrock depth, integrated on GIS platform.
IIT Bombay, DC 38

Delhi

Final hazard map of Delhi (Bansal and Vandana, 2007)

IIT Bombay, DC

39

Dehradun

Spectral acceleration map of Dehradun (Ranjan, 2005)

40

Guwahati

The total area has been grouped into five zones based on the hazard index values, categorized as very high (>0.50) high (0.40-0.50) moderate (0.30-0.40) low (0.20-30) and very low (< 0.20). Most of the residential area falls in a moderate zone. (Nath, 2007) 41

Bangalore
Based on 950 bore hole data with SPT and MASW at 56 locations

Peak ground acceleration map of Bangalore using DSHA. (Sitharam, 2008)

IIT Bombay, DC 42

Bangalore

PGA contour at rock level with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for Bangalore city (Sitharam, 2008)
IIT Bombay, DC 43

Kolkata
In the seismic zonation map, Kolkata lies on the boundary of zone III and IV (which suggest the PGA value of 0.2 and 0.25g, respectively)
the major part of Kolkata City can experience PGA value above 0.25g, which suggests that Kolkata is in seismic zone IV. (Mohanty 2008)
IIT Bombay, DC 44

End of Module 7
IIT Bombay, DC 45