International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

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Research Paper SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF RC ELEVATED WATER TANK UNDER DIFFERENT STAGING PATTERN AND EARTHQUAKE CHARACTERISTICS
Ayazhussain M. Jabar1, H. S. Patel2

Address for Correspondence

M.E (CASAD), 2Associate Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India ABSTRACT
As known from very upsetting experiences, elevated water tanks were heavily damages or collapsed during earthquake. This was might be due to the lack of knowledge regarding the proper behaviour of supporting system of the tank again dynamic effect and also due to improper geometrical selection of staging patterns. Due to the fluid-structure interactions, the seismic behaviour of elevated tanks has the characteristics of complex phenomena. The main aim of this study is to understand the behaviour of supporting system which is more effective under different earthquake time history records with SAP 2000 software. Here two different supporting systems such as radial bracing and cross bracing are compared with basic supporting system for various fluid level conditions. For later conditions water mass has been considered in two parts as impulsive and convective suggested by GSDMA guidelines. In addition to that impulsive mass of water has been added to the container wall using Westergaards added mass approach. Tank responses including base shear, overturning moment and roof displacement have been observed, and then the results have been compared and contrasted. The result shows that the structure responses are exceedingly influenced by the presence of water and the earthquake characteristics. KEYWORDS Elevated water tanks, Tank Staging; Fluid-structure interaction; Seismic response; SAP2000
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I. INTRODUCTION Water is human basic needs for daily life. Sufficient water distribution depends on design of a water tank in certain area. An elevated water tank is a large water storage container constructed for the purpose of holding water supply at certain height to pressurization the water distribution system. Many new ideas and innovation has been made for the storage of water and other liquid materials in different forms and fashions. There are many different ways for the storage of liquid such as underground, ground supported, elevated etc. Liquid storage tanks are used extensively by municipalities and industries for storing water, inflammable liquids and other chemicals. Thus Water tanks are very important for public utility and for industrial structure. Elevated water tanks consist of huge water mass at the top of a slender staging which are most critical consideration for the failure of the tank during earthquakes. Elevated water tanks are critical and strategic structures and damage of these structures during earthquakes may endanger drinking water supply, cause to fail in preventing large fires and substantial economical loss. Since, the elevated tanks are frequently used in seismic active regions also hence, seismic behaviour of them has to be investigated in detail.Due to the lack of knowledge of supporting system some of the water tank were collapsed or heavily damages. So there is need to focus on seismic safety of lifeline structure using with respect to alternate supporting system which are safe during earthquake and also take more design forces. The draft code for liquid retaining structures is one of the outcomes of the project. The present study is an effort to identify the behaviour of elevated water tank under different acceleration time history with consideration and modelling of impulsive and convective water masses inside the container using structural software SAP2000. II. MODEL PROVISIONS Two mass model for elevated tank was proposed by Housner (1963) which is more appropriate and is IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue III/April-June, 2012/293-296

being commonly used in most of the international codes including Draft code for IS 1893 (Part-II) [3]. The pressure generated within the fluid due to the dynamic motion of the tank can be separated into impulsive and convective parts. When a tank containing liquid with a free surface is subjected to horizontal earthquake ground motion, tank wall and liquid are subjected to horizontal acceleration. The liquid in the lower region of tank behaves like a mass that is rigidly connected to tank wall. This mass is termed as impulsive liquid mass which accelerates along with the wall and induces impulsive hydrodynamic pressure on tank wall and similarly on base Liquid mass in the upper region of tank undergoes sloshing motion. This mass is termed as convective liquid mass and it exerts convective hydrodynamic pressure on tank wall and base. For representing these two masses and in order to include the effect of their hydrodynamic pressure in analysis, spring mass model is adopted for ground-supported tanks and two-mass model for elevated tanks.

Figure 1.Two mass model for elevated tank. In spring mass model convective mass (mc) is attached to the tank wall by the spring having stiffness (Kc), where a impulsive mass (mi) is rigidly attached to tank wall. For elevated tanks two-mass model is considered, which consist sof two degrees of freedom system. Spring mass model can also be applied on elevated tanks, but two-mass model idealization is closer to reality. The two- mass model is shown in Fig. . where, mi, mc, Kc, hi, hc, hs, etc. are the parameters of spring mass model and charts as well as empirical formulae are given for finding their values. The parameters of this model depend on

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies geometry of the tank and its flexibility. For elevated tanks, if the shape is other than circular or rectangular, then the values of spring mass parameters can be obtained by considering an equivalent circular tank having same capacity with diameter equal to that of diameter at top level of liquid in original tank. The two-mass model was first proposed by G. M. Housner(1963) and is being commonly used in most of the international codes. The response of the twodegree of freedom system can be obtained by elementary structural dynamics. However, for most of elevated tanks it is observed that both the time periods are well separated. Hence, the two mass idealizations can be treated as two uncoupled single degree of freedom system as shown in Fig.1 (b). The stiffness (Ks) is lateral stiffness of staging. The mass (ms) is the structural mass and shall comprise of mass of tank container and one-third mass of staging as staging will acts like a lateral spring. Mass of container comprises of roof slab, container wall, gallery if any, floor slab, floor beams, ring beam, circular girder, and domes if provided. III. FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION The analysis of elevated tank under seismic load of Fluid- structure-interaction problems can be investigated by using different approaches such as added mass (Westergaard, 1931) or velocity potential, Lagrangian (Wilson and Khalvati, 1983), Eulerian (Zienkiewicz and Bettes, 1978), and Lagrangian Euclidian approach (Donea, et al 1982). These analyses can be carried out using FEM or by the analytical methods. The added mass approach as shown in Fig. 4 can be investigated by using some of conventional FEM software such as SAP2000, STAAD Pro and LUSAS. Whilst in the other approaches, the analysis needs special programs that include fluid elements in the elements library, such as ANSYS, ABAQUS ADINA, ALGOR and etc. The general equation of motion for a system subjected to an earthquake excitation can be written as, (1) In which M, C and K are mass, damping and stiffness matrices, , and are the acceleration, velocity and displacement respectively, and is the ground acceleration. In the case of added mass approach the form of equation (1) become as below: (2) In which M* is the new mass matrix after adding hydrodynamic mass to the structural mass. While the damping and stiffness matrices are same as in equation (1).

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hydraulic structure, under earthquake loads i.e. tanks. In this paper the impulsive mass has been obtained according to GSDMA guidelines technique and is added to the tanks walls according to Westergaard Approach as shown in Fig. 2 using equation 3. Where, is the mass density, h is the depth of water and Ai is the area of curvilinear surface. (3)

Figure 2. FEM fluid-structure-interaction Model Westergaard Models method was originally developed for the dams but it can be applied to other IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue III/April-June, 2012/293-296

Figure 3. (a) Westergaard added mass concept (b) normal and Cartesian directions of curvilinear surface In the case of Intze tank where the walls having sloped and curved contact surface, the equation (3) should be compatible with the tank shape by assuming the pressure is still expressed by Westergaard's original parabolic shape. But the fact that the orientation of the pressure is normal to the face of the structure and its magnitude is proportional to the total normal acceleration at the recognized point. In general, the orientation of pressures in a 3-D surface varies from point to point; and fit is expressed in Cartesian coordinate components, it would produce added-mass terms associated with all three orthogonal axes. Following this description the generalized Westergaard added mass at any point i on the face of a 3-D structure is expressed by Kuo, (1982), (4) Where; Ai is the tributary area associated with node i; i is the normal direction cosine (x, y, z) as shown in Fig. (4) and ai is Westergaard pressure coefficient. IV. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION A reinforced elevated water tank with fixed base frame type, tank with radial bracing and cross bracing system have been considered for the present study. The storage capacity of water tank is 1000 m3. A finite element model is used to model the elevated tank system using SAP2000 structural software as shown in fig.8 Columns and beams in the frame type support system are modeled as frame elements (with six degrees of freedom per node). Conical part, bottom and top domes and container walls are modeled with thin shell elements (with four nodes and six degrees of freedom per node). Other dimensions of the elevated tanks are illustrated in Table I. Total four numbers of earthquake records were used; the maximum PGA on the basis of acceleration gravity for Imperial Valley, Northridge, Kobe and Loma Prieta 0.314,0.410, 0.509 and 0.644 respectively. I.e. for example of acceleration transverse component of Kobe earthquake is as shown in Fig. 4.

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Figure 5.Basic Staging pattern

Figure 4.Acceleration .Acceleration transverse component of Kobe earthquake. TABLE I. STRUCTURAL DATA FOR FRAME TYPE

Figure.6. Staging with radial bracing

Figure.7. Staging with cross bracing

In the present study alternate staging configurations are those which can be achieved by simple modifications to the basic configuration (fig. 5); for instance by adding (a) radial bracing (fig. 6) 6 and (b) cross bracing (fig. 7) at the levels of circumferential beams and all these FEM model are analyze in SAP2000 for seismic behavior under different earthquake time history data as shown in fig. 9.

Figure 8. FEM Model in SAP SAP2000 V. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Results for different important properties of this study are shown in tabular form in Table II.It has been also, displayed in graphical form for base shear, overturning moment and roof displacement as shown in Fig. 9, 10 and 11 respectively.

TABLE II. RESULTS FOR FRAME STAGING PATTERNS

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Figure 9. Base Shear force variation based on staging patterns and tank filled up

For basic staging overturning moment is highest in half-full condition for Loma Prieta having high PGA value. 5. In case of Full condition, highest base shear is obtained for radial bracing in Imperial Valley having low PGA value. 6. Roof displacement is considerably decreases with increase in PGA value of earthquake time history and also noted higher value in Imperial Valley. 7. Higher Roof displacement values are obtained in full fill up condition for all patterns. REFERENCES
1. IITK-GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Liquid Storage Tanks Provisions with commentary and explanatory examples. IS 11682:1985, Criteria for Design of RCC Staging for Overhead Water Tanks, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. Draft IS: 1893 (Part-II, Liquid Retaining Tanks) Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi, India. Structural Analysis Program SAP2000. Users manual, Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, Calif. Livanglua R., and Dogangu, A. (2006), Simplified seismic analysis procedure for elevated tanks considering fluid-structure-soil interaction, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 22:421-439.

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Figure 10. Overturning moment variation based on staging patterns and tank filled up

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Figure 11. Roof displacement variation based on staging patterns and tank filled up The critical response occurs in case of full tank and sometime in empty tank. This result may be due to the fact that the hydrodynamic pressures of container in half-full case as compared with the full filling case are higher. In addition, it can be also assigned to the effect of the frequency content of earthquake records. Frequency content and properties of the earthquake in ranges of natural frequency elevated tank are the most important factors in reduction or intensity of tank responses. Thus, structure responses to each record in addition to the dynamic properties of the structure also depend on the above mentioned properties. Earthquake records with high frequency content cause excitation of responses such as base shear force, overturning moment and roof displacement are compared and following conclusions are obtained. 1. In empty condition, higher base shear for cross bracing pattern in Loma Prieta time history. 2. For Kobe earthquake, lower base shear and overturning moment in cross bracing and radial bracing pattern respectively in empty condition. 3. In case of half- full condition, lowest base shear and overturning moment for Radial Bracing in Loma Prieta and Kobe earthquake intensity respectively. IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue III/April-June, 2012/293-296