International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),

ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 60












Design of a New Metamaterial Structure to Enhancement the
Performance of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

Baljeet Singh Sinwar
1
, Dr. Mithilesh Kumar
2


Electronics Eng. Department, UCE, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota-302010

1
singh.baljeet27@yahoo.co.in,
2
mith_kr@yahoo.com.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a hexagonal shaped structure has been chosen to contruct
metamaterial substrate. This hexagonal shaped structure enhances the performance of a
rectangular microstrip patch antenna. This metamaterial structure is proposed at a height of
3.2mm from the ground plane. For verifying that the proposed metamaterial structure
possesses Negtive values of Permeability and Permittivity within the operating frequency
ranges, Nicolson-Ross-Weir method (NRW) has been employed. The patch along with the
proposed metamaterial structure is designed using CST-MWS software and compares the
results.

KEYWORDS: Nicolson-Ross-Weir method (NRW), Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna
(RMPA), Return Loss

I. INTRODUCTION

Microstrip Patch Antennas generally have three components namely ground, substrate, patch.
These are low profile, lightweight, low cost antennas. These antennas have some drawback like
narrow-bandwidth, low gain etc. Several researches have been done to overcome these
drawbacks. In this field of research, Victor Veselago (1968) Engheta and Ziolkowski (2006)
introduced the theoretical concept of metamaterials. According to the theory of Vesalago, these
materials are generally artificial materials used to provide properties which are not found in
readily available materials in nature [1]-[2]. And they have Negtive Refractive Index (NRI),
hence they are also called as the Negative Refractive Index materials or Left handed materials
LHM (as they follow left hand rule) [3]-[5]. In this work Hexagonal shaped structure as a
metamaterial structure has been introduced for enhancement the patch antenna parameters.
With these improvements this hexagonal structure also possesses double negative properties
within the operating frequency ranges.

II. ANTENNA DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

The Rectangular microstrip patch antenna parameters are calculated from the formulas given
below.
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ISSN 0976 6464(Print)
ISSN 0976 6472(Online)
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IJECET
I A E M E
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 61

Desired Parametric Analysis:

Calculation of Width (W),

W=
1
2I

0
s
0
_
2
s

+ 1
=
C
2I

_
2
s

+ 1
(1)

Where,
c =free space velocity of light;
r = Dielectric constant of substrate.
Effective dielectric constant is calculated as,


cII
=
s

+1
2
+
s

-1
2
_
1
_1+
12h
v
_ (2)

The actual length of the Patch (L),

L =Leff - 2L (3)

Where,

Leff =
C
2I
s
eII
(4)

Calculation of Length Extension,


L
h
=0.412
(s
eII
+0.3)[
v
h
+0.264
(s
eII
-0.258)[
v
h
+0.8
(5)

The RMPA (in Fig. 1) is designed using the calculated parameters shown below in Table 1.

Dimensions Unit
Dielectric Constant (r) 4.3 -
Loss Tangent (tan ) 0.02 -
Thickness (h) 1.6 mm
Operating Frequency 2.478,2.919 GHz
Length (L) 23.69 mm
Width (W) 30.71 mm
Cut Width 4.28 mm
Cut Depth 10.0 mm
Path Length 25.357 mm
Width Of Feed 2.8 mm
Table 1: RMPA Specifications

Dimensional view of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is shown in figure1. Dimensional
view of a metamaterial structure is shown in above figure 2. In this structure the dimension of
centered rectangular structure is 43mm.
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 62

To calculate the S-parameters, the proposed structure of metamaterial is placed between the
two waveguide ports [6], [7] at the left and right hand side of X axis. In Fig. 3, Y-plane is defined
as Perfect Electric Boundary (PEB) and Z-plane is defined as the Perfect Magnetic Boundary
(PMB) to create internal environment of waveguide. Subsequently, the wave was excited from
the negative X-axis (Port 1) towards the positive X-axis (Port 2).

Through this arrangement, the S parameters were obtained in complex form, which are then
exported to Microsoft Excel program for verifying the double-negative metamaterial properties
of the proposed metamaterial structure by using the NRW approach.

Formulas for calculating the value of permittivity & permeability using NRW approach [8]-
[10]:



1
2
2. . 1
. . .(1 )
r
c v
w d i v

(6)


Fig.1: Rectangular patch antenna


Fig. 2: Proposed meta structure


Fig. 3: Proposed metamaterial cover placed between the two Waveguide Ports
15.357
30.71
23.69
4.28
10
2.8
11 5
17
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 63


11
2. . .
.
r r
s c i
wd

(7)

Where,
V1 =S11 +S21 V2 =S21 S11

Where,
= Frequency in Radian, d =Thickness of the Substrate ,c =Speed of Light,V1 =Voltage
Maxima & V2 =Voltage Minima.

III. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

The values of permittivity () and permeability () are calculated by using (6) and (7) in the
simulated frequency range. Graph in figures 4(a) and 4(b) shows that the proposed
metamaterial cover possesses negative values of permittivity & permeability at the resonating
frequency.

Fig. 4: (a) Permeability versus Frequency Graph (b) Permittivity versus Frequency Graph

The obtained values of permeability within frequency ranges are given in Table 2 and obtained
values of permeability within frequency ranges are given in Table 3.

Frq[GHz] Permeability[r] Re[r]
2.50 -37.0156377595638-19.348541095219i -37.01564
2.50 -36.5356387155859-19.2237456316763i -36.53564
2.50 -36.0616612486426-19.1020068912619i -36.06166
2.51 -35.5934749420146-18.9832430952429i -35.59347
2.51 -35.1310955048797-18.8673992385962i -35.13110
Table 2: Obtained values of permeability from Excel program

Freq[GHz] Permittivity[r] Re[r]
2.50 -42.5173256091449-10.4139931114566i -42.51733
2.50 -42.0114436385906-10.3240307338169i -42.01144
2.50 -41.512661109927-10.237130826588i -41.51266
2.51 -41.0207460913582-10.1531922835657i -41.02075
2.51 -40.5357113292545-10.0721436654276i -40.53571
Table 3: Obtained values of permeability from Excel program
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 64

Above tables obtained from MS-Excel program. To obtain these values first of all we extract the
S-parameters from the proposed metamaterial structure and then use NRW technique. This
technique provides easy as well as effective formulation and calculation.


Fig.5: Rectangular patch antenna with metamaterial structure


Fig.6: S11 of a RMPA with and without metamaterial structure



(a) (b)
Fig. 7: Radiation pattern of RMPA (a) with proposed metamaterial structure (b) without
metamaterial structure

The comparison among different parameters of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with
and without metamaterial are shown in Table 4. And it shows that metamaterial improves the
performance of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna.

Without meta With meta
Main Lobe Direction 1.8 dBi 12.2 dBi
Rad. Effi. .3455 .7957
Tot. effi. .5674 .008328
Directivity 2.134 dBi 12.94 dBi
Side lobe level -14.3 db -13.2 db
Angular width[3 dB] 92.7 deg. 94.9 deg.
Table 4: Comparison between with or without meta sturcture
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 65

The radiation pattern and table 4 show that the directivity with and without metamaterial is
12.94dbi and 2.134dBi, respectively. These results are showing that there is improvement in
directivity of RMPA by incorporating proposed metamaterial structure.

IV. CONCLUSION

On the basis of simulation results it is observed that the directivity has been improved
significantly by incorporating the proposed metamaterial structure at 3.2 mm height from
ground plane of the antenna. Along with these improvements this structure improves the main
lobe direction and also satisfies Double Negative property within the simulated frequency
range.

REFERENCES

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[2]. Bimal Garg, Rahul Tiwari, Ashish Kumar and Tilak Chitransh, Design of factored X shaped
metamaterial structure for enhancement of patch antenna gain, International Conference
on Communication Systems and Network Technologies 2011.
[3]. D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz. Composite medium
with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no.
18, pp. 41844187, May 2000.
[4]. R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz. Experimental verification of a negative index of
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[5]. R. W. Ziolkowski and E. Heyman. Wave propagation in media having negative permittivity
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[6]. Silvio Hrabar, Juraj Bartolic, Backward Wave Propagation in Waveguide Filled with
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[7]. Silvio Hrabar, Gordan Jankovic, Berislav Zivkovic, Zvonimir Sipus, Numerical and
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(2005), pp. 1- 4.
[8]. Ahmad A. Sulaiman, Ahmad S. Nasaruddin, Bandwidth Enhancement in patch antenna by
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BIOGRAPHY

Baljeet Singh Sinwar was born in Hanumangarh, Rajasthan, India in 1990.
He received the B.Tech degree in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering from Sri balaji College of Engg and Tech. (Jaipur), India in 2010.
He is pursuing his M. Tech in Digital Communication at University College of
Engg., Rajasthan Technical University (RTU), Kota, India. His current
research interests focus on Antenna and Microwave Engineering.