1

Chng 1 S LC V M HNH TON

1 Cc khi nim c bn v m hnh ton

1. M hnh ton kinh t.
M hnh ca cc i tng hot ng tronglnh vc kinh t gi l m hnh kinh t. Cc
vn lin quan ti kinh t vn d l vn ht sc phc tp, do khi phc tho m hnh
kinh t chng ta cn phi thu thp s dng cc thng tin v nhng cng trnh nghin cu c
lin quan, cc d liu c cng b v thm ch phi s dng cc kin thc ca cc ngnh
khoa hc khc.
M hnh ton kinh t l m hnh kinh t c trnh by bng ngn ng ton hc. Vic
s dng ngn ng ton hc to kh nng p dng cc phng php suy lun, phn tch ton
hc v k tha cc thnh tu trong lnh vc ny cng nh trong cc lnh vc khoa hc khac c
lin quan. i vi cc vn phc tp c nhiu mi quan h an xen thm ch tim n m
chng ta cn nghin cu, phn tch chng nhng v mt nh tnh m c v mt nh lng th
phng php suy ngh thng thng, phn tch gin n khng hiu lc gii quyt.
Chng ta cn n phng php suy lun ton hc, y chnh l im mnh ca m hnh ton
kinh t.
V d: Gi s chng ta mun phn tch, nghin cu qu trnh hnh thnh gi ca mt
loi hng ha A trn th trng vi gi nh cc yu t khc nh iu kin sn xut hng ha
A, thu nhp s thch ca ngi tiu dng, ... cho trc v khng thay i.
i tng lin quan ti vn nghin cu y l th trng hng ha A v s vn
hnh ca n. Chng ta cn m hnh ha i tng ny
+) M hnh bng li:
Xt th trng hng ha A, ni ngi bn v ngi mua gp nhau v xut hin mc
gi ban u. Vi mc gi lng hng ha m ngi bn mun bn l mc cung v lng
hng ha m ngi mua mun mua l mc cu. Nu cung ln hn cu, do ngi bn mun
bn c nhiu hng hn nn phi gim gi v vy hnh thnh mc gi mi thp hn. Nu cu
ln hn cung th ngi mua sn sng tr gi cao hn mua c hng do vy mt mc gi
cao hn c hnh thnh. Vi mc gi mi xut hin mc cung, mc cu mi. Qu trnh tip
din cho n khi cung bng cu mt mc gi gi l gi cn bng.
+) M hnh bng hnh v:
V ng cung S v ng cu D trn cng mt h trc ta trong trc tung th
hin mc gi, trc honh th hin mc cung, mc cu hng ha vi cc mc gi. Qu trnh
hnh thnh gi c th hi qua s minh ha di y:
Gii thch s :





2










Nu thi im bt u xem xt th trng, gi hng l P
1
v gi s:
S
1
= S(P
1
) > D
1
= D(P
1
), khi di tc dng ca qui lut cung cu, gi P s phi h
xung mc P
2
.
mc gi P
2
do S
2
= S(P
2
) < D
2
= D(P
2
) nn gi s tng ln mc P
3

mc gi P
3
do S
3
= S(P
3
) > D
3
= D(P
3
) nn gi s xung mc P
4
Qu trnh ny c tip din cho ti khi P = P
0
, ti mc gi ny c cn bng cung cu.
+) M hnh ton kinh t:
Hm cu: D = D(p)
Hm cung: S = S(p)
Ngi mua s gim nhu cu nu gi cao hn gi cn bng nn: D(p) =
d D
dp
< 0.
Ngi bn s tng ngun cung nu gi cao hn gi cn bng nn: S(p) =
d S
dp
> 0.
M hnh cn bng th trng:
S S(p) S'(p) 0
D D(p) D'(p) 0
S D
= >

= <

c gi l m hnh cn bng th trng MHIA.
Khi mun cp ti thu nhp M, thu T ta c m hnh cn bng MHIB:
S S(p, T) S/ p 0
D D(p, T, M) D/ p 0
S D
= c c >

= c c <

2. Cu trc ca m hnh ton kinh t:
Cc vn kinh t khi c m hnh s c xem xt la chn mt s yu t c bn
c trng v c tin hnh lng ha.
Bin ni sinh th hin trc tip cc s kin, hin tng kinh t v gi tr ca chng
ph thuc vo cc bin khc trong m hnh.
V d: Trong m hnh MHIA: S, D, p, S, D l cc bin ni sinh.
Q
D
P
1
P
0
Q
0
S
P
2
P
3
P
4
3
Bin ngoi sinh l bin c lp vi cc bin khc trong m hnh v gi tr ca chng
c xem l tn ti ngoi m hnh.
V d: Trong m hnh MHIB: M, T l cc bin ngoi sinh.
Tham s: l bin phn nh xu hng, mc nh hng ca cc bin ti bin ni
sinh.
Mt s phng trnh trong m hnh ton kinh t:
Phng trnh nh ngha: LN = TR TC
NX = X M
Phng trnh hnh vi: S = S(p); D = D(p)
Phng trnh iu kin: Th trng cn bng khi S = D.

4
2 PHNG PHP PHN TCH M HNH


Khi xem xt mt m hnh ton kinh t th r rng bin ngoi sinh, tham s nh hng
ti cc bin ni sinh. Vic xem xt nh hng ca bin ngoi sinh ti m hnh c gi l
php so snh tnh.
1. o lng s thay i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh:
Gi s c hm Y = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
) trong Y l bin ni sinh v X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
l
cc bin ngoi sinh.
a) o lng s thay di tuyt i.
Bin X
i
thay i mt lng AX
i
. Khi :
AY
i
= F(X
1
, , X
i
+ AX
i
, , X
n
) - F(X
1
, , X
i
, , X
n
)
Xt:
i
i
x 0
i i
Y Y
lim
X X
A
A c
=
c A

Vi AX
i
kh b th ta c:

i
i
X
i i
Y Y
F'
X X
A c
~ =
A c

i
i X i
Y F' . X A ~ A
Nu AX
i
= 1 th AY
i
~ F
Xi

V d: Cho hm chi ph ca mt cng ty:
C(Q) = 100Q
3
58Q
2
+ 200Q +1800 (Q l sn lng)
Chi ph bin l chi ph tng ln khi tng hoc gim sn lng i mt n v, c xc
nh:
MC(Q) = 300Q
2
116Q + 200
MC(50) = 300.50
2
116.50 + 200 = 744 400 (vt)
Vy khi tng sn lng ln 51 sn phm th chi ph tng ln 744.400 (vt), hoc gim
xung 49 sn phm th chi ph gim xung 744.400 (vt).
Kt lun trn y mang tnh xp x, nu tnh chnh xc ta c:
C(50) = 12.366.800 C(51) = 13.126.242 C(49) = 11.637.242
C(51) C(50) = 759.442
C(49) C(50) = 729.588
Trong trng hp cc bin ngoi sinh u thay i mt lng kh nh l AX
1
, AX
2
,
., AX
n
. th:
1 2 n
1 2 n
F F F
Y . X . X ... . X
X X X
c c c
A ~ A + A + + A
c c c

Trong trng hp mi quan h gia bin ni sinh v bin khng cho di dng tng
minh m cho di dng hm n:
F(Y, X
1
, X
2
, . , X
n
) = 0
Khi o lng s thay i tng i ca bin ni sinh theo bin ngoi sinh ta
dng cng thc tnh o hm ca hm n:
5
i
i
F/ X Y
X F/ Y
c c c
=
c c c

V d: Gi mt loi hng P v chnh lch cung - cu S lin h vi nhau bi phng trnh:
SP 0,1.P
2
lnS = c (c l hng s)
Hy tnh tc thay i ca gi khi chnh lch cung cu thay i?
Gii:
t: F(P, S) = SP 0,1.P
2
lnS c = 0
Tc thay i ca gi khi chnh lch cung cu thay i:
2
2
2
1
P 0,1.P .
P F/ S P.S 0,1P
S
S F/ P S 0, 2P.lnS S 0, 2.P.S.lnS

c c c
= = =
c c c

b) o lng s thay i tng i H s co gin:
H s co gin ca bin Y theo bin X
i
ti X = X, k hiu:
i
Y
X 0
(X ) c - c nh ngha:

i
0
Y 0 i
X 0 0
i
F(X ) X
(X ) .
X F(X )
c
c =
c

H s co gin cho bit khi X
i
thay i 1% th Y thay i bao nhiu %.
Hm Cobb Douglass:
1 2 n
0 1 2 n
Y X .X .....X
o o o
= o
i
Y
X i
c = o
Ta chng minh
1
Y
X 1
c = o , cn cc ng thc khc tng t
Xt ti im X = (X
1
, .., X
n
) th:
1 2 n 1 2 n
1 1 2 n
Y 0 1 1 2 n 0 1 2 n 1
X
1 0 1 2 n
(X X ) .X .....X X .X .....X X
(X) .
X X .X .....X
o o o o o o
o o o
o + A o
c =
A o

=
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1
(X X ) X X
.
X X
o o
o
+ A
A

=
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
(X X ) X 1
.
X X
o o
o
+ A
A


Xt nhng AX
1
rt b th :
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
(X X ) X
(X ) ' .X
X
o o
o o
+ A
~ = o
A
nn:
1
1 1
1
Y 1 1
X 1 1
1
X
(X)
X
o
o
o
c = = o
Y = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
) c cc h s co gin theo tng bin l:
1
Y
X
c ,
2
Y
X
c ,..,
n
Y
X
c th khi
cc bin ngoi sinh co gin theo cng mt t l ta dng h s co gin chung:
Y
c =
i
n
Y
X
i 1 =
c

Khi cc X
i
u tng vi cng t l 1% th Y tng lng c
Y
%.
V d: Cho hm cu ca lng la hng nm c dng:
Q
D

= 480 0,1.P (n v tnh: P /kg; Q Tn)
6
Sn lng la thu hoch c trong nm nay l: 280 tn. Tnh h s co gin ca cu
ti mc gi m cung cu cn bng? Nu ngha ca h s co gin
Gii:
Mc gi khi cung cu cn bng s l: 280 = 480 0,1.P
0
P
0
= 2.000
H s co gin cu theo gi ti mc gi P
0
:
D
P D
Q
D
dQ P 2000
. 0,1. 0, 714
dP Q 280
c = = =
Vy ti mc gi P
0
nu gi tng ln 1% th nhu cu s gim xung 0,714%.
2. Tnh h s tng trng:
Gi s Y = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
, t) vi t l bin thi gian. H s tng trng ca bin Y l
t l bin ng ca bin theo n v thi gian, k hiu: r
y
c xc nh nh sau:
y
Y/ t
r .100%
Y
A A
=
V d 1: Cng thc tnh li kp lin tc: V
t
= V
0
. e
rt
H s tng trng ca V
t
l:

t
t
V
t
dV / dt
r .100%
V
= =
rt
0
rt
0
r.V .e
.100% r.100%
V .e
=
Tng qut hn nu bin ni sinh ph thuc thi gian mt cch gin tip:
Y = F(X
1
(t), X
2
(t), , X
n
(t))
Khi h s tng trng ca Y s l:
Y
Y/ t
r .100%
Y
A A
=
1 n
1 n
dX dX Y Y 1
. ........ . . .100%
X dt X dt Y
| | c c
= + +
|
c c
\ .


1 1 n n
1 1 n n
X dX X dX Y Y
. . ...... . . .100%
X Y X X Y X
| | c c
= + +
|
c c
\ .


1 1 n n
Y Y
X X X X
.r ....... .r = c + + c

i i
n
Y
X X
i 1
.r
=
= c

V d 2: Quan h gia tin cng ca lao ng c o to (V) v t l tht nghip ca ngi lao
ng trong mt quc gia (U), chi ph o to G c m t bi mt m hnh:
aV
2
bG
2
c.ln U = 0
Trong : a, b, c l cc hng s khc khng.
V = V(t); G = G(t); U = U(t) l cc hm s ph thuc vo bin thi gian
Tnh h s tng trng ca chi ph o to nh mt hm ca cc yu t khc.
Gii:
Ta c:
G a.V
V b.G
c
=
c

G c
U 2b.G.U
c
=
c


' '
t t
a.V. V c.U dG G dV G dU
. .
dt V dt U dt b.G 2b.G.U
c c
= + = +
c c

7
H s tng trng ca chi ph o to s l:
t
, ,
t t t
G 2 2
t
dG / dt a.V. V c.U
r .100% .100%
G b.G 2b.G .U
| |
= = +
|
\ .

3. H s thay th:
Gi s Y = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
) trong Y = F(X
0
) = Y
0
. Vn c t ra l hai bin
ngoi sinh thay i theo t l no Y khng i. Ty vo ngha thc tin ta c cc t l
thay th nh: t l thay th gia vn v lao ng; t l b sung gia 2 mt hng; t l chuyn
i gia tiu dng hin ti v tiu dng tng lai;..
Theo cng thc vi phn ton phn ta c
1 2 n
1 2 n
F F F
dY .dX .dX ... .dX
X X X
c c c
= + + +
c c c

Gi s hai bin X
i
, X
j
thay i nn Y khng i ti Y
0
th:
i j
i j
F F
.dX .dX 0
X X
c c
+ =
c c

j
i
j i
F/ X
dX
dX F/ X
c c
=
c c

T l thay th gia X
i
, X
j
l Y khng thay i ti Y
0
:
j
i
j i
F/ X
dX
dX F/ X
c c
=
c c

T l
i
j
dX
dX
cho bit khi gim X
j
mt n v th phi tng X
i
bao nhiu n v gi
nguyn gi tr Y. Khi ta ni:

i
j
dX
0
dX
< ta ni X
i
c th thay th c cho X
j
ti X
0
.

i
j
dX
0
dX
> ta ni X
i
, X
j
b sung cho nhau ti dim X
0

i
j
dX
0
dX
= th ta ni X
i
, X
j
khng th thay th ti X
0

V d 1: Mt ngi i ch mua M kg tht b, P kg khoai ty. Cho bit hm tng hu dng i
vi tht b v khoai ty ca ngi ny l: TU = (M 2).P
a) Tm h s thay th gia tht b v khoai ty hu dng khng thay i.
b) Gi s ngi mua 3kg tht b v 4kg khoai ty, tnh h s thay th gia tht b
v khoai ty trong trng hp ny. Nu kt lun v h s thay th ny?
Gii:
a) H s thay th gia tht b v khoai ty hu dng khng thay i:

M TU/ P M 2
P TU/ M P
A c c
= =
A c c

b) H s thay th ti im (M, P) = (3, 4) s l:
M 1
k
P 4
A
= =
A

8
tng hu dng TU = (3 2).4 = 4 (vhd) khng thay i th khi tng (gim) lng
nh khoai ty 1 n v th cn gim (tng) 1/4 n v tht b.
Ti im (M, P) = (3, 4) th tht b v khoai ty la hai mt hng c th thay th c
V d 2: Mt nh my cn 2 yu t K, L sn xut ra sn phm X, bit hm sn lng l:
Q = 2K (L 2)
a) Xc nh t l thay th gia K v L
b) Ti K = 12 v L = 26, hy xc nh t l thay th v gii thch ngha ca t l ny?
Ti K, L l hai yu t c th thay th, b sung hay khng th thay th?
Gii:
a) T l thay th gia K, L:
dK 2K K
t
dL 2(L 2) L 2
= = =


b) Ti K = 12 v L = 20 ta c: t = - 12/24 = - 0,5 < 0
ngha: sn lng Q = 2.12(26 2) = 576 (sp) khng thay i th khi ta gim lao
ng i mt n v th cn tng vn ln 0,5 n v
t = - 0,5 < 0 nn ti K = 12, L = 20 th K, L l hai yu t c th thay th.

9
3 VN DNG PHN TCH M HNH
VO MT S M HNH KINH T PH BIN


1. M hnh hm sn xut
a) Hm sn xut:
Mt doanh nghip s dng n yu t to ra sn phm v cc yu t s dng mc
X
1
, , X
n
doanh nghip thu c Q n v sn phm v ta c hm biu din mi quan h
ny:
Q = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
)
V d 1: Hm sn xut dng Cobb Douglas vi vn v lao ng: Q = a.K
o
.L
|
vi a, o, | > 0
l cc tham s.
c lng hm sn xut:
1
0
. Vit Nam 1986 1995: Q = 75114.K
0,175
.L
0,904
e
0,0124t

2
0
. Nc o 1951 1955: Q = 2,439. X
0,0635
.K
0,6172
.L
0,3193

Hm sn xut dng tuyn tnh:
Q = a
1
X
1
+ a
2
X
2
+ . + a
n
X
n

V d 2: Thu nhp quc dn ca mt quc gia (Y) ph thuc vo vn (K), lao ng c s
dng (L) v ngn sch o to 5 nm trc (G) nh sau: Y = 0,24.K
0,3
.L
0,8
.G
0,05

Trong cc yu t thay i theo thi gian nh sau: hng nm vn tng 15%; cng n
vic lm tng 9%; chi ph o to tng 20%.
a) Tnh h s tng trng ca thu nhp quc dn
b) Trong iu kin Y, K khng i cn cng n vc lm ph thuc vo ngn sch o
to trc 5 nm, hy vit biu thc ch ra s thay i ca cng n vic lm theo ngn sch
o to theo 5 nm trc.
Gii:
a) Gi vn, lao ng c s dng, chi ph o to vo nm gc no ln lt l K
0
, L
0
, G
0
.
Khi sau t nm th ta c:
Vn: K(t) = K
0
. (1 + 0,15)
t

Lao ng c s dng: L(t) = L
0
.(1 + 0,09)
t

Chi ph o to: G(t) = G
0
. (1 + 0,2)
t

H s tng trng ca vn, lao ng, chi ph o to ln lt l:
t
0
K(t ) t
0
K .(1 0,15) . ln(1,15) K(t) / t
r .100% .100% ln(1,15)
K(t) K .(1 0,15)
+ A A
= = =
+

Tng t ta c: r
L(t)
= ln(1,09) v r
G(t)
= ln(1,2)
H s co gin ca thu nhp quc dn theo K, L, G ln lt l:
Y 0,7 0,8 0,05
K 0,3 0,8 0,05
K
0, 24 x 0, 3 x K .L .G . 0, 3
0, 24. K .L .G

c = =
Tng t ta c:
Y Y
L G
0,8 v 0, 05 c = c =
H s tng trng ca thu nhp quc dn s l:
10

Y Y Y
Y(t ) K K(t ) L L(t ) G G(t )
r .r .r .r 0, 3.ln(1,15) 0,8.ln(1, 09) 0, 05. ln(1, 2) 0,12 = c + c + c = + + =
b) t: F(L,G) = 0,24.K
0,3
.L
0,8
.G
0,05
Y = 0
H s thay i tuyt i ca cng n vic lm theo ngn sch o to 5 nm trc s
l:

0,3 0,8 0,95
0,3 0,2 0,05
L F/ G 0, 24.K .L .0.05.G L
G F/ L 0, 24.K .0,8.L .G 16.G

A c c
= = =
A c c


b) Tc ng ca cc yu t sn xut ti sn lng:
Cho hm sn xut: Q = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
)
Nng sut bin ca yu t i:
i
i
F
MP
X
c
=
c

Khi c nh cc yu t khc MP
i
cho ta bit khi tng (gim) mc s dng yu t i th
sn lng s tng (gim) bao nhiu n v.
Nng sut trung bnh ca yu t i:
i
i
F(X)
AP
X
=
H s thay th gia hai yu t:
j
i
j i
MP
dX
dX MP
=
Gi s doanh nghip ch thay i c yu t X
i
cn cc yu t khc khng thay i.
Th vic s dng yu t X
i
mc c li nht s l:

i
i
F(X )
Max
X

iu kin cn ti u l:
i
,
i
i
X
F(X )
0
X
| |
=
|
\ .


i
i i
F(X ) F
X X
c
=
c

Nng sut trung bnh = Nng sut bin
V di hn doanh nghip c th thay i cc yu t, gi s cc yu t u thay i
theo cng mt t l. Khi ta ni ti vn tng qui m.
Hm sn xut Q = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
) vi X= (X
1
, X
2
, .., X
n
) ta ni qui m sn
xut tng vi h s .
F(X) > .F(X) gi l tng qui m c hiu qu.
F(X) = .F(X) tng qui m khng thay i hiu qu
F(X) < .F(X) tng qui m khng hiu qu
V d 1: Xt hm sn xut Cobb Douglass: Q = a.K
o
.L
|

Tng qui m ln ln th kt qu sn xut tng
o + |
ln.
H s thay th gia vn v lao ng:
K
L
MP L
.
MP K
o
=
|

2. M hnh ti u v mt kinh t
11
Hm sn xut ca doanh nghip Q = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
) v gi ca cc yu t sn xut
l p
1
, p
2
, , p
n
.
a) M hnh chi ph ti thiu:
M hnh MHIC:
n
i i
i 1
Min Z p . X
=
=

(Chi ph ti thiu)
Vi iu kin: F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
) = Q
b) M hnh sn lng ti a:
M hnh MHID: Max Q = F(X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
) (Ti a ha sn lng)

n
i i
i 1
p . X TC
=
=

(TC tng chi ph)

Phn tch m hnh MHIC:
Hm Lagarng:
n
i i 1 2 n
i 1
L p . X [F(X , X , ... , X ) Q]
=
= +

t MinZ th iu kin cn l:
i i
j j
p F/ X
(i j)
p F/ X
c c
= =
c c

T gi = H s thay th gia hai yu t
c) Phn tch tc ng ca sn lng, gi cc yu t ti chi ph:
Hm tng chi ph: TC(Q, p
1,
........ , p
n
)
Chi ph trung bnh:
TC
AC
Q
=
Chi ph bin:
TC
MC
Q
c
=
c

Ngi ta chng minh c rng vi TC xc nh MHIC:

*
MC(Q) = (
*
l gi tr nhn t Lagrange trong trng hp ti u)

*
i
i
TC
X
P
c
=
c
(
*
i
X l nghim ti u trong m hnh)
V d 1: Hm sn xut Q = 25K
0,5
L
0,5
vi gi P
K
=12, P
L
= 3.
a) Tnh mc s dng K, L sn lng Q
0
= 1250 vi chi ph nh nht.
b) Tnh h s co gin ca tng chi ph theo sn lng Q
0
.
c) Nu gi vn v lao ng u tng 10% vi mc sn lng nh trc, mc s
dng vn v lao ng ti u s thay i nh th no?
d) Phn tch tc ng ca gi vn, lao ng ti tng chi ph.
Gii:
a) M hnh MHIC: Min(12K + 3L)
vi iu kin: 25K
0,5
L
0,5
= Q
0
Phng n ti u l nghim ca h:
0,5 0,5
0,5 0,5
0,5 0,5
12 25/ 2.K . L
3 25/ 2.K .L
25.K .L 1250

K 25
L 100
=

12
Vy chi ph nh nht th phi s dng K = 25; L = 100.
b) Mc chi ph TC(Q
0
) = 600 nn AC(Q
0
) =
600
0, 48
1250
=
Chi ph bin: MC(Q
0
) =
*
=
* 0,5 *0,5
12
0, 48
25/ 2. K .L

=
H s co gin:
0
TC 0
Q
0
MC(Q ) TC/ TC
1
Q/ Q AC(Q )
A
c = = =
A

c) V K, L u tng cng t l nn K
*
, L
*
khng i.
d)
*
K
TC
K 25 0
P
c
= = >
c
;
*
L
TC
L 100 0
P
c
= = >
c

Nn khi gi vn, gi lao ng tng th chi ph s tng.
V d 2:
Mt nh my c hm sn xut: Q = 2K.(L 2), bit nh my chi khon tin l
15000 (vt) mua hai yu t K, L vi gi p
K
= 600 (vt), p
L
= 300 (vt).
a) Tm phng n sn xut thu c sn lng ti a.
b) Tm h s co gin ca hm tng chi ph ti sn lng ti a. Nu ngha ca h
s ny?
c) Phn tch tc ng ca gi vn, gi lao ng ti tng chi ph.
Gii:
a) Hm sn lng: Q = 2K(L 2) Max
Vi rng buc: TC = 600K + 300L = 15000 2K + L = 50
iu kin cn sn lng t ti a vi tng chi ph TC = 15000:
K L
K L
K L
MP MP
2(L 2) 2K
K 12
p p
600 300
L 26
2K L 50
p .K p . L TC

=
= =


=

+ =
+ =

y chnh l phng n sn xut thu c sn lng, vy phng n sn xut
ti u s l: K
*
= 12 ; L
*
= 26 v sn lng ti a s l: Q
*
= 576
b)
*
* K
K
MP
2(L 2)
MC(Q)
P 600

= = =
*
2(26 2)
MC(Q ) 0, 08
600

= =

*
*
TC 15000
AC(Q ) 26, 04
Q 576
= = =
H s co gin ca TC theo sn lng ti sn lng ti a:

*
TC *
Q *
MC(Q ) 0, 08
(Q ) 0, 003 0, 3%
AC(Q ) 26, 04
c = = = =
ngha: Khi sn lng lng tng ln 1% th chi ph s tng ln 0,3%
c)
*
K
TC
K 12 0
P
c
= = >
c
Nn gi vn tng th chi ph s tng
*
L
TC
L 26 0
P
c
= = >
c
Nn gi lao ng tng th chi ph s tng
3. M hnh ti a ha li nhun ca doanh nghip
13
Doanh nghip sn xut Q sn phm c doanh thu: TR(Q)
Li nhun ca doanh nghip: t(Q) = TR(Q) TC(Q) Max
iu kin cn ti u s l:
dTR dTC
(MR MC)
dQ dQ
= =
Nu th trng cnh tranh hon ho th: TR(Q) = P.Q, iu kin ti u trong
trng hp ny: P = MC.
Trng hp doanh nghip c quyn, khi gi bn ph thuc vo sn lng:
P = P(Q) hoc Q = Q(p)
Doanh thu: TR = P(Q).Q
iu kin ti u s l:
dP
P(Q) Q MC(Q)
dQ
+ =
Phn tch, so snh tnh:
K hiu Q
*
, t
*
l mc sn lng ti a ha li nhun v mc li nhun ti a.
i vi doanh nghip cnh tranh hon ho:
*
Q
P
ct
=
c

V d: Mt doanh nghip cnh tranh hon ho c hm chi ph bin l:
MC = 2Q
2
- 12Q + 25, chi ph c nh FC v gi sn phm l p.
a. Hy xc nh hm tng chi ph vi FC = 20. Vi p = 39 hy xc nh mc sn
lng v li nhun ti u.
b. Nu gi tng ln 10% th mc sn lng, li nhun ti u s bin ng nh th no?
Gii:
a. Hm tng chi ph s l: TC = 2/3Q
3
6Q
2
+ 25Q + 20
li nhun ti u th sn lng Q phi tha mn:
p = MC 39 = 2Q
2
12Q + 25
Gii phng trnh ta c: Q
*
= 7
Li nhun ti u: t
*
= 143,3
b. Sn lng ti u l nghim ca phng trnh:
F(p, Q
*
) = p 2Q
*2
+ 12Q
*
- 25 = 0
H s co gin ca gi theo sn lng:
*
Q
p * * *
dQ p F/ p p
. .
dp Q F/ Q Q
c c
c = =
c c


*2
p
4.12.Q
= = 3,48
Nu p tng 1% th Q
*
tng 3,48%, nn gi tng 10% th Q
*
s tng 34,8%.
*
*
*
p * *
p 39 39
. Q . 7. 1, 9
p 143, 3
t
At
c = = = =
A t t

Vy mc gi tng 10% th li nhun s tng 19%.
Mt doanh nghip c hm sn xut Q = F(K, L) vi gi vn l p
K
, gi lao ng l p
L
,
gi bn sn phm ca doanh nghip l p
i vi doanh nghip cnh tranh hon ho:
14

K L
p.Q (p .K p .L) t = + = p.F(K, L) (p
K
.K + p
L
.L) Max
iu kin ti u: p.MP
K
= p
K
; p.MP
L
= p
L

i vi doanh nghip c quyn:

K L
p(Q).Q (p .K p .L) t = + = p(F(K, L)).F(K, L) (p
K
.K + p
L
.L) Max
iu kin ti u:
[p(F(K, L)).F(K, L)]
K
= p
K
; [p(F(K, L)).F(K, L)]
L
= p
L

Ngi ta s chng minh c rng:

*
*
K
K
p
ct
=
c
;
*
*
L
L
p
ct
=
c

i vi doanh nghip cnh tranh hon ho ta s c:
*
*
Q
p
ct
=
c

4. M hnh hm tha dng:
Gi M l ngn sch tiu dng p
1
, p
2
,, p
m
l gi cc loi hng v U(X) l hm tha dng:
Max Z = U(X) X = (X
1
, X
2
, , X
n
)
Vi iu kin:
n
i i
i 1
p . X M
=
=

iu kin cn ca ti u:
i i
j j
p U/ X
p U/ X
c c
=
c c
vi mi i = j
V d:
Hm tha dng ca h gia nh khi tiu dng hng ha A, B c dng
0,25 0,5
A B
U 40.X .X =
trong X
A
, X
B
l mc tiu dng hng A, B. Gi hng c cho nh sau: p
A
= 4; p
B
= 10.
a) C kin cho rng hng ha A lun c th thay th hng ha B v t l thay th
l 1:1. Hy nhn xt kin ny!
b) Hy xc nh mc cu hng ha A, B ca h gia nh nu thu nhp l 600.
Gii:
a) T l thay th:
0,25 0,5
A B A B A
0,75 0,5
B A A B B
dX U/ X 20.X .X 2X
dX U/ X 10.X .X X

c c
= = =
c c

Do
A
B
dX
0
dX
< nn hai mt hng A, B l hai mt hng thay c cho nhau.
Tuy nhin kt lun t l thay th gia hai mt hng l 1:1 l sai, m nu tng X
B

ln mt n v th phi gim X
A
mt lng l
A
B
2X
X
n v.
b) Mc tiu dng ti u ca h gia nh l nghim ca h:

A A
B B
A A B B
p U/ X
p U/ X
p .X p .X 600
c c
=

c c

+ =

B
A
A B
X
4/10
2X
4X 10X 600

+ =

A
B
X 50
X 40
=

Nh vy gia nh c nhu cu 50(SL) hng A v 40(SL) hng B.
5. M hnh cn bng th trng:
Hm cung th trng: S = S(p, a, b,.)
S
0
p
c
>
c

15
Hm cu th trng: D = D(p, p
i
, M, o, |, . )
D
0
p
c
<
c

Nu gi cc hng ha lin quan p
i
c nh, khi :
D = D(M) ( th gi l ng cong Engel)

dD
0
dM
> Hng ha bnh thng (thng thng + cao cp)

dD
0
dM
< Hng ha cp thp
iu kin cn bng th trng: S = D
V d: Mc cu mt loi hng ha: D = 1,5 M
0,3
.p
-0,2
v mc cung loi hng ny:
S = 1,4.p
0,3
.
a) Xc nh h s co gin ca cu theo gi, theo thu nhp.
b) Xem xt mc tc ng ca thu nhp ti mc gi cn bng.
Gii:
a) H s co gin ca cu theo gi:
0,3 1,2
D
p 0,3 0,2
D p 1, 5.0, 2.M .p .p
. 0, 2
p D 1, 5.M .p

c
c = = =
c

H s co gin ca cu theo thu nhp:

D 0,7 0,2
M 0,3 0,2
D M M
. 0, 3.1, 5.M .p 0, 3
M D 1, 5.M .p

c
c = = =
c

b) Mc gi cn bng t c khi: S = D
1,5M
0,3
.p
-0,2
= 1,4.p
0,3
1,5M
0,3
.p
-0,2
- 1,4.p
0,3
= 0
Tc ng ca thu nhp ti gi cn bng:

0,7 0,2
0,3 1,2 0,7
p F/ M 1, 5.0, 3.M .p
0
M F/ p 1, 5.0, 2.M .p 1, 4.0, 3.p


A c c
= = >
A c c

Nn khi thu nhp tng th gi cn bng cng tng.
a) Cn bng kinh t v m:
Y l thu nhp quc dn, ta c phng trnh cn bng:
Y = C + I + G + EX IM (*)
Trong : C = C
0
+ |(Y - T) C
0
> 0; 0 < | < 1.
I = I
0
- or vi o > 0
T = + oY vi > 0; 0 < o < 1.
Thay vo (*) ta c:
Y = C
0
+ |(Y - - oY) + I
0
- or + G + EX IM
(1 - | + |o)Y = C
0
+ I
0
- or + G + EX IM

0 0
C + I - r + G + EX - IM
Y
1
o
=
| + |o

phn tch chnh sch ti kha th ta tnh:
Y 1
0
G 1
c
= >
c | + |o
(1)
16
Y
0
1
c |
= <
c | + |o
(2)
Y 1 Y
Y . 0
1 1
c |
= | = <
co | + |o | + |o
(3)
Theo (1) th khi chnh ph tng chi tiu th sn lng cn bng ca nn kinh t
cng tng ln.
Theo (2), (3) th khi chnh ph tng thu th sn lng quc gia s gim.

V d: Mt nn kinh t: Y = C + I + G + EX IM
C = |.Y
d
Vi 0 < | < 1
IM = . Y
d
vi 0 < < 1
Y
d
= (1 t)Y vi 0 < t < 1
a) G = 400 t, EX = I = 250 t, | = 0,8; = 0,2; t = 0,1. Hy xc nh thu nhp
quc dn v tnh trng ngn sch nh nc.
b) Vi cc s liu cu a) c kin cho rng nu gim xut khu 10% th chnh
ph c th tng chi tiu 10% m khng nh hng ti thu nhp quc dn.
Hy nhn xt kin ny?
Gii:
a) Ta c: C = |.(1 t)Y; IM = (1 t)Y thay vo phng trnh cn bng ta c:
Y = |.(1 t)Y + I + G + EX - (1 t)Y

I G EX
Y 1956, 5
1 (1 t) (1 t)
+ +
= =
| +

Vy thu nhp quc dn s l 1956,5 t.
Ngun thu ca ngn sch nh nc: T = Y Y
d
= t.Y = 0,1. 1956,5 = 195,65 v
chi tiu ca chnh ph l 400 t > T = 195,65 nn ngn sch chnh ph bi chi
hay thm ht ngn sch.
b) H s co gin ca thu nhp theo chi tiu ca chnh ph:
G
Y
Y G 1 G
. .
G Y 1 (1 t) (1 t) Y
c
c = =
c | +

H s co gin ca thu nhp theo xut khu:
EX
Y
Y EX 1 EX
. .
EX Y 1 (1 t) (1 t) Y
c
c = =
c | +

R rng h s co gin ca thu nhp theo chi tiu chnh ph v h s co gin ca thu
nhp theo xut khu u dng. Nu gim xut khu th thu nhp quc dn s gim v thu
nhp quc dn khng i th phi tng chi tiu chnh ph. Tuy nhin kin cho rng nu gim
xut khu 10% th chnh ph c th tng chi tiu 10% m khng nh hng ti thu nhp quc
dn l khng chnh xc v h s co gin ca thu nhp theo chi tiu s ln hn h s co gin
ca thu nhp theo xut khu cho nn t l nh i y khng th l 1 : 1.
BI TP
17
1. Cho hm doanh thu trung bnh AR(Q) = 15 Q
a. Xc nh mc doanh thu cn bin MR ti Q
1
= 5; Q
2
= 8. Phn tch cc kt qu
b. Xc nh mc thu chnh lch ca doanh thu cn bin v doanh thu trung bnh nh
mt hm ca Q
c. Nu biu thc tng qut xc nh mc chnh lch ca doanh thu cn bin v doanh
thu trung bnh nu hm doanh thu trung bnh c o hm.
2.
18
Chng 2 BNG VO RA
1 Mt s vn v phng php lun xy dng bng vo ra

1. Ngnh thun ty:
M hnh I/O xem nn kinh t l mt th thng nht gm n ngnh sn xut thun ty c
quan h mt thit vi nhau.
Cc n v c xp vo cng mt ngnh sn xut thun ty l cc n v:
Sn xut ra sn phm ging nhau v mt cng dng kinh t v c th thay th hon
ton cho nhau.
S dng cc loi ti nguyn, vt liu tng t nhau.
Qu trnh cng ngh ging nhau.
Nh vy c s tng ng 1 1 gia cc ngnh thun ty v cc loi sn phm.
Ngnh thun ty trong m hnh I/O theo h thng phn ngnh ca mi quc gia bao
gm nhiu ngnh thun ty.
Mt ngnh thun ty tng ng vi mt loi sn phm nn s ngnh thun ty l rt
ln.
Vic phn loi cc ngnh trong bng I/O da vo phn loi hot ng sn xut hay
phn ngnh kinh t trong h thng ti khon quc gia SNA (System of National Accounts)
c gi tt l ISIC.
Vit Nam theo ngh nh chnh ph ngy 27/10/1993 v vic phn ngnh cho nn
kinh t nc ta:
1. Nng nghip v lm nghip
2. Thy sn (Nui trng v khai thc)
3. Khai m, khai khong
4. Ch bin
5. Sn xut v phn phi in
6. Xy dng
7. Thng nghip v sa cha vt phm tiu dng
8. Khch sn
9. Vn ti, kho bi v thng tin lin lc
10. Ti chnh, tn dng
11. Hot ng khoa hc cng ngh.
12. Kinh doanh ti sn v dch v t vn
13. Qun l nh nc, an ninh quc phng
14. Gio dc, o to
15. Y t v hot ng cu tr x hi
16. Vn ha, th thao
17. Hot ng ng, on th, hip hi
18. Hot ng phc v c nhn v cng ng
19. Hot ng lm thu cng vic gia nh trong cc h t nhn
19
20. Hot ng ca cc t chc v don th quc t
2. Gi tr sn xut GO (Gross Output)
Gi tr sn xut l mt ch tiu tng hp c tnh bng gi tr sn lng ca tt c cc
ngnh (Khi tnh ring cho tng ngnh ta s c gi tr sn xut ca ngnh).
Tm tt cch tnh gi tr sn xut ca cc ngnh:
- Ngnh sn xut hng ha bn trn th trng:
Gi tr sn xut = Doanh thu bn hng + Gi tr hng ha s dng khc + Gi
tr thay i tn kho
- Thng nghip:
Gi tr sn xut = Doanh thu bn hng + Hng ha s dng khc + Gi tr thay
i tn kho Nguyn gi hng bn
- Cc ngnh dch v:
Gi tr sn xut = Doanh thu
- Cc ngnh nhn ngun vn t ngn sch nh nc:
Gi tr sn xut = Tng cc ngun kinh ph do ngn sch cp Cc khon chi
c tnh cht u t tch ly ti sn.
3. Nhu cu trung gian:
Hng ha v dch v c s dng cho mc ch ca sn xut c gi l nhu cu
trung gian.
Nhu cu trung gian khng bao gm khu hao ti sn c nh. Khu hao ti sn c nh
l mt yu t ca phn gi tr gia tng.
4. Nhu cu cui cng
Hng ha v dch v cui cng ca ngnh sau khi dng mt phn cho nhu cu trung
gian, phn cn li phc v nhu cu ca con ngi gi l nhu cu cui cng.
5. Gi tr gia tng:
Gi tr gia tng l phn cn li ca gi tr sn xut sau khi tr i chi ph trung gian. N
chnh l phn tr gi mi do lao ng to ra v phn khu hao. V c cu n bao gm: Tin
cng ca lao ng, thu sn xut v thu hng ha tr i tr cp, khu hao v thng d sn
xut.
Nu vai tr ca cc yu t trong qu trnh to ra sn phm, cc yu t ca gi tr gia
tng cn c gi l u vo ca cc yu t s cp.
6. Cc gi thit c bn:
ng nht v mt cng ngh: Mi ngnh ch sn xut mt sn phm thun ty v s
dng cc yu t u vo cng thun nht.
ng nht v mt sn phm: Sn phm ca cc nghanh khng th thay th cho nhau,
trong phm vi tng ngnh th cc sn phm c th thay th hon ton cho nhau.
Cng ngh tuyn tnh c nh: Qu trnh sn xut c gi thit l c cc nh mc
kinh t, k thut khng i v tng chi ph ca mi ngnh l mt hm tuyn tnh cc yu t
sn xut.
Hiu qu dy chuyn: Hiu qu sn xut trong mt ngnh l do hiu qu sn xut
trong ngnh ny v hiu qu ca cc ngnh khc to ra.
20
2 BNG VO RA DNG HIN VT


1. M hnh:
S tt Sn lng n v Sn phm trung gian Sn phm cui cng
1
2
.
.
.
N
Q
1

Q
2

.
.
.
Q
n

Tn
Kw
.
.
.
m
3
q
11
q
12
. . . q
1n
q
21
q
22
. . . q
2n

. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
q
n1
q
n2
. . . q
nn
q
1

q
2

.
.
.
q
n
Q
0
Ngi q
01
q
02
. . . q
0n
q
0
Q
i
: Sn lng sn phm ca ngnh th i
q
i
: Sn phm cui cng ca ngnh i
q
ij
: Sn phm ngnh j mua t ngnh i
Q
0
: Tng s lao ng ca nn kinh t
q
0j
: Tng s lao ng c s dng trong ngnh j
q
0
: S lao ng c s dng trong cc ngnh khc
Phng trnh phn phi sn phm dng hin vt trong nn kinh t:
n
i ij i
j =1
Q q q = +

Phng trnh s dng lao ng:
n
0 0j 0
j =1
Q q q = +

2. H s chi ph trc tip dng hin vt:
n
i ij i
j =1
Q q q = +

=
n
ij
j i
j =1
j
q
.Q q
Q
+

t:
ij
ij
j
q
Q
o =
Th o
ij
c gi l h s chi ph trc tip dng hin vt, o
ij
cn cho bit sn xut ra
mt n v sn phm ngnh j cn mua o
ij
sn phm t ngnh i.
Ta c:

n
i ij j i
j 1
Q .Q q
=
= o +

n
i ii i ij j i
j 1, i j
Q .Q .Q q
= =
o o =

n
ii i ij j i
j 1, i j
(1 ).Q .Q q
= =
o o =

21
(E ).Q q o =
Trong : E l ma trn n v

11 12 1n
21 22 2n
n1 n2 nn
......
......
......
......
o o o (
(
o o o
(
o =
(
(
o o o


1
2
n
Q
Q
Q
Q
(
(
(
=
(
(


1
2
n
q
q
q
q
(
(
(
=
(
(


Ma trn o = (o
ij
)
n x n
c gi l ma trn h s chi ph trc tip hay ma trn h s k
thut.
t:
0 j
0 j
j
q
j
Q
| = , khi
01 02 0n
( ; ; ... ; ) | = | | | gi l vect h s s dng lao
ng v:

n
0 0j 0
j =1
Q q q = +

n
0 0j j 0
j 1
Q .Q q
=
= | +

V d 1: Cho bng cn i lin ngnh dng hin vt nm t:
Sn lng Sn phm trung gian Sn phm cui cng
300 60 24 80 136
240 30 48 40 122
400 90 24 120 166
Lao ng 30 36 40
a) Hy xc nh ma trn h s k thut v h s s dng lao ng.
b) Hy gii thch ngha kinh t ca o
31
?
Gii:
a) H s chi ph trc tip:

11
11
1
q 60
0, 2
Q 300
o = = =
12
12
2
q 24
0,1
Q 240
o = = =
13
13
3
q 80
0, 2
Q 400
o = = =

21
21
1
q 30
0,1
Q 300
o = = =
22
22
2
q 48
0, 2
Q 240
o = = =
23
23
3
q 40
0,1
Q 400
o = = =

31
31
1
q 90
0, 3
Q 300
o = = =
32
32
2
q 24
0,1
Q 240
o = = =
33
33
3
q 120
0, 3
Q 400
o = = =
Ma trn h s k thut:
0, 2 0,1 0, 2
0,1 0, 2 0,1
0, 3 0,1 0, 3
(
(
o =
(
(


H s s dng lao ng:

01
30
0,1
300
| = =
02
36
0,15
240
| = =
03
40
0,1
400
| = =
Vect s dng lao ng: | = (0,1; 0,15; 0,1).
22
b) o
31
= 0,3 C ngha kinh t: sn xut ra mt n v sn phm ngnh 1 th
ngnh 3 phi cung cp cho ngnh mt mt lng sn phm bng 0,3 di dng t liu sn
xut.
3. H s chi ph ton b:
(E ).Q q o =
1
Q (E ) .q

= o (1)
Khi :
1
ij n x n
(E ) ( )

u = o = u - c gi l ma trn h s chi ph ton b dng hin

vt.
lp k hoch sn xut th cn a ra mc sn lng c th i vi tng ngnh vi
nhu cu cui cng cho trc, bi thc t iu m mt nn kinh t quan tm chnh l sn lng
c dng cho nhu cu cui cng. Khi trong phng trnh (1) ta c ma trn nhu cu cui
cng q v ta c th xc nh mc sn lng ca tng ngnh Q:
1
Q (E ) .q

= o
ngha ca h s u
ij
:
Cho ma trn nhu cu cui cng:
1
0
q
0
(
(
(
=
(
(

th Q =
11 12 1n 11
21 22 2n 21
n1 n2 nn n1
...... 1
...... 0
.
......
...... 0
u u u u ( ( (
( ( (
u u u u
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (
u u u u


Nh vy to ra mt n v sn phm cui cng ca ngnh j th ngnh i cn sn xut
u
ij
n v sn phm.
V d: Cho ma trn h s chi ph trc tip dng hin vt nm t ca 3 ngnh nh sau:

0, 3 0, 2 0, 3
0,1 0, 3 0, 2
0, 3 0, 3 0, 2
(
(
o =
(
(


a) Hy tm ma trn h s chi ph ton b ca nm t, gii thch ngha ca phn t nm
dng 2 ct 3 ca ma trn ny.
b) Nm (t + 1) nhu cu cui cng v sn phm cc ngnh l (180; 150; 100) hy tnh
gi tr sn lng nm (t +1). Bit h s chi ph trc tip khng thay i.
Gii:
a) Ma trn h s chi ph ton b:
2 1 1
0, 56 1,88 0, 68
0, 96 1, 08 1,88
(
(
u =
(
(


u
23
= 0,68 - to ra mt n v sn phm cui cng ca ngnh 3 th ngnh 2 phi
sn xut ra 0,68 (vsp)
b) Do h s chi ph trc tip khng thay i nn, gi tr sn lng nm (t + 1):
23
Q = u. q =
2 1 1 180
0, 56 1,88 0, 68 . 150
0, 96 1, 08 1,88 100
( (
( (
( (
( (

=
610
450, 8
522, 8
(
(
(
(

.
4. Xc nh gi sn phm:
Vi mt nn kinh t c ma trn h s c cu k thut o = (o
ij
)
n x n
, gi P
j
l gi mt n
v sn phm ngnh j.
Chi ph nguyn vt liu:
n
i ij
i 1
P. j 1, n
=
o =

Gi tr gia tng tnh trn mt n v sn phm (Chi ph dng chi tr cho vic s
dng cc yu u vo s cp) l: w
j

Khi ta c phng trnh gi ca sn phm:
n
j i ij j
i 1
P P. w
=
= o +

n
j j jj i ij j
i 1, i j
P P. P. w
= =
o o =

t:
1
2
n
P
P
P
P
(
(
(
=
(
(


1
2
n
w
w
w
w
(
(
(
=
(
(


c: P
T
.(E - o) = w
T
(E - o)
T
.P = w (E - o
T
). P = w
Nh vy ta c gi sn phm ca cc ngnh c xc nh l:
P
T
= w
T
.(E - o)
-1

Gi s c xc nh thng qua cc yu t u vo w
T

Nu nm (t + 1) c s thay i ca vect w, chng hn l s thay i ca mc tin
cng tnh trn 1 sn phm ca ngnh l:
Aw = w
t + 1
- w
t

Khi mc thay i gi s l: AP
T
= Aw
T
.(E - o)
-1

V d 2: Vi cc ngnh c cho nh trong v d 1, cho
w
T
= (0,05; 0,1; 0,15) v w
T + 1
= (0,1; 0,05; 0,3)
a) Hy tm ma trn chi ph ton b v gii thch ngha ca phn t nm dng 2 ct 3.
b) Xc nh vect gi sn phm ca ngnh vo nm T
c) Xc nh mc gi thay i vo ca nm (T + 1) so vi nm T?
Gii:
a) Ma trn h s chi ph ton b:

1
1
0,8 0,1 0, 2
(E ) 0,1 0,8 0,1
0, 3 0,1 0, 7

(
(
o =
(
(


1, 447 0, 237 0, 447
0, 263 1, 316 0, 263
0, 658 0, 289 1, 658
(
(
=
(
(


24
u
23
= 0,263 c ngha: to ra 1 n v sn phm cui cng ngnh 3 th ngnh 2
phi cung cp u
23
= 0,263 n v sn phm.
b) Vect gi sn phm ca cc ngnh vo nm T s l:
P
T
= w
T
. (E - o)
-1

| |
0, 05 0,1 0,15 = .
1, 447 0, 237 0, 447
0, 263 1, 316 0, 263
0, 658 0, 289 1, 658
(
(
(
(

| |
0,197 0,187 0, 297 =
c) Mc thay i cc yu t u vo s cp:
Aw
T
= w
T + 1
w
T
=
| |
0, 05 0, 05 0,15
Mc thay i gi sn phm ca cc ngnh s l:
| |
| |
T T 1
1, 447 0, 237 0, 447
P w . (E ) 0, 05 0, 05 0,15 . 0, 263 1, 316 0, 263
0, 658 0, 289 1, 658
0,1579 0, 0106 0, 2579

(
(
A = A o =
(
(

=

25
3 BNG VO RA DNG GI TR


1. M hnh:
Cc ngnh
Gi tr sn
xut
Nhu cu trung
gian
Tng
Nhu cu cui cng
Tng
Tiu
dng
Tch ly
ti sn
Xut
khu
Nhp
khu
1
2
.
.
.
N
X
1

X
2

.
.
.
X
n
x
11
x
12
. x
1n

x
11
x
12
. x
1n

.
.
.
x
n1
x
n2
x
nn
n
1j
j 1
x
=

.
.
n
nj
j 1
x
=

f
11
f
21
.
.
.
f
n1
f
12

f
22
.
.
.
f
n2

f
13
f
23
.
.
.
f
n3


-f
14
-f
24
.
.
.
-f
n4


x
1

x
2

.
.
.
x
n


Cc yu t u
vo s cp

n
i1
i 1
x
=

n
i1
i 1
x
=

f
1
f
2
f
3
-f
4

Lao ng Y
1
y
11
y
12
. y
1n
n
1j
j 1
y
=

Khu hao Y
2
y
21
y
22
. y
2n

n
2 j
j 1
y
=

Thu Y
3
y
31
y
32
. y
3n

n
3j
j 1
y
=

Li nhun Y
4
y
41
y
42
. y
4n

n
4 j
j 1
y
=

Y
1
++ Y
4
4
i1
i 1
y
=

.
4
in
i 1
y
=

Gi tr SX X
1
++X
n
X
1
..X
n

X
i
Gi tr sn xut ca ngnh th i
x
ij
Gi tr sn phm m ngnh j mua t ngnh i
x
i
Gi tr s dng cui cng ca ngnh i
f
ik
Gi tr s dng cui cng ca ngnh i dng cho mc ch tiu dng th k
Y
h
Gi tr yu t u vo s cp th h
Y
hj
Gi tr yu t u vo s cp th h c s dng trong ngnh j
Phng trnh phn phi gi tr sn phm:
n n
i ij i1 i2 i3 i4 ij i
j 1 j =1
X x f f f f x x
=
= + + + = +



26
Gi tr sn xut = Chi ph trung gian + Tiu dng cui cng + u t +Xut khu
- Nhp khu.
Phng trnh hnh thnh c cu gi tr sn phm:
n 4
j ij hj
i 1 h 1
X x y
= =
= +


Bng I/O cho ta bit qu trnh hnh thnh gi tr sn phm:
n n 4
i hj
i 1 j 1 h 1
x y
= = =
=


n
i
i 1
GDP x
=
=

Tng gi tr nhu cu cui cng bng GDP tnh theo phng php s dng sn phm
C nhng bng vo ra dng gi tr tch ring sn phm nhp khu: Vi bng vo ra
ny ta gi s nn kinh t nhp khu khng cnh tranh, tc l cc sn phm trong nc sn
xut th khng nhp khu na.
Cc ngnh
Gi tr sn
xut
Nhu cu trung gian Tng
Nhu cu cui cng
Tng
Tiu
dng
Tch ly
ti sn
Xut
khu
1
2
.
.
.
n
X
1

X
2

.
.
.
X
n
x
11
x
12
. x
1n

x
11
x
12
. x
1n

.
.
.
x
n1
x
n2
x
nn
n
1j
j 1
x
=

.
.
n
nj
j 1
x
=

f
11
f
21
.
.
.
f
n1
f
12

f
22
.
.
.
f
n2

f
13
f
23
.
.
.
f
n3

x
1

x
2

.
.
.
x
n

Cc yu t u
vo s cp

n
i1
i 1
x
=

n
i1
i 1
x
=

f
1
f
2
f
3

Nhp khu Y
1
Y
11
y
12
. y
1n
n
1j
j 1
y
=

Lao ng Y
2
Y
21
y
22
. y
2n

n
2 j
j 1
y
=

Khu hao Y
3
Y
31
y
32
. y
3n

n
3j
j 1
y
=

Thu Y
4
Y
41
y
42
. y
4n

n
4 j
j 1
y
=

Li nhun Y
5
Y
51
y
52
. y
5n

n
5 j
j 1
y
=

Y
1
++ Y
5
4
i1
i 1
y
=

.
4
in
i 1
y
=

Z
1
Z
2
Z
3

Gi tr SX X
1
++X
n
X
1
..X
n
V
1
V
2
V
3

27
Bng I/O gp ca Vit Nam, 1989, theo gi sn xut:
Nhu cu trung gian

Nhu cu cui cng

1 2 3 4 5 6 C I E

CN 6036 1635 1184 566 491 1434 11346 6457 739 3429 10625 21971
NN,LN 939 2949 26 83 4 69 4070 8406 193 2168 10767 14837
XDCB 62 22 2 43 1 85 215 313 1698 66 2077 2292
TN,VT 301 78 53 21 95 62 610 2623 143 674 3440 4050
GT,B 151 57 86 23 8 73 398 625 44 160 829 1227
DV 333 75 58 311 17 656 1450 5934 0 202 6136 7586

7822 4816 1409 1047 616 2379 18089 24358 2817 6699 33874 51963
N.Khu 9337 208 0 0 8 14 9567 0 0 0 0 9567
K. hao 2601 7081 720 1121 292 2621 14436 0 0 0 0 14436
T.lng 613 236 50 152 126 1621 2798 0 0 0 0 2798
L.nhun 1598 2496 113 1730 185 951 7073 0 0 0 0 7073

14149 10021 883 3003 611 5207 33874 0 0 0 0 33874
Tng 21974 14837 2292 4050 1227 7586 51963 24358 2817 6699 33874 85837
V d 1: Cho bng cn i lin ngnh:
Gi tr TSL Gi tr sn phm trao i trung gian Gi tr SPCC
420 84 0 120
42 130 80 398
800 63 65 512
Nhp khu 42 65 40
Lng 65 40
Khu hao 42 130
Thu 42 65 80
Li nhun 84 200
Hy in s thch hp vo bng cn i lin ngnh
Gii: Bng cn i lin ngnh s l:


28
Gi tr TSL Gi tr sn phm trao i trung gian Gi tr SPCC
420 84 0 120 216
650 42 130 80 398
800 63 65 160 512
Nhp khu 42 65 40
Lng 21 65 40
Khu hao 42 130 160
Thu 42 65 80
Li nhun 84 130 200
2. H s:
a) H s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr:
ij
ij
j
x
a i, j
X
=
H s ny cho bit sn xut ra mt n v gi tr ngnh j th ngnh i phi cung cp
trc tip cho ngnh ny mt lng sn phm c gi tr l a
ij
.
A = (a
ij
)
n x n
c gi l ma trn h s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr.
Phng trnh phn phi gi tr sn phm:
n n
i ij i ij j i
j =1 j 1
X x x a .X x i 1, n
=
= + = + =


t:
1
2
n
X
X
X
X
(
(
(
=
(
(


11 12 1n
21 22 2n
n1 n2 nn
a a ...... a
a a ...... a
A
......
a a ...... a
(
(
(
=
(
(


1
2
n
x
x
x
x
(
(
(
=
(
(


Ta c: X = AX + x X = (E - A)
-1
.x
b) H s u vo cc yu t s cp:
t:
hj
hj
j
y
b j 1, n; h 1, 5
X
= = =
B = (b
ij
)
5 x n
c gi l ma trn h s u vo cc yu t s cp
b
hj
cho bit c mt n v gi tr sn phm ngnh j th ngnh ny phi s dng trc
tip b
hj
n v gi tr u vo yu t s cp th h.
n
h hj j
j 1
Y b .X h 1, 5
=
= =

29
hay: Y = B.X
c) Ma trn h s nhu cu cui cng:
Nhu cu cui cng:
1
2
n
V
V
V
V
(
(
(
=
(
(

xt:
ik
ik
k
f
d i 1, n ; k 1, 2, 3
V
= = =
d
ik
Trong 1 n v gi tr tiu dng ca nhu cu V
k
c d
ik
gi tr ca ngnh i.
D = (d
ik
)
n x 3
Ma trn c cu nhu cu cui cng
X = A.X + D. V
Hay: (E A).X = D.V
V d 2: Cho bng cn i lin ngnh nh v d 1
a) Tm ma trn h s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr, ma trn h s u vo cc yu t s
cp. Gii thch ngha ca a
13
v b
42
?
b) Gi s vo thi k k hoch cc nh mc kinh t, k thut khng i. Lp bng cn
i lin ngnh nm (t + 1) vi x
t + 1
= (300; 500; 700)
Gii:
a) H s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr:

11
84
a 0, 2
420
= =
12
0
a 0
650
= =
13
120
a 0,15
800
= =

21
42
a 0,1
420
= =
22
130
a 0, 2
650
= =
23
80
a 0,1
800
= =

31
63
a 0,15
420
= =
32
65
a 0,1
650
= =
33
160
a 0, 2
800
= =
Ma trn h s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr:
0, 2 0 0,15
A 0,1 0, 2 0,1
0,15 0,1 0, 2
(
(
=
(
(


Tng t ta c ma trn h s u vo cc yu t s cp:

0,1 0,1 0, 05
0, 05 0,1 0, 05
B 0,1 0,15 0,1
0,1 0,1 0,1
0, 2 0,15 0, 25
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(


b) Gi tr tng sn lng vo nm (t + 1) s l:
1
T 1 T
t 1 t 1
0,8 0 0,15 300 579
X (E A) .x 0,1 0,8 0,1 500 833
0,15 0,1 0,8 700 1087

+ +
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (


T y ta suy ra bng cn i lin ngnh s l:

30

Gi tr TSL Gi tr sn phm trao i trung gian Gi tr SPCC
579 115,8 0 163,2 300
833 57,9 166,6 108,5 500
1087 86,85 83,3 216,85 700
Nhp khu 57,9 83,3 54,35
Lng 28,95 83,3 54,3
Khu hao 57,9 166,6 217,4
Thu 57,9 83,3 108,7
Li nhun 115,8 166,6 163,05

d. H s chi ph ton b:
(E A).X = x
X = (E A)
-1
.x
C = (E A)
-1
= (c
ij
)
m x n
c gi l ma trn h s chi ph ton b dng gi tr.
H s c
ij
cho bit: sn xut ra mt n v nhu cu cui cng ca ngnh j th ngnh i
phi sn xut mt lng sn phm c gi tr l c
ij
.
3. Xc nh ch s gi trn c s bng I/O:
Nu gi 1 n v sn phm ngnh j thi im t l P
j
(t) v thi im (t+1) l P
j
(t + 1)
th ch s gi sn phm ny s l:
j
j
j
P (t 1)
k (t 1)
P (t)
+
+ =
n gin ngi ta k hiu ch s gi l: k
j

Tng t ch s gi cc yu t u vo s cp k hiu l: w
i

Do ngun hnh thnh bng ngun phn phi nn ta c:
n 5
ij hj
i 1 h 1
a b 1
= =
+ =


Khi :
n 5
i ij h hj
i 1 h 1
k . a w . b
= =
+

l gi tr nm (t+1) to ra cng mt lng sn phm
vi mt n v gi tr nm t. Gi m l s sn phm ng vi mt n v gi tr nm t.
n 5
j
i ij h hj j
i 1 h 1
j
P (t 1)
P/ m
k . a w . b P k
1/ m P (t)
= =
+
+ = = = =


31
Khi vit di dng ma trn ta c:
K = A
T
. K + B
T
.w
(E A
T
). K = B
T
.w
K
T
(E A) = w
T
. B
K
T
= w
T
. B. (E A)
-1

Cng thc cho php xc nh ch s gi sn phm ca ngnh khi bit ch s gi cc
yu t u vo s cp.
Nu cc yu t u vo s cp thay i th s thay i ca ch s gi s l:
AK
T
= Aw
T
. B. (E A)
-1

V d 3: Cho bng cn i lin ngnh nh trong v d 1 (3 Bng vo ra dng gi tr)
Cho ch s gi cc yu t u vo nm (t + 1) l: w
T
= (1,01; 1,05; 1,2; 1,1; 1,2). Hy
xc nh ch s gi ca cc sn phm c sn xut.
Gii:
Theo cng thc ta c ch s gi ca cc ngnh s l:
| |
| |
T T 1
1
K w .B. (E A)
0,1 0,1 0, 05
0, 8 0 0,15 0, 05 0,1 0, 05
1, 01 1, 05 1, 2 1,1 1, 2 0,1 0, 8 0,1 0,1 0,15 0,1
0,15 0,1 0, 8 0,1 0,1 0,1
0, 2 0,15 0, 25
1,137 1,138 1,147

=
(
(
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

(
(

=



















32
BI TP
1. Cho bng cn i lin ngnh dng hin vt nm t.

Sn lng Sn phm trung gian SPCC
300 60 24 80 136
240 30 48 40 122
400 90 24 120 166
Lao ng 30 36 40 Nm t + 1

a. Hy xc nh h s k thut v h s s dng lao ng.
b. Bit q(t + 1) = (150,140,180) v cc h s k thut, lao ng khng i so vi nm t.
Lp bng cn i lin ngnh nm (t + 1).
c. Hy xc nh vect gi sn phm c sn xut ra. Bit gi tr gia tng ca cc ngnh
l: w
T
= (0,05; 0,1; 0,15).

2. Cho bng cn i lin ngnh ca ba ngnh nm t:

Sn lng Sn phm trung gian SPCC
210 42 36 66
0 36 22 122
220 18 22 96
Lao ng 42 18 66 Nm t + 1

a. Hy xc nh cc gi tr cn thiu trong bng.
b. Xc nh ma trn h s k thut v vct s dng lao ng nm t.
c. Nu bit ( ) ( )
31 31
1
1
2
t t o o + = cn cc h s khc khng i v
q(t + 1) = (70, 130, 100). Hy lp bng cn i lin ngnh nm t + 1.

3. Cho ma trn h s k thut ca nm t ca 3 ngnh dng hin vt:
( )
0,1 0, 2 0
0, 2 0,1 0, 3
0, 2 0, 3 0,1
t o
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

v vect s dng lao ng hng nm t: ( ) (0,1;0, 2;0,15) t | =
a. Tm ma trn h s chi ph ton b ca nm t. Gii thch ngha kinh t ca phn t
cng ct 3 ca ma trn ny.
b. Bit q(t+1)=(60,50,70) v cc h s khng i so vi nm t. Lp bng cn i lin
ngnh nm t+1.
c. Hy xc nh vect gi sn phm cc ngnh, bit phn gi tr gia tng nm k hoch
l: w
T
= (0,1; 0,05; 0,15)

4. Cho cc chi ph h s trc tip dng gi tr nm t ca 3 ngnh nh sau:
A(t) =
0, 3 0, 2 0, 3
0,1 0, 3 0, 2
0, 3 0, 3 0, 2
| |
|
|
|
\ .

v cc h s chi ph lao ng A
0
(t) = (0,2; 0,1; 0,2)
Gi tr sn lng ca cc ngnh nm t tng ng ln lt l : 450; 600; 560.
a. Hy lp bng cn i lin ngnh ca nm t.
b. Hy tnh chi ph ton b ca nm t, gii thch ngha kinh t ca phn t ca dng
th 2 ct th 3 ca ma trn ny.
33
c. Nu n nm t+1 nhu cu v sn phm cui cng ca cc ngnh l (180; 150; ;100)
hy tnh gi tr sn lng ca cc ngnh nm t+1 bit rng h s chi ph ca 2 nm l nh
nhau.

5. Cho bng cn i lin ngnh dng gi tr ca 3 ngnh nm t:

X
i
x
ij
x
i
400 38 90 112
40 19 15 116
300 80 38 30
V 80 30 Nm
t M 57

a. Tm cc s liu cn thiu bng trn.
b. Tnh cc h s chi ph trc tip, ma trn h s chi ph ton b ca nm t. Gii thch
ngha kinh t ca phn t a
32
v h s chi ph ton b dng 3 ct 1.
c. Bit x(t + 1) = (500, 200, 300) v cc h s chi ph ca nm t khng thay i so vi
nm t. Hy lp d n cho nm t + 1.

6. Cho h s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr nm t ca 3 ngnh nh sau:
A=
0, 2 0 0, 3
0,1 0,1 0,1
0, 2 0, 2 0,1
| |
|
|
|
\ .

H s chi ph lng; (0,2; 0,2; 0,1), gi tr lng ca cc ngnh nm t l
(1450;1990;1500) t VND.
a. Hy lp bng cn i lin ngnh nm t.
b. Tnh cc h s chi ph ton b ca nm t. Hy chn mt h s chi ph ton b
v gii thch ngha kinh t ca n.
c. Bit x(t+1) = (800, 1500, 700) v cc h s khng i. Lp bng cn i lin ngnh
nm t+1.

7. Cho bng cn i lin ngnh dng gi tr nm t ca 3 ngnh:

X
i
X
ij
X
j
2500 250 400 1490
1800 500 180 400
220 750 360 200 690
V 180 400
Nm t
M 500

a. Hy tnh s liu cn thiu trn bng.
b. Tnh cc h s chi ph trc tip ca nm t. Gii thch ngha ca phn t a
32
.
c. Nu n nm t+1 nhu cu v sn phm cui cng ca cc ngnh tng ng ln lt l:
(540; 250; 300) t VND. Lp bng cn i lin ngnh cho nm t+1 bit A(t+1) = A(t) ;
A
0
(t+1) = A
0
(t).

34
8. Cho bng cn i lin ngnh dng gi tr nm t :
n v tnh : t VND
Gi tr TSL Gi tr SP trao i trung gian Gi tr SPCC
200 20 30 20 130
200 20 20 10 150
100 30 20 20 30
Nhp khu 10 10 10
Nm t
Lng 20 15 20
Khu hao 10 15 0
Thu 10 20 10

a. Hy tnh ma trn h s k thut v gii thch ngha ca phn t a
12
.
b. Hy tnh ma trn h s cc yu t u vo s cp. gii thch ngha ca b
23
.
c. Cho x(t+1) = (150;120;70), cc yu t h s khng i. Lp k hoch nm t+1.

9. Cho bng cn i lin ngnh dng gi tr nm t:
n v tnh : t VND

Gi tr TSL Gi tr SP trao i trung gian Gi tr SPCC
600 120 90 56
450 60 45 112
560 90 22,5 168
Nhp khu 30 45 84
Nm t
Lng 60 67,5 28
Khu hao 60 45 28
Thu 60 45 28
Li nhun 120 90 56

a. Tm vect SPCC nm t.
b. Lp k hoch nm t + 1 bit : x(t+1) = (500;100;400) v h s khng thay i.

10. Cho ma trn h s chi ph nm t :

35
( )
0,1 0,1 0,1
0,1 0,15 0,2
0,15 0,1 0,2
0, 05 0,1 0
0,1 0, 075 0,2
0, 05 0,075 0,1
0, 05 0,05 0,1
0, 4 0,35 0,1
290 0 450
145 199 1
ij
x t
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

= 50
290 398 150
(
(
(
(



Hy lp bng cn i lin ngnh nm t + 1 vi x(t+1) = (500;700;400) v a
11
(t + 1) =
0,2 ; a
13
(t + 1) = 0,05 ; a
22
(t + 1) = 0,3 ; a
31
(t + 1) = 0,3.

11. Cho ma trn h s chi ph nm t:

0,10 0,20 0,10
0,10 0,10 0,20
0,10 0,10 0
0, 05 0,05 0,01
0, 20 0,15 0,10
0, 05 0,06 0,08
0,10 0,10 0,10
0, 30 0,24 0,41
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(



a. Lp k hoch nm (t + 1) vi : a
11
(t + 1) = 0,15; a
33
(t + 1) = 0,10; h s nhp khu:
(0,10; 0,10; 0,05); h s khu hao: (0,05; 0,06; 0,10); x(t + 1) = (750; 1100; 1350).
b. Tnh ch s gi nu: w
T
= (0,1; 0,05; 0,08; 0,05; 0,15).
12. Cho bng cn i lin ngnh dng gi tr nm t:

Gi tr TSL Gi tr SP trao i trung gian Gi tr SPCC
420 84 0 120 216
650 42 130 80 398
800 63 65 160 512
Nhp khu 42 65 40
Nm t
Lng 21 65 40
Khu hao 42 130 80
Thu 42 65 80
Li nhun 84 130 200

36
a. Gi thit rng trong thi k k hoch cc nh mc kinh t k thut khng thay i.
Lp bng cn i lin ngnh nm t + 1 vi x(t + 1) = (300; 500; 700).
b. Cho ch s gi u vo nm k hoch l w
T
= (0,1; 0,05; 0,2; 0,1; 0,2). Hy xc nh
vect ch s gi ca cc sn phm c sn xut.

13. a. in gi tr thch hp vo ch trng trong bng cn i lin ngnh di y:

Gi tr TSL Gi tr SP trao i trung gian Gi tr SPCC
1450 x
11
x
12
x
13
710
1990 x
21
x
22
x
23
1496
1500 x
31
x
32
x
33
662
Nhp khu 72,5 398 150
Nm t
Lng 145 150
Khu hao 145 99,5 75
Thu 72,5 199 150
Li nhun 290 398 225

c. Cho ( )
290 0 450
145 199 150
290 398 150
ij
x t
(
(
=
(
(


Vi x(t + 1) = (1000; 1500; 800) v cc h s ca nm t + 1 khng i so vi nm t. Lp
bng cn i lin ngnh nm t + 1.
d. Cho w
T
= (0,05; 0; 0,1; 0,15; 0,2). Tnh K
T
.

14. Bit ma trn h s chi ph dng gi tr nm t + 1 ca ba ngnh nh sau:

0,10 0,10 0,15
0,15 0,15 0,10
0,10 0,20 0,10
0,15 0,10 0,20
0,10 0,05 0,15
0,10 0,05 0,15
0, 08 0,10 0,15
0, 22 0,25 0,10
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(



a. Vi x(t + 1) = (1000; 1500; 800) lp bng cn i lin ngnh nm t + 1.
b. Cho w
T
= (0,05; 0,1; 0,15; 0,1; 0,2). Hy xc nh vect ch s gi ca cc sn phm
c sn xut.

15. Cho ma trn h s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr nm t nh sau:
0,3 0,2 0,3
0,1 0,3 0,2
0,3 0,3 0,2
A
(
(
=
(
(

v cc h s lng:(0,2; 0,1; 0,2).
Bit gi tr sn lng nm t ca cc ngnh l (450; 600; 560) (t VN).
37
a. Lp bng cn i lin ngnh nm t.
b. Tm ma trn h s chi ph ton b dng gi tr nm t. Gii thch ngha kinh t ca
phn t dng 2 ct 3 ca ma trn ny.
c. Nm t + 1 nhu cu sn phm cui cng ca ngnh l (180 ; 150 ; 100) (t VN).
Tnh gi tr sn lng ca cc ngnh, bit rng cc h s chi ph nm t + 1 v nm t nh nhau.

16. Cho ma trn h s chi ph trc tip v sn phm trung gian dng gi tr nm t nh
sau:
0, 2 0, 2 0, 3
0,1 0, 2 0,1
0 0,1 0,1
A =
| |
|
|
|
\ .

a. Bit gi tr sn lng ca cc ngnh nm t tng ng ln lt l:
(420, 650, 800)
Hy tnh gi tr sn phm trao i gia cc ngnh trong nm .
b. Vi ch tiu cu a) tnh gi tr sn phm cui cng ca cc ngnh
c.Nm (t + 1) h s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr ca ngnh 2 trong tt c cc ngnh tng
50% so vi nm t, cn cc h s khc khng i. Ch tiu gi tr sn lng cc ngnh l (500,
800, 1000) t VN th gi tr sn phm cui cng ca ngnh 2 s nh th no?

17. Cho ma trn h s chi ph ton b dng gi tr nm t:
1,68 0,66 0,82
0,72 1,33 0,47
0,51 0,66 1,41
C
(
(
=
(
(


a. Gii thch ngha kinh t ca cc phn t trn dng 2 ca C.
b. Vi gi tr sn phm cui cng nm t l (400, 600, 200) t VND, tnh gi tr sn lng
ca cc ngnh v gi tr sn phm trao i trung gian ca cc ngnh trong nm t.
c. Tnh qu lng ca cc ngnh nu chng bng 5% gi tr sn lng mi ngnh.

18. Cho cc ma trn h s chi ph trc tip v h s chi ph ton b dng gi tr nm t:
0, 2 0,1 0, 2 1,378 0, 257 0, 467
0, 4 0,1 0,3 ; 0, 654 1,358 0,56
0 0, 2 0,3 0,186 0,373 1,588
A C = =
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

a. Hy nu ngha ca a
12
v c
12
. V sao chng khc nhau?
b.Vi x(t) = (90, 60, 100). Lp bng s liu phn nh phn b sn phm ca cc ngnh trong
nm t.
c. Tnh qu lng cc ngnh, bit h s lng ca sn phm cc ngnh l 0,05.

19. Cho ma trn h s chi ph ton b dng gi tr nm t:
1,21 0,19 0,36
0,4 1,22 0,12
0,49 0,39 1,25
C
(
(
=
(
(


a. Nu gi tr sn phm cui cng ca cc ngnh nm t l (100, 100, 100) t VND. Hy
tnh gi tr sn lng ca cc ngnh trong nm .
b. Nm t+1 cc h s chi ph trc tip c dng gi tr khng i so vi nm t nhng nhu
cu sn phm cui cng ca cc ngnh u tng 20%. Khi chi ph gi tr sn lng
ca cc ngnh phi thay i bao nhiu % p ng nhu cu trn?
c. Vi cc ch tiu cu b, tnh tng gi tr sn phm trung gian ca ngnh 2.
38

20. Cho cc ma trn h s chi ph trc tip v h s chi ph ton b dng gi tr nm t v nm
t+1 nh sau:
0, 2 0, 4 0, 2 1, 636 0,848 0,545
0,3 0,1 0 ; 0,545 1,393 0,182
0, 2 0, 4 0, 454 0, 606 1,818 0.1
A C = =
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

a. Cho gi tr sn lng nm t: X(t) = (1000, 800, 500) t VND, tnh gi tr sn phm
cui cng ca ngnh nm t.
b. Nm t+1 nhu cu sn phm cui cng ca tt c cc ngnh u tng 10%. Tnh gi tr
sn lng ca cc ngnh trong nm .
c. Tnh gi tr khi lng sn phm ca ngnh 2 m cc ngnh s dng trong nm t+1.

21. Nn kinh t vi 3 ngnh, sn phm c mi nh mc k thut nm t+1 nh nm t.
a. Gi s so vi nm t, nm t+1 ng tin mt gi u% (gi cc sn phm tng u%) trong
khi h s tin lng sn phm ca cc ngnh tng v%. Cn thay i ch tiu gi tr sn
lng nh th no p ng nhu cu tng ln z% khi lng sn phm cui cng ca tt c
cc ngnh trong nm t+1?
b. Nu 1 th d c th v tin hnh cc tnh ton, kim tra kt qu cu a.

22. Cho ma trn h s chi ph trc tip A v ma trn h s chi ph ton b C dng gi tr nm
t:
0,1 0,3 0,3 2, 253 1, 408 1,549
0, 4 0,3 0.4 ; 2, 066 2,957 2, 253
0, 2 0, 2 1,361 1, 267 2,394 0.3
A C = =
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

a. Gii thch ngha kinh t ca tng cc phn t ct 2 ma trn A v tng cc phn t
dng 1 ma trn C.
b. Cho vect gi tr sn phm ca cc ngnh nm t l P(t)= (12, 16, 20). Lp bng cn
i vt t lin ngnh nm t nu sn phm cui cng dng hin vt nm t l (150, 250,
300).
c. Nu mun tng 1 n v sm phm cui cng ca ngnh th nht th sn lng cc
ngnh phi thay i nh th no?

23. Cho ma trn h s chi ph trc tip A v ma trn h s chi ph ton b C dng gi tr nm
t:
0, 2 0 0,3 1,38 0,10 0, 47
0,1 0,1 0,1 ; 0,19 1,15 0,19
0, 2 0,1 0,35 0, 28 1, 26 0.2
A C = =
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

a. Hy cho bit ngha kinh t ca a
21
v c
21
. V sao chng c s khc bit nhau?
b. Vi x(t) = (150, 150,200) t VND, hy tnh gi tr tng sn lng v gi tr gia tng
ca cc ngnh.
c. C kin cho rng nu cc h s chi ph ton b ca cc ngnh u gim 10% th vi
x(t) nh cu b, gi tr tng sn lng ca cc ngnh s tng 10%. Hy nhn xt kin
trn.

25. Cho bng cn i lin ngnh dng nm t nh sau:

GTSL Chi ph sn xut GTSPCC
250 25 90 90 45
39
450 30 190
300 100 45 35
V 50 90
Nm t
M 45 30
a. Xc inh gi tr cn thiu trong bng.
b. Tm ma trn h s chi ph trc tip dng gi tr nm t. Gii thch ngha kinh t ca
phn t dng 2 ct 2 ca ma trn ny.
c. Vi iu kin mi nh mc nm (t+1) nh nm t. Tnh lng gi tr sn phm ngnh
th 2 cung cp cho mi ngnh trong qu trnh sn xut nm (t+1). Nu nhu cu gi
tr sn phm cui cng ca cc ngnh nm (t+1) l (200; 400; 600) t VN.
Bit ma trn h s chi ph ton b nm (t+1) l:
1, 707 0, 732 0, 976
0, 78 2, 049 0, 732
1, 268 0,829 2, 439
C =
| |
|
|
|
\ .


40
Chng 3 BI TON QUI HOCH TUYN TNH
MOT SO C S TOAN HOC LIEN QUAN
1. he phng trnh tuyen tnh
1.1. cac khai niem c ban
+ nh ngha: He m phng trnh va n an so tuyen tnh co dang nh sau:

= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
m n mn 2 2 m 1 1 m
2 n n 2 2 22 1 21
1 n n 1 2 12 1 11
b x a ... x a x a
....
b x a ... x a x a
b x a ... x a x a
(1)
x
j
, J=1...n la cac an so, a
ij
, b
i
la cac he so.
+ Dang Xich -Ma: m i b x a
n
j
i ij ij
, 1 ;
1
= =

=
(2)
+ Dang ma tran: Neu ky hieu ma tran A =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
mn 2 m 1 m
n 2 22 21
n 1 12 11
a .. a a
.. ... ...
a .. a a
a .. a a
; B =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
m
2
1
b
..
b
b
;
X = (x
1
x
2
.. x
n
)
T
. Khi o ta co the viet he (2) di dang ma tran : AX = B
+ Dang bang: Ngi ta trnh bay he phng trnh (1) di dang mot bang gom m dong va
n+1 cot. Moi dong tng ng vi mot phng trnh, moi cot tng ng vi an so va cot
cuoi cung tng ng vi cot he so t do.

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
m
2
1
mn 2 m 1 m
n 2 22 21
n 1 12 11
b
...
b
b
a ... a a
... ... ... ...
a ... a a
a ... a a

- Bo so X = (x
1
, x
2
, ..x
n
) khi the vao he (1) tr thanh mot he ang thc ung c goi
la mot nghiem cua he (1)
- Hai he phng trnh tuyen tnh c goi la tng ng neu mot nghiem cua he PT
nay cung la mot nghiem cua he PT kia va ngc lai.
1.2. cac tnh chat cua he PT tuyen tnh
+ nh ly1: Neu X
1
, X
2
la hai nghiem phan biet cua he (1), th X=(X
1
+X
2
)/2 cung la mot
nghiem cua he (1).
+ He qua: He PTTT (1) co va ch co mot trong 3 kha nang sau:
1. He (1) co duy nhat mot nghiem.
2. He (1) co vo so nghiem.
3. He (1) vo nhiem.
+ nh ly 2: Mot he PT tuyen tnh co so PT nhieu hn so an so bao gi cung tng ng
vi mot he co so PT t hn hoac bang so an so.
41
+ nh ly 3: He PTTT co nghiem khi va ch khi hang cua ma tran cac he so bang hang
cua ma tran m rong (RankA = Rank).
+ nh ly 4: Khi thc hien mot trong cac phep bien oi sau tren mot he PTTT th c
mot he mi tng ng.
1. Nhan ca hai ve cua mot PT bat ky trong he vi mot so khac khong.
2. Nhan ca hai ve cua mot PT bat ky trong he vi mot so khac khong roi cong
tng ng vi mot PT khac.
3. Loai bo ra khoi he nhng PT co tat ca cac he so bang khong.
1.3. giai he PT tuyen tnh c ban
+ He c ban:
- An c s (c ban) : Ta noi an x
j
la an c s cua PT th i trong mot he PT
neu a
kj
=

=
=
i k : 1
i k : 0

cot cac he so cua an x
j
co dang: ) (
0
.
1
.
0
i
(
(
(
(
(
(

- He PTTT goi la c ban neu moi PT cua he co t nhat mot an c s.
+ Giai he c ban: Xet he PT tuyen tnh c ban viet di dang Xch -Ma sau:
m i b x a x
i
B j
j ij Bi
, 1 ; = = +

e
(1*)
Trong o B la tap cac ch so cua cac an c s,
va ky hieu x
Bi
la an c s cua PT th i.
at X
0
= (x
j
0
), trong o x
j
0
=

e
e
B i
B i b
i
; 0
;

De thay X
0
la mot nghiem cua he PT tuyen tnh (1*). Ta goi X
0
la nghiem c ban cua
he (1*).
Ta co the noi nghiem c ban cua mot he c ban c xac nh bang cach lay cac thanh
phan phi c s bang 0, suy ra cac thanh phan trong c s bang cac b
i
tng ng.at X =
(x
j
), trong o x
j
=

= u
e u

e
i j
B j
ij Bi
j
B j a b
B j ;
. Trong u
j
la mot so thc bat ky cho trc. Ro rang
X la mot mghiem cua he (1*).
Ta goi X la nghiem tong quat cua mot he PT tuyen tnh c ban (1*).
Co the noi nghiem tong quat cua mot he c ban c xac nh bang cach lay cac thanh
phan phi c s cua he (1*) bang nhng tham so tu y chon u
j
tng ng, cac thanh phan
trong c s c rut ra t he (1*) theo cac u
j
a chon.
, j = B
i
e B
, j e B
42
+ V du: Cho he c ban.

= + +
= +
1 x x 2 x 3
2 x x x 2
4 2 1
3 2 1

Ta co x
3
, x
4
la cac an c s (B = {3,4}), x
1
, x
2
la cac an phi c s.
Nghiem c ban X
0
= (0,0,2,-1)
Nghiem tong quat X = (u
1
, u
2
, 2-2u
1
+ u
2
, -1+3u
1
-2u
2
)
1.4. giai he pt tong quat
+ Y tng: e giai he PT tuyen tnh tong quat, ta bien oi he a cho ve mot he c ban
mi tng ng, t he tng ng nay ta viet c nghiem c ban va nghiem tong quat
cua he a cho.
+ nh ly: Bang cac phep bien oi s cap trong nh ly 2 muc I, luon bien oi c he a
cho ve mot he c ban tng ng. Theo thuat toan giai he PT tuyen tnh sau:
+ Thuat toan:
1. Lap bang cac he so cho he a cho
2. Xac nhan cac an c s a co.
- Neu he a cho la c ban, ta viet nghiem c ban X
0
, va nghiem tong quat X. Bai
toan giai xong.
- Neu he khong c ban ta chuyen qua bc 3.
3. Tm them mot an c s mi.
- Chon an c s x
j
(ieu kien x
j
cha la an c s)
- Chon phan t chu yeu a
ij
tren cot j (ieu kien a
ij
# 0)
- Tnh cac he so cho bang mi theo quy tac hnh c nhat.
Tnh cac phan t tren dong chu yeu (dong i)
a
it
= a
it
/a
ij
; b
i
= b
i
/a
ij

Tnh cac phan t tren cot chu yeu (cot j)
Ghi so 0 vao cac phan t con lai tren cot j
Tnh cac phan t con lai theo quy tac hnh ch nhat sau:

ij it
kj kt
a a
a a
a
kt
=
ij
it kj kt ij
a
a a a a

Quy tac nay cung ap dung cho cac b
k
vi k = i.
Lap lai thuat toan t bc 2. ta se xac nh c moi PT mot an c s. Ngha la ta bien
oi c he a cho ve he c ban tng ng.
+ Chu y: Trong qua trnh bien oi he a cho ve mot he c ban, neu xuat hien mot PT th
k nao o co he so t do b
k
= 0 va cac he so a
kj
= 0 j th PT nay vo nghiem do o ca he vo
nghiem.
+ V du1: Giai he PT tuyen tnh sau:

= + +
= + +
1 x 2 x x 3 x
2 x x 3 x x 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1

Lap bang cac he so.


43
cs b x1 x2 x3 x4
2 2 1 -3 1
-1 -1 3 1 -2
x
2
2 2 1 -3 1
-7 -7 0 10 -5
x
2
0 0 1 1/7 3/7
x
1
1 1 0 -10/7 5/7
Lan 1: Chon an c s x
2
, phan t chu yeu a
12

Lan 2: Chon an c s x
1
, phan t chu yeu a
21

c he c ban vi hai an c s x
2
, x
1

Nghiem c ban X
0
= (1, 0, 0, 0), nghiem tong quat X = (x
j
)
X =

u u =
u u + =
u =
u =
4 3 2
4 3 1
4 4
3 3
7
3
7
1
x
7
5
3
10
1 x
x
x
. Trong o tham so u
j
e3
+ V du2: Giai he PT tuyen tnh sau

=
= + +
= + +
= +
0 x 2 x 3
1 x x x
2 x x 2 x
3 x 3 x x 2
3 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

Lap bang he so va giai co bang sau:

cs x1 x2 x3 b
2 -1 3 3
-1 2 1 2 B0
3 0 -2 0
5 -7 0 -3
x3 -1 2 1 2 B1
1 4 0 4
0 -27 0 -23
x3 0 6 1 6 B2
x1 1 4 0 4
x2 0 1 0 23/27
x3 0 0 1 -8/9 B3
x1 1 0 0 -16/27
T bang 3 cho ta nghiem duy nhat cua he PT X = (-16/27, 23/27, -8/9)
1.5. nghem c ban khong am
+ Khai niem: X = (x
1
, x
2
, ...,x
n
) la mot nghiem cua he (1) c goi la khong am neu x
j
> 0
vi moi j.
Xet he PT tuyen tnh c ban.

> >
= = +

e
i ; 0 b ; j ; 0 x
m , 1 i ; b x a x
i j
i
B j
j ij
k
i
(1*)
Ta co nghiem c ban khong am X
0
= (x
0
j
) > 0, trong o x
0
j
=

e
=
B j ; 0
B j ; b
i Bi

44
+ Thuat toan
1. Lam cho b
i
> 0 vi moi i
2. Lap bang he so
3. Xac nhan cac an c s a co
- Neu la he c ban Viet nghiem c ban khong am
- Neu he khong c ban thc hien bc 4
4. Chon an c s mi
- Chon x
j
(ieu kien x
j
cha la an c s)
- Chon phan t ch yeu
- Xet
rs
r
kj
k
0 a
a
b
}
a
b
{ Min
kj
=
>

- Lay a
rs
lam phan t chu yeu
+ Tnh cac he so cho bang mi theo quy tac hnh ch nhat nh trong thuat toan giai
he PT tuyen tnh
* Lap lai thuat toan t bc 3.
+ Chu y: Neu trong qua trnh tm nghiem c bang khong am xuat hien mot dong nao o
co he so t do b
i
> 0 va a
ij
s 0 vi moi j th PT o khong co nghiem khong am va do o ca
he khong co nghiem khong am.
+ V du: Tm mot nghiem c ban khong am, va tap cac nghiem khong am cua he PT
tuyen tnh sau:

>
= + + +
= + +
j 0 xj
5 x 2 x x 2 x
1 x x 3 x x 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1


cs b x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4

1 -2 -1 3 1
5 -1 2 1 2
x
4
1 -2 -1 3 1
3 3 4 -5 0
x
4
3 0 5/3 -1/3 1
x
1
1 1 4/3 -5/3 0
- Bc 1: He a cho co cac he so b
i
> 0 vi moi i.
- Bc 2: Chon an c s x
4
, xet Min{1/1, 5/2} = 1/1 = b
1
/a
14
chon a
14
lam phan t chu
yeu.
- Bc 3: Tnh cac he so cho bang 2 theo quy tac hnh ch nhat.
* Lap lai bc 1: ta c bang 2.
T bang 2 ta co nghiem c ban khong am X
0
= (1, 0, 0, 3).
Cung t bang 2 Tap cac nghiem khong am la:X =

> u + u =
> u =
> u =
> u + u =
0
3
1
3
5
4 x
0 x
0 x
0
3
5
3
4
1 x
3 2 4
3 3
2 2
3 2 1

Bang 0
Bang 1
Bang 2
45
2. nghiem khong am Cua he bat phng trnh
2.1. KHAI NIEM
Xet he PT & bat PT dang tong quat nh sau:

e s e >
e s
e >
e =

=
=
=
2 j 1 j
n
1 j
3 i j ij
n
1 j
2 i j ij
1
n
1 j
i j ij
J j ; 0 x ; J j ; 0 x
I i ; b x a
I i ; b x a
I i ; b x a
(2)
T he PT va bat PT (2) ta a vao moi bat PT mot an phu x
n+i
c he bat PT (2*) tng
ng nh sau:

e s e >
e = +
e =
e =

=
+
=
+
=
2 j 1 j
n
1 j
3 i i n j ij
n
1 j
2 i i n j ij
1
n
1 j
i j ij
J j 0 x ; J j 0 x
I i ; b x x a
I i ; b x x a
I i ; b x a
(2*)
oi vi nhng an x
j
s 0 ta dung phep oi bien x
j
= -x
j,
vi nhng an t do ta at
x
j
= x
j
x
j
. Khi o ta co ieu kien x
j
> 0 j
2.2. MOI LIEN HE GIA HE PT VA HE BAT PT
+ nh ly: 1. Neu X = (x
1
, x
2
, .., x
n
, .. x
n+i
..) la mot nghiem cua he (2) th: X = (x
1
, x
2
, ..,
x
n
) cung la mot nghiem cua he (2*).
2. Neu X = (x
1
, x
2
, .., x
n
) la mot nghiem cua he (2*) th:
X = (x
1
, x
2
, .., x
n
, .. x
n+i
..) trong o x
n+i
=

e
e

=
=
3
n
1 j
j ij i
n
1 j
2 i j ij
I i x a b
I i b x a

Nh vay e tm mot nghiem khong am cua mot he bat PT ta co the i mot nghiem cua
mot he PT tng ng.
+ V du: Tm mot nghiem khong am cua he PT va bat PT sau:
46

>
> + +
= +
s +
j ; 0 x
1 x x 3 x
1 x 2 x x
2 x x x
j
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

Ta lap he PT vi cac an phu tng ng.

>
= + +
= +
= + +
j ; 0 x
1 x x x 3 x
1 x 2 x x
2 x x x x
j
5 3 2 1
3 2 1
4 3 2 1

Lap bang cac he so, ban co the tm c mot nghiem c ban khong am cua he PT vi
cac an phu tng ng X* = (1,0,0,1,0) He PT va bat PT a cho co mot nghiem
khong am tng ng la X = (1,0,0).
3. TAP HP LOI TRONG KHONG GIAN R
n

3.1. Khai niem
+ Trong khong gian n chieu R
n
cho cac iem (vect) o
1
, o
2
, . . ., o
m
, mot to hp loi cua
cac iem o
1
, o
2
, . . ., o
m
, la mot iem (vect) o
n
X R
n
co dang :
o = k
1
o
1
+ k
2
o
2
+ . . . + k
m
o
m
,
Trong o cac so 1 0 s s
i
k vi i = 1, 2, , m va k
1
+ k
2
+ + k
m
= 1
+ Mot tap L X R
n
c goi la tap loi neu vi mot cap iem ( a
1
, a
2
) X o co mot to hp loi
o = k
1
o
1
+ k
2
o
2
, 1 , 0
2 1
s s k k , k
1
+ k
2
= 1 cung thuoc L.
+ Cho o
1
, o
2
, . . ., o
m
la m iem cua R
n
th tap L gom tat ca cac to hp loi cua cac iem
o
1
,o
2
, . . .,o
m
c goi la a dien loi sinh bi cac iem o va k hieu :
L = < o
1
, o
2
, . . , o
m
>.

+ Gia s LX R
n
, iem o X L c goi la iem cc bien cua L neu L khong the bieu dien
di dang to hp loi thc s cua hai iem khac nhau cua L
Ngha la vi hai iem o
1
, o
2
bat k thuoc L th o
1
+ ( 1- )o
2
cung thuoc L. Trong
o la mot so tuy y thoa ieu kien 1 0 s s . Tc la L cha luon ca oan thang noi hai
iem o .
* Van tat: Tp G c R
n
c gi l tp li nu vi 2 im A, B thuc G bt k th on thng
AB thuc G.
3.2. Tnh chat :
o
1

o
3
o
4
o
5
o
6
o
2

V du : Trong R
2
( hnh ben )
L = < o
1
, o
2
, o
3
, o
4
, o
5
,o
6
> la ngu
giac o
1
, o
2
, o
3
, o
4
, o
5
,o
6

47
1/ nh l 1 : Neu o la to hp cua cac iem o
i
( i = 1, 2, , m ) va moi iem o
i
o
lai la to hp loi cua cac iem |
j
( j = 1, 2, , k ) th o cung la to hp loi cua cac iem |
j
(
j = 1, 2, , k ).
2/ nh l 2 : Giao cua mot so bat k cac tap hp loi la mot tap hp loi.
Chng minh : Gia s { L
o
} la mot ho cac tap loi va ,, | la hai iem bat k thuoc
L =

o
o
L . Ro rang la vi moi o ta co , X L
o
, | X L
o
; va v L
o
la tap loi nen
, + ( 1- )| X L
o
; do o , + ( 1- )| X L . Vay L la tap loi .
3/ nh l 3 :

Neu L la mot tap loi va o
i
( i = 1, 2, , m ) la cac iem bat k cua no
th, vi moi m, tap L cha moi iem la to hp loi cua cac iem ay.

bai tap
Bai 1 :Giai cac he PT tuyen tnh sau, va tm mot nghiem c ban khong am, ch tap cac
nghiem khong am cua cac he PTTT sau:
1.

= + +
= +
4 x 5 x 3 x
1 x x 2 x x 2
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
2.

= +
= + +
4 x x 4 x
1 x x 2 x 3
3 2 1
3 2 1

3.

= +
= + +
= +
2 x 3 x x 3
2 x x 3 x 2
1 x 4 x 2 x
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
4.

= + +
= +
= + +
4 x 2 x x 2 x
2 x 3 x x x 2
3 x x 4 x 2 x 5
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 1

Bai 2 : Tm mot nghiem CB khong am cua cac he PT va bat PT, va ch ra tap cac
nghiem khong am cua he tng ng:
1.

>
> + +
= + +
s +
j ; 0 x
1 x 2 x 3 x 2
3 x x x
5 x x 3 x 2
j
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
2.

>
> + +
= +
s
j ; 0 x
1 x 2 x x 2
2 x x 3 x
5 x x 3 x 2
j
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

Bai 3 : Giai he PTTT cho trong bang va tm mot nghiem c ban khong am .
b x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4

1 2 1 3 1
1 -4 0 2 -3
2 1 -1 -2 1
Bai 4 : Giai he PTTT sau va tm mot nghiem c ban khong am .
1.

= +
= + +
=
3 13 8 7
2 4 2 2
1 2 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
2.
5 11 17 8 4
2 2 4 6 3
3 3 5 4 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
= + +
= + +
= + +

x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

3.

= +
= + + +
=
4 13 8 7
2 4 2 3 2
1 2 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
4.

= +
= + +
= + +
5 11 8 7
1 2 2
2 4 2 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

48
5.

= +
= + +
= + +
7 11 8 7
1 2 2
2 4 2 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
6.

= + +
= + +
=
6 13 8 7
2 4 2 2
1 2 2 3
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

7.

= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
3 4 3
2 5 11 3 2
3 2 3 2
1 2 5
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
8.

= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
5 5 2
0 3 2 5 4
2 4 6 5 3
3 3 4 2
t z y x
t z y x
t z y x
t z y x


BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYEN TNH
1. Gii thieu bai toan quy hoach tuyen tnh
+ Mt s bai toan thc te dan en bai toan QHTT
a. Bai toan lap ke hoach san xuat
Bai toan 1: Mot x nghiep d nh san xuat bon loai san pham S
1
, S
2
, S
3
, S
4
, t ba loai
nguyen lieu N
1
, N
2
, N
3
. Chi ph nguyen lieu, d tr nguyen lieu, li nhuan thu c tng
ng cho moi n v san pham cho trong bang sau:

SP
NL
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
NL
d tr
N
1
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
14
b
1

N
2
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
24
b
2

N
3
a
31
a
32
a
33
a
34
b
3

Li nhuan c
1
c
2
c
3
c
4

Yeu cau lap ke hoach san xuat trong ieu kien nguyen lieu d tr hien co va cac ieu
kien khac khong can quan tam, sao cho x nghiep thu c nhieu li nhuan nhat.
Mo hnh toan: Goi x
j
, 4 , 1 = j la so san pham loai S
j
ma x nghiep can san xuat. Bai toan
at ra la tm bo so X
*
= (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) thoa 2 ieu kien sau:
1. X
*
la mot nghiem cua he bat PT tuyen tnh (*)

>
s + + +
s + + +
s + + +
j ; 0 x
b x a x a x a x a
b x a x a x a x a
b x a x a x a x a
j
3 4 34 3 33 2 32 1 31
2 4 24 3 23 2 22 1 21
1 4 14 3 13 2 12 1 11
(*)
2. F(X
*
) = c
1
x
1
+ c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x
3
+ c
4
x
4
= Max{F(X), X e D} trong o D la tap cac nghiem
cua he bat PT (*).
Bai toan nay goi la mo hnh toan cua bai toan lap ke hoach san xuat noi tren, va
quy c viet bai toan nay nh sau:
F(X) = c
1
x
1
+ c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x
3
+ c
4
x
4
Max (1)
49

>
s + + +
s + + +
s + + +
j ; 0 x
b x a x a x a x a
b x a x a x a x a
b x a x a x a x a
j
3 4 34 3 33 2 32 1 31
2 4 24 3 23 2 22 1 21
1 4 14 3 13 2 12 1 11
(2)
Bai toan (1), (2) goi la bai toan quy hoach tuyen tnh, F(X) goi la ham muc tieu, he bat
PT (2) goi la he rang buoc.
Bai toan 2: Gia s mot nen kinh te san xuat m loai san pham theo n phng thc khac
nhau. Goi a
ij
la khoi lng san pham th i c san xuat theo phng thc j vi chi ph la
c
j
tnh trong mot n v thi gian, b
i
la nhu cau cua xa hoi oi vi san pham th i. Bai toan
at ra la xac nh thi gian can thiet cho moi phng thc san xuat sao cho tong chi ph
nho nhat ma van am bao nhu cau cho xa hoi tng loai san pham.
Neu goi khoang thi gian can thiet cho phng thc san xuat j la x
j
, ta co mo hnh toan
cua bai toan nay nh sau:
F =

=
n
1 j
j j
x c Min (1)

>
= >

=
j x
m i b
j
i
, 0
, 1 ,
n
1 j
j ij
x a
(2)
b. Bai toan von au t nho nhat
Co ba x nghiep A
1
, A
2
, A
3
co kha nang san xuat ba loai san pham S
1
, S
2
, S
3
t mot loai
nguyen lieu co khoi lng d tr N, tong gi lao ong cua cac x nghiep co the cung ng
la L, theo ke hoach cac x nghep phai san xuat c khong t hn P
i
n v san pham loai
S
i
. Biet rang c mot n v tien te au t vao cac x nghiep co the san xuat c mot so
san pham, va c mot n v san pham can chi ph nguyen lieu, chi ph gi cong cho trong
bang sau:

A
1
A
2
A
3

S
1
SP/
VT

NL/
1SP

GC/
1SP

P
11

L
11

C
11

P
12

L
12

C
12

P
13

L
13

C
13

S
2
SP/
VT

NL/
1SP

GC/
1SP

P
21

L
21

C
21

P
22

L
22

C
22

P
23

L
23

C
23

S
3
SP/
VT

NL/
1SP

GC/
1SP

P
31

L
31

C
31

P
32

L
32

C
32

P
33

L
33

C
33

Hay lap ke hoach au t sao cho thoa cac yeu cau tren va tong von au t nho nhat?
Goi x
j
; 3 , 1 = j la von au t tng ng vao x nghiep A
j
. Ta co mo hnh toan nh sau:




F = x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
Min (1)

50

= >
s
s
= =

= =
= =
=
3 , 1 ; 0
) ) (
) (
3 , 1 ;
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
j x
N x P N
L x P L
i P x P
j
j i
j ij ij
j i
j ij ij
j
i j ij
(2)
V d 1: Mt x nghip may mc cn sn xut 2000 chic qun v t nht 1000 ci o. Bit
mi tm vi c 6 cch ct cho bi bng sau:
Cch ct Qun o
1 90 35
2 80 55
3 70 70
4 60 90
5 120 0
6 0 100
Hy tm phng n ct qun o sao cho tng s tm vi s dng l t nht?
y l mt bi ton thc tin i hi phi a ra phng php ct vi sao cho tit
kim v p ng c nhu cu sn xut.
Gi x
j
( j 1, 6 = ) l s tm vi c ct theo cch th j. Khi :
- S qun o c c s l: 90x
1
+ 80x
2
+ 70x
3
+ 60x
4
+ 120x
5
cn tha mn rng
buc: 90x
1
+ 80x
2
+ 70x
3
+ 60x
4
+ 120x
5
= 2000
- S o: 35x
1
+ 55x
2
+ 70x
3
+ 90x
4
+ 100x
6

rng buc: 35x
1
+ 55x
2
+ 70x
3
+ 90x
4
+ 100x
6
> 1000
- S tm vi c s dng l:
6
j
j 1
V x
=
=

T thc tin sn xut chng ta c bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh:
Tm {x
j
} ( j 1, 6 = ) sao cho:
6
j
j 1
V x
=
=

Min
Tha mn:
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 6
j
90x 80x 70x 60x 120x 2000
35x 55x 70x 90x 100x 1000
x 0 j 1, 6

+ + + + =

+ + + + >

> =

V d 2: Mt doanh nghip phi quyt nh phng n phn b s dng 3.000 ha t gieo
trng 3 loi nng phm A, B, C c cc thng s k thut nh sau:

Loi nng phm
Chi ph sn xut c tnh cho 1 ha c tnh GTSL trn
1 ha Vn (n v: Ngn) Lao ng (Nghn)
51
A
B
C
300
350
400
500
400
450
2.000
1.500
2.500
Kh nng doanh nghip c chi ph lao ng l 1.600 triu ng, v vn l 1.200
triu ng. Ngoi ra m bo nhu cu hp ng k kt th t nht phi gieo trng 600 ha
nng phm A. Lp phng n gieo trng sao cho tng gi tr sn lng thu c ln nht.
- Giai bai toan quy hoach tuyen tnh
Bai toan QHTT: la bai toan tm gia tr ln nhat hoac gia tr nho nhat cua ham tuyen tnh
F(X) khi X eD - Cac nghiem cua he PT va BPT tuyen tnh sau:

e s
e =
2
1
; ) (
; ) (
I i b X F
I i b X F
i i
i i
Trong o I
1
, I
2
la cac tap con cua tap cac ch so {1,2n}
Ta quy c viet bai toan QHTT nh sau: F = F(X) Min/Max (1)

e s
e =
2
1
; ) (
; ) (
I i b X F
I i b X F
i i
i i
(2)
F(X) goi la ham muc tieu, (2) goi la he rang buoc cua bai toan.
Phng an: Vec t X = (x
1
, x
2
, ...,x
n
) tha he (2) goi la mot phng an (PA) cua bai toan
QHTT. Ta ky hieu tap cac PA cua bai toan (1), (2) la D
Phng an cc bien: Phng an X
0
goi la phng an cc bien (PACB) neu khi the
X
0
va he rang buc (2) tha t nhat n- rang buoc chat oc lap.
* Rang buoc th i goi la chat vi PA X, neu the X vao cho ta mot ang thc ung.
* Rang buoc th i goi la long vi PA X neu khi the X vao cho ta mot bat ang thc ngat.
* Neu X tha ung n rang buoc chat th ta noi X la PACB khong suy bien.
* Neu X tha nhieu hn n rang buc chat th X la PACB suy bien.
* Neu X
*
= (x
1
*
. x
2
*
, ...x
n
*
) e D, va F(X
*
) = Min{F(X): X e D} goi la phng an
toi u (PAT) hay la nghiem cua bai toan QHTT Min.
Vay X
*
la PAT cua bai toan F Min

e s
e
D X ), X ( F ) X ( F
D X
*
*

52
Tng t X
*
la PAT cua bai toan F Max

e >
e
D X ), X ( F ) X ( F
D X
*
*

* Giai bai toan QHTT la tm mot PAT cung gia th F
Min
/F
Max
neu co, hoac chng to c
bai toan khong co PAT.
* Bai toan QHTT co phng an toi u goi la giai c, ngc lai la khong giai c.
+ Bng Phng php hnh hc:
Phng php hnh hc ch p dng cho bi ton QHTT c 2 bin x
1
, x
2
. gii bi
ton ta biu din min rng buc D trong mt phng x
1
Ox
2
v xt giao gia hm mc tiu
f(x) = c
1
x
1
+ c
2
x
2
= m (m l tham s)
vi min D. Thay i gi tr m tm gi tr hm f t min (max).
Lu : Trong mt phng th ng thng ax
1
+ bx
2
= c chia mt phng lm hai min
M
1
, M
2
vi:
X(x
1
, x
2
) e M
1
: ax
1
+ bx
2
> c
X(x
1
, x
2
) e M
2
: ax
1
+ bx
2
< c
V d: Hai phn xng ca 1 nh my cng sn xut ra 2 mt hng A, B. Nng sut v
chi ph trong mt gi ca mi phn xng cho bi bng:
Phn xng 1 Phn xng 2
A 60 10
B 10 40
Chi ph (Ngn) 200 400
Bit nh my nhn c n t hng 240 sn phm A v 270 sn phm B. Hy tm
cch phn phi thi gian cho mi phn xng sao cho tha mn yu cu t hng v chi ph t
nht.
Gii: Gi x
1
, x
2
ln lt l s gi hot ng ca phn xng 1 v phn xng2.
Hm mc tiu (n v trm nghn):
f(x) = 2x
1
+ 4x
2
min
Rng buc:

1 2
1 2
1 2
60x 10x 240
10x 40x 270
x 0; x 0
+ >

+ >

> >

Min rng buc c biu din nh
hnh v. Ly im M(6, 12) e D. Gi m
0
l
gi tr 2x
1
+ 4x
2
= m
0
i qua M.
Th m
0
= 2.6 + 4.12= 60.
V ng thng:
2x
1
+ 4x
2
= 60
H ng thng (d): 2x
1
+ 4x
2
= m song song vi ng thng 2x
1
+ 4x
2
= 60.
M
A
B
C
27 6 3
6
12
24
53
Ta cn tm im X
0
e D sao cho 2x
1
+ 4x
2
= m nh nht dn ti X
0
A,
hay X
0
= A(3, 6)
Vy phng n ti u X
0
(3, 6), nn chi ph nh nht th phn xng 1 hot ng 3h
v phn xng 2 hot ng 6h, khi :
f
min
= f(3, 6) = 30 (trm nghn) = 3 triu
* Cac tnh chat cua bai toan QHTT
nh ly 1: (nh ly ton tai PAT) Neu bai toan QHTT co tap cac phng an
D = C va ham muc tieu F(X) b chan tren D (b chan di oi vi bai toan Min, b chan
tren oi vi bai toan Max) th co PAT.
(Ta ghi nhan nh ly nay khong chng minh)
nh ly2: 1. Neu X
1
, X
2
la hai PAT cua bai toan QHTT (1), (2) th: X =
2
X X
2 1
+
cung
la mot PAT cua bai toan (1), (2) .( Tnh chat iem cc bien )
He qua: Mot bai toan QHTT co va ch co ba kha nang sau:
1. Bai toan co duy nhat mot PAT
2. Neu bai toan QHTT co nhieu hn mot PAT th se co vo so PAT.
3. Bai toan QHTT hoac khong giai c.
Chu y: Mot vai trng hp ac biet cua bai toan QHTT
1. Bai toan co tap cac phng an D = C bai toan khong co PAT (bai toan khong
giai c).
2. Bai toan QHTT co duy nhat mot PA th luon gia i c, khi o phng an duy nhat
o chnh la PAT.
3. Neu bai toan co ham muc tieu la hang F(X) = C vi moi XeD, va co tap cac PA
D = C th cung luon co PAT, va moi X e D eu la PAT.
VD1: Cho bai toan: F = 3x
1
4x
2
+ 3x
3
+ x
4
+ 8x
5
4x
6
Min
2x
1
+ x
3
+ 2x
5
3x
6
= 2
x
2
x
3
+ x
4
2x
5
+ x
6
= -2 (*)
x
1
2x
2
+ 3x
4
+ 5x
5
x
6
= 5
a/ Xac nh tap cac PA cua bai toan, va chng to bai toan khong giai c.
b/ Khi ham muc tieu la F = 3x
1
4x
2
+ 3x
3
+ x
4
+ 11x
5
6x
6
Min co ket luan g ve
bai toan? Neu ac iem cua tap cac PA.
HD: a) Dung thuat toan giai he PTTT giai (*) tap cac PA cua bai toan
x
1
= 1 - u
4
- u
5
+ u
6

X = x
2
= -2 + u
4
+ 2u
5
u
4,5,6
e 3
x
3
= 2 u
4
+ u
6

T tap cac PA the x
1,
x
2,
x
3
vao ham F va t o F = 11 3u
4
+ u
6
va co nh u
6
, cho
u
4
+ khong b chan tren tap cac PA.
b) T tap cac PA the x
1,
x
2,
x
3
vao ham F ta co F(X) = 11 X PA eu la PAT
VD2: Cho bai toan: F = 3x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
+ 2x
5
+ x
6
Max
x
1
2x
2
+ x
3
2x
5
s 20
3x
2
x
3
+ x
4
+x
5
> -11
x
2
+ 4x
3
+3x
5
+ x
6
> -3
Chng to bai toan giai c, va tm mot PACBT va mot PAT khong cc bien.
54


3. Phan loai Bai Toan QHTT
* Bai toan tong quat
F(X) =

=

n
1 j
j j
Max / Min x c (1)

e
e s
e >
e s
e >
e =

=
=
=
3
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
0
0
J j do tu x
J j x
J j x
I i b x a
I i b x a
I i b x a
j
j
j
n
j
i j ij
n
j
i j ij
n
j
i j ij
(2) Vi
11 12 1n
21 22 2n
n1 n2 nn
a a ...... a
a a ...... a
A
......
a a ...... a
(
(
(
=
(
(


Trong o I
1
, I
2
, I
3
c I = {1,2, m}, J
1
, J
2
, J
3
c J = {1, 2, .. , n}
- Bai toan QHTT dang chnh tac
F(X) =

=

n
1 j
j j
Max / Min x c (1*)

>
= =

=
j x
n i b x a
j
n
j
i j ij
; 0
, 1 ;
1
(2*)
Neu ky hieu cac ma tran cot: A
j
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
mj
j 2
j 1
a
...
a
a
; B =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
m
2
1
b
...
b
b
; X =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
m
2
1
x
...
x
x
va ma tran dong:
C = (c
1
, c
2
, , c
n
) va ma tran A = (A
j
). Th ta co the viet bai toan (1*), (2*) di dang ma
tran nh sau:
F = C.X Min/Max (1) Hoac F = C.X Min/Max

>
=

=
0 X
b x A
j
n
1 j
j
(2)

>
=
0 X
b AX

- Bai toan QHTT dang c ban
F(X) =

=

n
1 j
j j
Max / Min x c (1)

> >
= = +

e
i ; 0 b , j ; 0 x
m .. 1 i ; b x a x
i j
B j
i j ij Bi
(2)
55
4. Giai bai toan QHTT
* Cac tnh chat cua bai toan chnh tac

Xet bai toan chnh tac: F = C.X Min/Max (1) Hoac F = C.X Min/Max (1)

>
=

=
0 X
b x A
j
n
1 j
j
(2)

>
=
0 X
b AX
(2)
nh ly 1: PA X
0
la PACB he vec t {A
j
: x
j
> 0} oc lap tuyen tnh.
nh ly 2: Bai toan QHTT dang chnh tac co tap cac PA D = C, th se co t nhat 1 PACB
va so PACB cua bai toan la hu han.
nh ly 3: Neu bai toan QHTT dang chnh tac co PAT th se co t nhat mot PAT la
PACB. (Ta ghi nhan nh ly nay)
- Giai bai toan c ban
Mot dang n gin nhat cua bai toan chnh tac la bai toan c ban. ay la bai toan chnh
tac vi he rang buoc a co PACB X
0
.
Xet bai toan QHTT c ban sau:
F(X) =

=

n
1 j
j j
Max / Min x c (1)

> >
= = +

e
i ; 0 b , j ; 0 x
m .. 1 i ; b x a x
i j
B j
i j ij Bi
(2)
Trong o B la tap ch so cac an c s cua he (1), x
Bi
la an c s cua phng trnh th i
trong he (2).
Bai toan c ban nay co PACB X
0
= (x
j
0

) =

e
e =
B j ; 0
B B j ; b
i i

Chu y: - im A thuc G c gi l im cc bin ca G nu khng c on thng
no trong G nhn A lm im gia.
- D l min rng buc ca bi ton QHTT no nu D l mt tp li v A l im
cc bin ca D th A c gi l phng n cc bin.
V d: Cho bi ton QHTT:
f(x) = 2x
1
- x
2
+ x
4
Min
1 2 4
2 3 4
2 4 5
j
x 2x x 2
x x 3x 1
4x x x 5
x 0 j 1, 5
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

> =

Ta c x
1
, x
3
, x
5
l n c s v x
2
, x
4
khng l n c s. Cho n khng phi l n c s
bng khng ta c phng n:
56
X
0
= (2, 0, 1, 0, 5)
H vect ct A
j
ng vi x
j
> 0 ca phng n:
1 2 3
1 0 0
A 0 A 1 A 0
0 0 1
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (


Th h {A
1
; A
2
; A
3
} l c lp tuyn tnh nn X
0
= (2, 0, 1, 0, 5) l mt phng n cc bin
ca bi ton
Y tng: e giai bai toan c ban (1), (2) ta bat au t PACB X
0
, va a ra mot tieu chuan
e anh gia tnh toi u cua X
0
. Khi anh gia tnh toi u cua X
0
se co mot trong 3 kha nang
sau:
Neu X
0
la PAT th bai toan c giai xong.
Neu F(X) khong b chan tren D th bai toan khong co PAT
Neu khong ri vao mot trong 2 kha nang tren, th se xay dng c PACB X
1
tot
hn (F(X
1
) < F(X
0
) cho bai Min, va bat ang thc ngc lai cho bai Max)
e anh gia tnh toi u cua PACB X
0
ta bieu dien ham muc tieu F ch phu thuoc vao
cac an phi c s cua X
0
, bang cach rut cac an c s trong he rang buoc (2) the vao ham
muc tieu F c bieu thc sau:
F(X) = F(X
0
) +

e
A
B j
j j
x , trong o A
j
=

=

m
1 i
j ij Bi
c a c , F(X
0
) =

=
m
1 i
i Bi
b c . Cac A
j
goi la
cac he so kiem tra(hay he so c lng).
nh ly 1: (tieu chuan toi u cua bai toan QHTT dang c ban Min)
1. Neu A
j
s 0 vi moi j th X
0
la PAT.
2. Neu ton tai A
r
> 0 va a
ir
s 0 vi moi i th bai toan QHTT khong co PAT (ham F
khong b chan di).
3. Neu vi moi A
r
> 0 va co t nhat mot a
ir
> 0 th co the xay dng c PACB X
1
tot
hn X
0
(F(X
1
) s F(X
0
).
CM: 1. Gia s X la mot PA bat ky, ta CM F(X
0
) s F(X).
T ang thc F(X) = F(X
0
) +
e

A
j j
j B
x , V A
j
s 0 vi moi j F(X)>F(X
0
).
2. Neu co A
r
> 0 va a
ir
s 0 vi moi i, khi o neu lay X
u
=(x
j
) nh sau:
x
j
=

u
u
ir i
a b
0

Trong o u > 0 ln tuy y. Th F(X
1
) = F(X
0
) - uA
j
- khi u +. ieu o chng to
F khong b chan di bai toan QHTT khong co PAT.
3. Neu moi A
r
> 0 eu co a
kr
> 0, ta xay dng X
1
bang cach a an x
r
ng vi A
r
> 0
ln nhat vao lam an c s mi.
Chon phan t chu yeu(phan t trc). Xet Min{b
k
/a
kr
: a
kr
> 0} = b
s
/a
sr
= u Phan t
chu yeu la a
sr
.
j = r, j e B
j = r
j: x
Bj
e B
57
Phng an c ban X
1
= (x
j
1
) va x
b a
j
i ir
1
0
=

u
u

Ta co F(X
1
) = F(X
0
) - A
r
u s F(X
0
) pcm.
nh ly 2: (Tieu chuan toi u cua bai toan QHTT c ban F-Max)
1. Neu A
j
> 0 vi moi j th X
0
la PAT.
2. Neu ton tai A
j
< 0 va a
ij
s 0 vi moi i th bai toan QHTT khong co PAT (ham F
khong b chan di).
3. Neu moi A
j
< 0 eu co t nhat mot a
ij
> 0 th co the xay dng c PACB X
1
tot
hn X
0
(F(X
1
) > F(X
0
).
CM: Tng t nh bai Min
Thuat toan giai bai toan c ban min (Thuat toan n hnh)
Bc 1. Lap bang n hnh.

CS C
B
B x
1

c
1

x
2

c
2


..
x
r

c
r


..
x
n

c
n

x
B1
c
B1
b
1
a
11
a
12
a
1r
a
1n

x
B2
c
B2
b
2
a
21
a
22
a
2r
a
2n


x
Bs
c
Bs
b
s
a
s1
a
s2
a
sr
a
sn


x
Bn
c
Bm
b
m
a
m1
a
m2
a
mr
a
mn

A
j
F(X
0
) A
1
A
2
A
r
A
n

Cac A
j
va F(X
0
) c tnh theo quy tac sau:
A
j
=
c
c
c
B
B
Bm
1
2

(
(
(
(

a
a
a
j
j
mj
1
2

(
(
(
(
(
- c
j
. F(X
0
) =
c
c
c
B
B
Bm
1
2

(
(
(
(

b
b
b
m
1
2

(
(
(
(

Bc 2: Kiem tra A
j
s 0 vi moi j ?
1. Neu A
j
s 0 vi moi j th X
0
la PAT, F
Min
= F(X
0
), ket thuc.
2. Neu co A
j
> 0 va a
kj
s 0 vi moi k bai toan khong co PAT, ket thuc.
3. Neu moi A
j
> 0 eu co a
kj
> 0 X
0
cha toi u, chuyen qua bc 3.
Bc 3: ieu chnh X
0
X
1

1. a an x
r
ng vi A
r
> 0 lam an c s mi (neu co nhieu hn mot A
j
> 0 ta chon an
x
r
ng vi A
r
> 0 ln nhat)
2. Xet Min{b
k
/a
kr
: a
kr
> 0} = b
s
/a
sr
a
sr
la phan t chu yeu (Neu Min at tai nhieu
hn mot ch so s th chon ch so s nho nhat).
3. Tnh cac phan t cho bang X
1
(theo quy tac hnh ch nhat trong chng 0)
Lap lai t bc 2, thuat toan se ket thuc sau mot so hu han bc, hoac la tm c
PAT hoac chng to c bai toan khong co PAT.
x
x

x
x
x

x
j = r, j e B
j = r
j =B
i
e B
+
+
+
+
X
0

58
Chu y: Ke t bang th hai tr i, dong kiem tra A
j
co the tnh trc tiep nh bang X
0
, cung
c tnh theo quy tac hnh ch nhat.
VD: Gii bi ton QHTT sau
f(x) = 2x
1
- 3x
2
- x
3
- x
4
+ 4x
5
Min
Cc rng buc:
- x
2
+ x
3
- x
4
= 3
x
1
+ x
2
- x
4
= 2
- 2x
2
+ x
5
= 0
Trong : x
1
> 0, x
2
> 0, x
3
> 0, x
4
> 0, x
5
> 0
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

-1 x
3
3 0 -1 1 -1 0
2 x
1
2 1 1 0 -1 0
4 x
5
0 0 -2 0 0 1
f(x) 1 0 -2 0 0 0
Phng n ti u ca bi ton l: (2,0,3,0,0).
Gi tr hm mc tiu t c l : f(x) = 1
VD: Giai bai toan QHTT sau:
F = 2x
1
+ 3x
2
- x
3
+ 3x
4
Min

>
= +
= + +
j , 0 x
1 x x x
2 x x 3 x 2
j
4 2 1
3 2 1

Lap bang n hnh va giai theo thuat toan Min bang bang n hnh sau:
F Min
CS C
B
B x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
b
k
/a
kj

2 3 -1 3
x
3
-1 2 -2 3 1 0
x
4
3 1 1 -1 0 1 1/1
1 3 -9 0 0
x
3
-1 4 0 1 1 2
x
1
2 1 1 -1 0 1
-2 0 -6 0 -3
Bang n hnh th 2 co A
j
s 0 moi j X
1
=(1,0,4,0) la PAT va F
Min
= F(X
1
) = -2
la gia tr toi u.
VD2: Giai bai toan QHTT dang c ban sau:
F = -x
4
- x
5
+ 3 Min

>
= + +
=
= + +
j 0 x
2 x x x
2 x 3 x x
7 x 3 x 2 x
j
5 4 1
5 4 3
5 4 2

Lap bang n hnh va giai


59
F Min
CS C
B
b x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

0 0 0 -1 -1
x
2
0 7 0 1 0 2 3
x
3
0 2 0 0 1 -1 3
x
1
0 2 1 0 0 1 1
3+0 0 0 0 1* 1
x
2
0 3 -2 1 0 0 1
x
3
0 4 1 0 1 0 4
x
4
-1 2 1 0 0 1 1
3-2 -1 0 0 0 0
Bang th 2 cho ta dau hieu toi u. F
Min
= 3-2 = 1, X
1
= (0,2,4,2,0)
Thuat toan giai bai toan c ban max
Bc 1: Lap bang n hnh.
Bc 2: Kiem tra A
j
> 0 vi moi j ?
1. Neu A
j
> 0 moi j th X
0
la PAT.
2. Neu co A
j
< 0 va a
kj
s 0 moi k th bai toan khong co PAT
3. Neu moi A
j
< 0 eu co a
kj
> 0, chuyen qua bc 3.
Bc 3: ieu chnh X
0
X
1

1. a x
j
ng vi A
j
< 0 nho nhat vao lam an c s mi
2. Xet Min{b
k
/a
kj
: a
kj
> 0} = b
s
/a
sr
, chon a
sr
lam phan t chu yeu.
3. Tnh cac phan t cho bang tiep theo, theo quy tac hnh ch nhat abiet tren.
4. Lap lai t bc 2, thuat toan se ket thuc sau mot so hu han bc, hoac la tm c
PAT hoac chng to c bai toan khong co PAT.
Chu y: Khi giai bai toan QHTT Max ban co the s dung thuat toan Min bang cach ap
dung nh ly trong giai tch Max{F(X)}= -Min{-F(X)} hay bi ton c hm mc tiu l
f(x) Max th ta chuyn v bi ton mi c hm mc tiu l g(x) = - f(x) min.
VD1: Giai bai toan QHTT dang Max sau:
F = -26x
1
- 3x
2
+ x
3
-3x
4
+2x
5
+ 6x
6
+ 5x
7
Max

>
= + + + +
= + + +
= + + +
j ; 0 x
5 x x x x 2 x 4
3 x x 4 x x 3
4 x 2 x 2 x 3 x x 2
j
7 6 5 2 1
7 4 3 1
7 6 4 3 1

Cach 1: Lap bang n hnh va giai theo thuat toan Max ta co bang sau:


CS C
B
b x
1
X
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
b
k
/a
k
j

-26 -3 1 -3 2 6 5
x
2
-3 4 -2 1 0 3 0 -2 2 4/2*
x
3
1 3 -3 0 1 4 0 0 1 3/1
x
5
2 5 -4 0 0 2 1 1 3 5/3
1 21 0 0 2 0 2 -8
x
7
5 3 -1 1/2 0 3/2 0 -1 1
x
3
1 1 -2 -1/2 1 5/2 0 1 0 1/1
x
5
2 1 -3 -1/2 0 1 2 0
60
17 13 4 0 14 0 -6 0
x
7
5 3 -3 0 1 4 0 0 1
x
6
6 1 -2 -1/2 1 5/2 0 1 0
x
5
2 1 1 1/2 -2 -9/2 1 0 0
23 1 1 6 29 0 0 0
Bang n hnh th ba cho ta A
j
> 0 vi moi j X
2
= (0,0,0,0,1,1,3) la PAT,
F
Max
= F(X
2
) = 23.
Cach 2: Ap dung thuat toan Min cho bai toan -F Min

CS C
B
b x
1
X
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
b
k
/a
k
j

26 3 -1 3 -2 -6 -5
x
2
3 4 -2 1 0 3 0 -2 2 4/2*
x
3
-1 3 -3 0 1 4 0 0 1 3/1
x
5
-2 5 -4 0 0 2 1 1 3 5/3
-1 -21 0 0 -2 0 -2 +8
x
7
-5 3 -1 1/2 0 3/2 0 -1 1
x
3
-1 1 -2 -1/2 1 5/2 0 1 0 1/1
x
5
-2 1 -3 -1/2 0 1 2 0 1/2
-17 -13 -4 0 -14 0 +6 0
x
7
-5 3 -3 0 1 4 0 0 1
x
6
-6 1 -2 -1/2 1 5/2 0 1 0
x
5
-2 1 1 1/2 -2 -9/2 1 0 0
-23 -1 1 -6 -29 0 0 0
Bang n hnh th ba cho ta A
j
s 0 vi moi j X
2
= (0,0,0,0,1,1,3) la PAT,
-F
Min
= -F(X
2
) = -23 Bai toan F Max co PAT la X
2
va F
Max
= 23.
VD2: Giai bai toan QHTT dang Max sau:
F = 2x
1
+ x
3
Max

>
= +
= + +
= +
j ; 0 x
5 x x
4 x x 2 x 5
4 x x x
j
5 2
3 2 1
4 2 1

Lap bang n hnh va giai theo bang sau:
F Max
CS C
B
b x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
b
k
/a
kj

0 2 1 0 0
x
4
0 4 1 -1 0 1 0 4/1
x
3
1 3 -5 2 1 0 0
x
5
0 5 0 -1 0 0 1
3 -5 0 0 0 0
x
1
0 4 1 -1 0 1 0
x
3
1 23 0 -3 1 5 0
x
5
0 5 0 -1 0 0 1
23 0 -5 0 5 0
Bang th 2 co A
2
= -5 < 0 va a
i5
< 0 vi moi i bai toan khong co PAT (trong trng
hp nay ham F khong b chan tren).
61
+ Giai bai toan dang chnh tac
* Bai toan c ban vi cac an gia P
M

e giai bai toan QHTT (P) dang chnh tac, ngi ta thanh lap bai toan c ban tng
ng goi la bai toan (P
M
), thong qua viec giai bai toan P
M
hoan toan cho phep chung ta ket
luan ve li giai cua bai toan P.
Xet bai toan QHTT dang chnh tac.
F(X) =

=

n
1 j
j j
Max / Min x c (1)

>
= =

=
j ; 0 x
m .. 1 i ; b x a
j
n
1 j
i j ij
(2)
Ta goi bai toan sau la bai toan P
M

Max / Min x M x c F
m
1 i
i n
n
1 j
j j
=

=
+
=

+ = >
= = +

=
+
m n , 1 j ; 0 x
m .. 1 i ; b x x a
j
n
1 j
i i n j ij

Cac an x
n+i
mi a them vao trong bai toan P
M
goi la cac an gia, h s hm mc tiu l
M > 0 ln tuy y vi dau +M ap dung cho bai toan F-Min, dau -M ap dung cho bai
toan F-Max.
- Moi lien he gia hai bai toan P va P
M

nh ly 2: 1. Neu bai toan P
M
khong co PAT (co dau hieu toi u trong bang n hnh) th
bai toan P cung khong co PAT (bai toan P co ham muc tieu khong b chan).
2. Neu bai toan P
M
co PAT X
*
= (x
1
, x
2
, .., x
n
,.., x
n+i
, ..) trong o co t nhat mot
thanh phan gia x
n+i
= 0, th bai toan P cung khong co PAT (bai toan P co tap PA rong)
3. Neu bai toan P
M
co PAT X
*
= (x
1
, x
2
, .., x
n
,0,.., 0) (co tat ca cac thanh
phan gia bang 0) th bai toan P cung co PAT va PAT la X
*
= (x
1
, x
2
, .., x
n
).
CM: 1. Ta chng minh bang phan chng.
Gia s bai toan P co PAT la X
*
X
*
=(X
*
|0) cung la mot PA cua bai toan P
M

- Thuat toan giai bai toan chnh tac
Bc 1: Lam cho b
i
> 0 vi moi i
Bc 2: Lap bai toan P
M
tng ng vi bai toan P
Bc 3: Lap bang n hnh cho bai toan P
M
va Giai bai toan P
M

Bc 4: Ket luan cho bai toan P
Neu bai toan P
M
khong co PAT, hoac co PAT nhng co t nhat mot thanh phan
gia x
n+i
= 0, th bai toan P khong co PAT.
Neu bai toan P
M
co PAT X
*
= (x
1
*
, x
2
*
, ..., x
n
*
, 0, ..,0) th bai toan P co PAT X
*

= (x
1
*
, x
2
*
, ..., x
n
*
)
62
Chu y: Khi lap bang n hnh cho bai toan P
M
moi A
j
= o
j
+ |
j
M c ghi thanh hai dong

o
|
j
j
, va A
j
s 0
|
| o
j
j j
<
= s

0
0 0 ,

VD: Giai bai toan QHTT dang chnh tac sau:
F = -16x
1
+ 7x
2
+ 9x
3
Min

>
= +
= + +
j x
x x x
x x x
j
; 0
2 2
1 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1

1. b
i
> 0 moi i
2. Lap bai toan P
M
tng ng, vi x
4
, x
5
la hai an gia.

>
= + +
= + + +
+ + + + =
j ; 0 x
2 x x x 2 x
1 x x 3 x x 2
Min ) x x ( M x 9 x 7 x 16 F
j
5 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1

3. Lap bang n hnh va giai cho bai toan P
M


CS C
B
b x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
b
k
/a
kj

-16 7 9 M M
x
4
M 1 -2 1 3 1 0 1/3
x
5
M 2 1 2 -1 0 1
0
3
16
-1
-7
3
-9
2
0
0
0
0

x
3
9 1/3 -2/3 1/3 1 1/3 0 1
x
5
M 7/3 1/3 7/3 0 1/3 1 1
3
7/3
10
1/3
-4
7/3
0
0
3
-2/3
0
0


x
3
9 0 -5/7 0 1 2/7 -1/7
x
2
7 1 1/7 1 0 1/7 3/7 7
7
0
74/7
0
0
0
0
0
25/7
-1
12/7
-1

x
3
9 5 0 5 1 1 2
x
1
-16 7 1 7 0 1 3
-67
0
0
0
-67
0
0
0
-7
-1
-30
-1

T bang n hnh th t, co A
j
s 0 moi j X
3
= (7,0,5,0,0) la PAT cua bai toan P
M

Bai toan P co PAT la X
3
= (7,0,5) va gia tr toi u la F
Min
= -67
Chu y: Khi lap bang n hnh cho bai toan P
M
, co the khong lap cac cot an gia, va khi cac
an gia a b loai het khoi c s th dong kiem tra A
j
ch can ghi he so o
j
.
- Giai bai toan dang khong chnh tac
Xet bai toan dang tong quat (P).
F(X) =

=

n
1 j
j j
Max / Min x c (1)
63

= >
+ = >
+ = s
= =

=
=
=
1 j
n
1 j
2 i j ij
n
1 j
2 1 i j ij
1
n
1 j
i j ij
n .. 1 j ; 0 x
m .. 1 m i ; b x a
m .. 1 m i ; b x a
m .. 1 i ; b x a
(2)
e giai bai toan nay ta thanh lap bai toan chnh tac tng ng, bang cach a
them cac an phu vao cac bat PT va dung phep oi bien so cho nhng an khong b
rang buoc khong am nh sau:
1. Neu bat PT co dang

=
s
n
1 i
i j ij
b x a ta cong them an phu x
n+i
> 0 vao ve trai c PT
tng ng

=
+
= +
n
1 i
i i n j ij
b x x a
2. Neu bat PT co dang

=
>
n
1 i
i j ij
b x a ta tr an phu x
n+i
> 0 vao ve trai c PT tng ng

=
+
=
n
1 i
i i n j ij
b x x a
3. Neu x
j
khong co rang buoc khong am, dung phep oi bien so:
x
j
= x
j

-x
j

, trong o co rang buoc x

j

,

x
j

> 0. Neu x
j
s 0, ta at x
j
= -x
j
> 0.
Bang ky thuat an phu va cac phep oi bien so noi tren, bao gii cung chuyen c bai
toan tong quat P ve dang chnh tac tng ng P
/
.
nh ly: (Ve moi lien he gia bai toan tong quat va bai toan chnh tac tng ng). Bai toan
tong quat P co PAT khi va ch khi bai toan chnh tac tng ng P co PAT. Hn na neu
bai toan P co PAT la X
*
= (x
1
*
,x
2
*
, ...,x
n
*
, ..x
n+i
*
,...) th bai toan P co PAT la
X
*
=(x
1
*
,x
2
*
,...,x
n
*
).
T nh ly tren ta co thuat toan giai bai toan QHTT dang tong quat theo cac bc sau:
1. Lam cho bai toan P co b
i
> o vi moi i
2. Lap bai toan chnh tac P vi cac an phu tng ng
3. Lap bai toan c ban P
M
vi cac an gia tng ng.
4. Lap bang n hnh cho bai toan P
M
va giai.
5. Ket luan cho bai toan P.
- Neu bai toan P
M
khong co PAT th bai toan P cung khong co PAT.
- Ngc lai gia s bai toan P
M
co PAT la X
*

+ Neu trong PAT nay co t nhat mot x
n+i
gia khac 0 th ket luan bai toan P khong co
PAT.
+ Neu X
*
co tat ca cac thanh phan gia bang 0 th bai toan P co PAT la
X
*
= (x
1
*
,x
2
*
,..x
n
*
).
VD: Gii bi ton QHTT:
f(x) = 2x
1
+ 3x
2
- x
3
- x
4
Min
64
Cc rng buc:
x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
+ 1/2x
4
= 10
x
2
- 4x
3
+ 8x
4
s 8
- 2x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 3x
4
s 20
Gii:
Bi ton dng chun: f(x) = 2x
1
+ 3x
2
- x
3
- x
4
Min
Cc rng buc:
x
1
- x
2
+ x
3
+ 1/2x
4
= 10
x
2
- 4x
3
+ 8x
4
+ x
5
= 8
- 2x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 3x
4
+ x
6
= 20
Trong : x
5
, x
6
l bin ph
x
1
> 0, x
2
> 0, x
3
> 0, x
4
> 0, x
5
> 0, x
6
> 0
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

2 x
1
10 1 -1 1 1/2 0 0
0 x
5
8 0 1 -4 8 1 0
0 x
6
20 0 -2 2 3 0 1
f(x) 20 0 -5 3 2 0 0
Do cn tn ti gi tr Delta ln hn 0 nn cha c phng n ti u ta cn tm bin
a vo. Ct c gi ln nh nht ng vi x
3
vy bin a vo l: x
3
. Hng c gi tr Lamda
nh nht ng vi ct l hng 1.
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-1 x
3
10 1 -1 1 1/2 0 0
0 x
5
48 4 -3 0 10 1 0
0 x
6
0 -2 0 0 2 0 1
f(x) -10 -3 -2 0 1/2 0 0
Do cn tn ti gi tr Delta ln hn 0 nn cha c phng n ti u ta cn tm bin
a vo. Ct c gi ln nh nht ng vi x
4
vy bin a vo l : x
4
. Hng c gi tr Lamda
nh nht ng vi ct l hng 3.
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-1 x
3
10 3/2 -1 1 0 0 -1/4
0 x
5
48 14 -3 0 0 1 -5
-1 x
4
0 -1 0 0 1 0 1/2
f(x) -10 -5/2 -2 0 0 0 -1/4

Phng n ti u ca bi ton l : (0,0,10,0,48,0). Gi tr hm mc tiu t c l : f(x) = -10
VD: Gii bi ton QHTT sau:
f(x) = 7x
1
+ x
2
+ 3x
3
+ x
4
+ x
5
+ 6x
6
Min
Cc rng buc:
65
x
1
- x
3
+ x
5
- x
6
= 15
-2x
1
+ x
4
- 2x
6
= 9
-3x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 4x
6
= 2
Trong : x
1
> 0, x
2
> 0, x
3
> 0, x
4
> 0, x
5
> 0, x
6
> 0
Gii:
Bi ton dng chun: f(x) = 7x
1
+ x
2
+ 3x
3
+ x
4
+ x
5
+ 6x
6
Min
Cc rng buc:
x
1
- x
3
+ x
5
- x
6
= 15
-2x
1
+ x
4
- 2x
6
= 9
-3x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
+ 4x
6
= 2
Trong : x
1
> 0, x
2
> 0, x
3
> 0, x
4
> 0, x
5
> 0, x
6
> 0
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

1 x
5
15 1 0 -1 0 1 -1
1 x
4
9 -2 0 0 1 0 -2
1 x
2
2 -3 1 2 0 0 4
f(x) 26 3 0 -2 0 0 -5
Do cn tn ti gi tr Delta ln hn 0 nn cha c phng n ti u ta cn tm bin
a vo. Ct c gi ln nh nht ng vi x
1
vy bin a vo l : x
1
. Hng c gi tr Lamda
nh nht ng vi ct l hng 1.
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6

-7 x
1
15 1 0 -1 0 1 -1
1 x
4
39 0 0 -2 1 2 -4
1 x
2
47 0 1 -1 0 3 1
f(x) -19 0 0 1 0 -3 -2
Bi ton khng c phng n ti u v khng tm c bin a vo

VD: Gii bi ton QHTT:
f(x) = - x
1
2x
2
+ x
3
Min
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
j
4x 4x 2x 6
x x 2x 6
2x x 2x 4
x 0 j 1, 2, 3
+ + >

+ + >

+ =

> =

Giai:
Bi ton dng chun:
f(x) = x
1
- 2x
2
+ x
3
+ Mx
6
+ Mx
7
=> Min
Cc rng buc:
-4x
1
- 4x
2
- 2x
3
+ x
4
= 6
x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
- x
5
+ x
6
= 6
2x
1
- x
2
+ 2x
3
+ x
7
= 4
66
Trong : x
4
, x
5
l bin ph v x
6
, x
7
l bin gi
x
1
> 0, x
2
> 0, x
3
> 0, x
4
> 0, x
5
> 0
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

0 x
4
6 -4 -4 -2 1 0
M x
6
6 1 1 2 0 -1
M x
7
4 2 -1 2 0 0
f(x) 0 1 2 -1 0 0
10 3 0 4 0 -1
Do cn tn ti gi tr Delta ln hn 0 nn cha c phng n ti u ta cn tm bin
a vo. Ct c gi ln nh nht ng vi x
3
vy bin a vo l : x
3
. Hng c gi tr Lamda
nh nht ng vi ct l hng 3.
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

0 x
4
10 -2 -5 0 1 0
M x
6
2 -1 2 0 0 -1
1 x
3
2 1 -1/2 1 0 0
f(x) 2 2 3/2 0 0 0
2 -1 2 0 0 -1
Do cn tn ti gi tr Delta ln hn 0 nn cha c phng n ti u ta cn tm bin
a vo. Ct c gi ln nh nht ng vi x
2
vy bin a vo l : x
2
. Hng c gi tr Lamda
nh nht ng vi ct l hng 2 .
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

0 x
4
15 -9/2 0 0 1 -5/2
-2 x
2
1 -1/2 1 0 0 -1/2
1 x
3
5/2 3/4 0 1 0 -1/4
f(x) 1/2 11/4 0 0 0 3/4
0 0 0 0 0 0
Do cn tn ti gi tr Delta ln hn 0 nn cha c phng n ti u ta cn tm bin
a vo. Ct c gi ln nh nht ng vi x
1
vy bin a vo l : x
1
. Hng c gi tr Lamda
nh nht ng vi ct l hng 3.
c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

0 x
4
30 0 0 6 1 -4
-2 x
2
8/3 0 1 2/3 0 -2/3
-1 x
1
10/3 1 0 4/3 0 -1/3
f(x) -26/3 0 0 -11/3 0 5/3
0 0 0 0 0 0

Bi ton khng c phng n ti u v khng tm c bin a vo
VD: Cho bi ton QHTT sau:
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 3 4 5
1 3 4 5
1 4 5
j
f (x) x x 2x 2x 4x min
x x 3x 2x 2x 8
2x x x x 21
x 5x 3x 2x 25
2x x 4x 20
x 0 ; j 1, 5
= + +

+ + =

+ >

+ + =

+ + s

> =

Giai:
67
Bi ton dng chun:
f(x) = x
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
- 2x
4
- 4x
5
+ Mx
8
Min
Cc rng buc:

- x
1
+ x
2
- 3x
3
+ 2x
4
- 2x
5
= 8
2x
1
+ x
3
- x
4
+ x
5
+ x
6
= 21
3x
1
+ 5x
3
- 3x
4
+ 2x
5
+ x
8
= 25
2x
1
+ x
4
+ 4x
5
+ x
7
= 20
Trong :
x
6
, x
7
l bin ph
x
8
l bin gi
x
1
> 0, x
2
> 0, x
3
> 0, x
4
> 0, x
5
> 0, x
6
> 0, x
7
> 0

c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7

1 x
2
8 -1 1 -3 2 -2 0 0
0 x
6
21 2 0 1 -1 1 1 0
M x
8
25 3 0 5 -3 2 0 0
0 x
7
20 2 0 0 1 4 0 1
f(x) 8 -2 0 -5 4 2 0 0
25 3 0 5 -3 2 0 0

Do cn tn ti gi tr Delta ln hn 0 nn cha c phng n ti u ta cn tm bin
a vo. Ct c gi ln nh nht ng vi x
3
vy bin a vo l: x
3
. Hng c gi tr Lamda
nh nht ng vi ct l hng 3 .

c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7

1 x
2
23 4/5 1 0 1/5 -4/5 0 0
0 x
6
16 7/5 0 0 -2/5 3/5 1 0
2 x
3
5 3/5 0 1 -3/5 2/5 0 0
0 x
7
20 2 0 0 1 4 0 1
f(x) 33 1 0 0 1 4 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Do cn tn ti gi tr Delta ln hn 0 nn cha c phng n ti u ta cn tm bin
a vo. Ct c gi ln nh nht ng vi x
5
vy bin a vo l: x
5
. Hng c gi tr Lamda
nh nht ng vi ct l hng 4




c
i
x
i
b
i
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7

1 x
2
27 6/5 1 0 2/5 0 0 1/5
0 x
6
13 11/10 0 0 -11/20 0 1 -3/20
2 x
3
3 2/5 0 1 -7/10 0 0 -1/10
-4 x
5
5 1/2 0 0 1/4 1 0 1/4
f(x) 13 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1

Phng n ti u ca bi ton m rng l : (0,27,3,0,5,13,0,0)
Gi tr hm mc tiu t c l : f(x) = 13
VD: Giai bai toan QHTT tong quat sau:
68
F = -x
1
- x
2
+ 2x
3
Min

>
= +
> + +
s + +
j ; 0 x
4 x x 2
6 x x x
9 x 2 x x
j
2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

Giai:
1. a co b
i
> 0 vi moi i
2. Lap bai toan chnh tac tng ng P
a them cac an phu x
4,
x
5
vao cac bat PT 1, 2 tng ng ta co bai toan P.

F = -x
1
- x
2
+ 2x
3
Min

>
= +
= + +
= + + +
j ; 0 x
4 x x 2
6 x x x x
9 x x 2 x x
j
2 1
5 3 2 1
4 3 2 1

3. Lap bai toan c ban tng ng P
M

Bai toan P co mot an c s x
4
PT th nhat, nen ta ch a them cac an gia x
6
, x
7
vao PT
th 2 va th 3 tng ng. Ta co bai toan P
M

>
= + +
= + + +
= + + +
+ + + =
j ; 0 x
4 x x x 2
6 x x x x x
9 x x 2 x x
Min ) x x ( M x 2 x x F
j
7 2 1
6 5 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
7 6 3 2 1


4. Lap bang n hnh va giai bai toan P
M



CS C
B
b x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

-1 -1 2 0 0
x
4
0 9 1 -1 2 1 0
x
6
M 6 -1 1 1 0 -1
x
7
M 4 2 1 0 0 0
0
10
1
1
1
2
-2
1
0
0
0
-1
x
4
0 13 3 0 2 1 0
x
6
M 2 -3 0 1 0 -1
x
2
-1 4 2 1 0 0 0
-4
2
-1
-3
0
0
-2
1
0
0
0
-1
x
4
0 9 9 0 0 1 2
x
3
2 2 -3 0 1 0 -1
x
2
-1 4 2 1 0 0 0
69
0 -7 0 0 0 -2
T bang n hnh th 3 ta co A
j
s 0 vi moi j X
2
= (0,4,2) la PA PAT cua bai toan
P ban au, F
Min
= F(X
2
) = 0.
5. Cap bai toan QHTT oi ngau
+ Quy tac thanh lap bai toan oi ngau


Cap (Min,Max)
Bai toan goc.
Bai toan oi ngau
F =

=
n
1 j
j j
x c Min G =

=
m
1 i
i i
y b Max

=
=
n
1 j
i j ij
b x a i=1..m
1

y
i
t do

=
s
n
1 j
i j ij
b x a i=m
1
+1..m
2

y
i
s 0

=
>
n
1 j
i j ij
b x a i=m
2
+1..m
y
i
> 0
x
j
t do

=
=
m
1 i
j i ij
c y a
x
j
s 0

=
>
m
1 i
j i ij
c y a
x
j
> 0

=
s
m
1 i
j i ij
c y a
Cap (Max,Min)
Bai toan goc Bai toan oi ngau
F =

=
n
1 j
j j
x c Max G =

=
m
1 i
i i
y b Min

=
=
n
1 j
i j ij
b x a
y
i
t do

=
s
n
1 j
i j ij
b x a
y
i
> 0

=
>
n
1 j
i j ij
b x a
y
i
s 0
x
j
t do

=
=
m
1 i
j i ij
c y a
70
x
j
s 0

=
s
m
1 i
j i ij
c y a
x
j
> 0

=
>
m
1 i
j i ij
c y a
VD: Bai toan goc Bai toan oi ngau
F = 2x
1
+ 3x
2
- x
3
Max G = y
1
+ y
2
+ y
3
Min

>
s
> +
= +
j ; 0 x
1 x x x
1 x x x 3
1 x 5 x 3 x 2
j
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

> s
>
> +
> + +
0 y , 0 y
1 y y y 5
3 y y y 3
2 y y 3 y 2
3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

* y ngha cua cap cac bai toan oi ngau
1. Nh chung ta a biet khi ap dung thuat toan n hnh bao gi cung gia thiet bai toan
QHTT co PACB X
0
. Trong rat nhieu bai toan thc te ham muc tieu
F =

=
n
1 j
j j
x c Min co c
j
> 0 vi moi j khi o bai toan oi ngau co ngay PACB, do o co
the giai bai toan oi ngau khong can a them an gia.
2. Khi ma bai toan QHTT nay ch khac bai toan kia bang cach them vao mot PT hoac
bat PT trong he rang buoc, th neu Y la PACB cua bai toan oi ngau nay (Y,0) cung la
PACB cua bai toan oi ngau kia.
3. Gia s mot nen kinh te san xuat m san pham theo n phng thc khac nhau. Goi a
ij
la
khoi lng san pham th i san xuat theo phng thc j trong mot n v thi gian vi chi
ph la c
j
, nhu cau cua xa hoi oi vi san pham th i la b
i
. Bai toan at ra la xac nh thi
gian can thiet cho moi phng thc san xuat sao cho tong chi ph nho nhat ma van am
bao nhu cau cho xa hoi tng loai san pham.
Neu goi khoang thi gian can thiet cho phng thc san xuat j la x
j
, ta co mo hnh toan
cua bai toan nay nh sau:
F = c x
j j
j
n
=

1
Min

>

=
j , x
i , b
j
i
n
1 j
j ij
x a

Bai toan oi ngau: Trong nhng ieu kien nh tren hay xac nh gia moi loai san pham
sao cho tong gia tr cua toan bo sa n pham theo nhu cau cua toan bo xa hoi ln nhat va
tong gia tr cac san pham theo phng thc san xuat th j khong vt qua c
j
. Goi y
i
la gia
cua moi n v san pham th i, ta co mo hnh toan nh sau:
G =

=
m
1 i
i i
y b Max
71

>
s

=
i , 0 y
j , c y a
i
m
1 i
j i ij

Bai toan QHTT nay chnh la bai toan oi ngau cua bai toan tren.
+ Cac tnh cat cua cap bai toan oi ngau
nh ly 1: X la mot PA cua bai toan goc, Y la mot PA cua bai toan oi ngau.
1. Neu bai toan goc F Min, bai toan oi ngau G Max th F(X)> G(Y).
2. Neu bai toan goc F Max, bai toan oi ngau G Min th F(X)s G(Y).
CM: 1. F X c x
j j
j
n
( ) = >
=

1
( ) ( ) a y x a x y
ij i j ij j
j
n
i
m
i
m
j
n
i
=
= = = =

1 1 1 1

=

= = + = + = = =
+ +
1 2
1 2
m
1 i
n
1 j
m
1 m i
m
1 m i
n
1 j
i j ij i
n
1 j
j ij i j ij
y ) x a ( y ) x a ( y ) x a (
> b y
i i
i
m
=

1
= G(Y) F(X) > G(Y)
2. Chng minh tng t.
nh ly 2: (nh ly can bang) Neu X* la PA cua bai toan goc, Y* la PA cua bai toan oi
ngau. Khi o dieu kien cn va u e X*, Y* la 2 phng an toi u tng ng la F(X*) =
G(Y*).
CM ieu kien u: Gia s bai toan goc co dang Min, bai toan oi ngau co dang Max. X*
la PAT cua bai toan goc khi va ch khi thoa hai ieu kien sau:
X* la PA cua bai toan goc.
F(X*) s F(X) vi moi X la PA cua bai toan goc.
T gia thiet bai toan ta co ieu kien th nhat, hn na theo nh ly 1 ta co F(X) > G(Y*) =
F(X*) Y*
Ta ghi nhan ieu kien can cua nh ly nay.
nh ly 3: (nh ly o lech bu yeu) Neu X* = (x*
1
, x*
2
, ..x*
n
) la PA cua bai toan goc,
Y*=(y*
1
, y*
2
, ..,y*
m
) la PA cua bai toan oi ngau. ieu kien can va u e X*, Y* la hai
PAT tng ng cua cap bai toan oi ngau la:

=
=

=
=
m
1 i
j j i ij
i i
n
1 j
j ij
0 * x } c * y a {
0 * y } b * x a {

nh ly nay la mot cach phat bieu khac cua nh ly 2 (Sv t CM, coi nh bai tap).
* Mi quan h gia cp bi ton i ngu:
Cho cp bi ton i ngu:

n
j j
j 1
n
ij j i
j 1
j
Z c .x Min (Max)
(I) a . x b (i 1, m)
x 0 j 1, n
=
=

= =

> =

vi moi i

vi moi j
72
v
m
i j
i 1
m
ij i j j
i 1
Z' b .x Max (Min)
(I ')
a . y c ( c ) (i 1, m)
=
=

s > =

Mi quan h gia hai bi ton c th hin trong cc nh l sau:
+ i vi cp bi ton i ngu bao gi cng ch xy ra mt trong 3 trng hp sau:
- C hai bi ton u khng c phng n.
- C hai bi ton u c phng n, lc c hai bi ton u c phng n ti u v
gi tr hm mc tiu ca chng bng nhau
- Mt trong 2 bi ton khng c phng n, bi ton kia c phng n, khi y bi ton
c phng n s khng c phng n ti u.
* Nu mt trong 2 bi ton i ngu c phng n ti u th bi ton kia cng c phng n
ti u.
* x
0
, y
0
l hai phng n ca bi ton (I), (I), khi x
0
, y
0
l phng n ti u khi v ch khi
Z(x
0
) = Z(y
0
)
CM
iu kin cn: c suy t nh l trn
iu kin : Gi x l phng n bt k ca bi ton (I), khi ta c:
n n m m n m
, 0 , , 0 0 0 0
j j ij i j ij j i i i
j 1 j 1 i 1 i 1 j 1 i 1
Z(x') c x a y x a x y b y Z'(y ) Z(x )
= = = = = =
| | | |
= > = = = =
| |
\ . \ .


Hay x
0
l phng n ti u. Mt khc do Z(x
0
) = Z(y
0
) nn theo nh l trn y
0
cng
l phng n ti u.
+ Tiu chun ti u
Hai phng n ca cp bi ton i ngu l phng n ti u khi v ch khi vi mi
cp rng buc i ngu nu mt rng buc tha mn vi du bt ng thc thc s th rng
buc kia tha mn vi du bng.
CM
x
0
= (x
1
0
, x
2
0
, .. , x
n
0
) v y
0
= (y
1
0
, y
2
0
, .. , y
m
0
) ln lt l phng n
ti u ca bi ton (I) v (I). Xt ng thc:
m n
0 0 0 0
i i j j
i 1 j 1
m n n
0 0 0
ij j i j j
i 1 j 1 j 1
n m n
0 0 0
ij i j j j
j 1 i 1 j 1
n m
0 0
ij i j j
j 1 i 1
Z'(y ) Z(x ) b .y c .x
a .x .y c .x
a .y .x c .x
a .y c .x
= =
= = =
= = =
= =
=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .





73
Do x
0
, y
0
l phng n ti u khi v ch khi:

n m
0 0 0 0
ij i j j
j 1 i 1
Z'(y ) Z(x ) a .y c .x 0
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .


iu kin cn: x
0
, y
0
l phng n ti u nn:

n m
0 0 0 0
ij i j j
j 1 i 1
Z'(y ) Z(x ) a .y c .x 0
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .


Mt khc ta c:
m
0 0
ij i j j
i 1
a .y c v x 0 j 1, n
=
s > =

, v vy:
Nu x
j
0
> 0 th
m
0
ij i j
i 1
a .y c
=
=

Nu
m
0
ij i j
i 1
a .y c
=
<

th x
j
0
= 0
iu kin : Hin nhin c suy ra t bt ng thc trn.
+ Tiu chun ti u pht biu cho cp bi ton i ngu tng qut
iu kin cn v 2 phng n x
0
, y
0
ca cp bi ton i ngu ti u l trong
mi cp rng buc i ngu nu rng buc ny tha mn vi du bt ng thc thc s th
rng buc kia tha mn vi du bng.
* ng dng ca bi ton i ngu:
Nh tiu chun ti u nn khi ta bit c phng n ti u ca mt trong cp bi
ton i ngu th ta d dng tm c phng n ti u ca bi ton cn li.
VD1: Cho bi ton QHTT sau:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
f (x) 3x 4x x min
3x 2x 4x 15
2x x 5x 8
4x 2x 2x 10
x 0; x 0; x 0
= + +
+ >

>

+ + >

> > s

Cho bit bi ton trn c phng n ti u l x
0
= (7, 0, -9). Hy lp v gii bi ton
i ngu ca bi ton trn.
Gii:
Bi ton i ngu l:
f(x) = 15y
1
+ 8y
2
+ 10y
3
Max
Cc rng buc:
-3y
1
+ 2y
2
+ 4y
3
s 3
2y
1
- y
2
+ 2y
3
s 4
-4y
1
-5y
2
+ 2y
3
s 1
Trong :
y
1
> 0, y
2
> 0, y
3
> 0
74
Do bi ton i ngu c phng n ti u l x
0
= (7, 0, -9) nn theo nh l lch b
yu ta c:
-3y
1
+ 2y
2
+ 4y
3
= 3 (1)
-4y
1
-5y
2
+ 2y
3
= 1 (2)
Mt khc khi thay phng n x
0
vo cc rng buc ca bi ton gc ta thy rng buc
th ba tha mn khng cht nn:
y
3
= 0 (3)
T h phng trnh (1), (2), (3) ta d dng suy ra nghim l y
0
= (3, 2, 0) ta thy
nghim ny tha mn hai rng buc cn li ca bi ton i ngu nn n l phng n ti u
ca bi ton i ngu.
Vy bi ton i ngu c phng n ti u l y
0
= (3, 2, 0) v g(y
0
) = 12.
VD2: Cho bi ton QHTT (I) sau:
f(x) = 2x
1
+ ox
2
+ x
3
- 3x
4
+ |x
5
=> MIN
Cc rng buc:
x
1
-2x
2
-2x
3
- 6x
4
- x
5
= -1
x
2
- x
3
+ 3x
4
- x
5
= 1
- x
1
- x
2
+ 2x
3
-5x
4
+ 2x
5
= -2
Trong : x
1
> 0, x
2
> 0, x
3
> 0, x
4
> 0, x
5
> 0
a. Chng t rng vect x
0
= (1, 0, 2, 1, 0) l mt phng n c bn khng suy bin ca
bi ton (I)
b. Hy xc nh tr s ca o, | x
0
l phng n ti u ca bi ton (I).
Gii:
a. vect x
0
= (1, 0, 2, 1, 0) tha mn cc rng buc ca bi ton nn n l mt phng
n v x
0
tha mn cht cc rng buc chnh nn x
0
l mt phng n c bn khng suy bin.
b. bi ton i ngu ca bi ton (I) s l:
g(y) = -y
1
+ y
2
2y
3
=> Max
Cc rng buc:
y
1
- y
3
s -2
-2y
1
+ y
2
- y
3
s o
2y
1
- y
2
+ 2y
3
s 1
-6y
1
+ 3y
2
-5y
3
s -3
- y
1
- y
2
+ 2y
3
s |
Trong : y
1
tu , y
2
tu , y
3
tu
V x
0
l phng n ti u ca bi ton gc nn theo nh l v lch b yu th:
y
1
- y
3
= -2
2y
1
- y
2
+ 2y
3
= 1
-6y
1
+ 3y
2
-5y
3
= -3
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c nghim y
0
= (-2, -5, 0), x
0
l phng n ti u th y
0
phi l phng n ti u ca bi ton i ngu nn y
0
cn tha mn cc rng buc cn li, tc
l:
75
-2.-2 + -5 - 0 s o
- -2 - -5 + 2.0 s |
Hay o > -1 v | > 7 th x
0
s l phng n ti u ca bi ton (I).

VD3: Giai bai toan oi ngau cua bai toan QHTT sau, dung nh ly o lech bu suy ra
PAT cua bai toan goc.
F = x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 3x
3
min

>
> +
>
> + +
> +
j ; 0 x
2 3 x 1 x
1 3 x 4
4 3 x 2 x 1 x 3
2 2 x 2 1 x
j

Giai:
Bai toan oi ngau: Bai toan dang chnh tac tng ng:
G = 2y
1
+ 4y
2
+ y
3
+ y
4
max G = 2y
1
+4y
2
+y
3
+ y
4
max

>
s + +
s +
s + +
i ; 0 y
3 y y 4 y
3 y y 2
1 y y 3 y
i
4 3 2
2 1
4 2 1

>
= + + +
= + +
= + + +
i ; 0 y
3 y y y 4 y
3 y y y 2
1 y y y 3 y
i
7 4 3 2
6 2 1
5 4 2 1

Lap bang n hnh va giai ta co bang cuoi cung nh sau:

CS C
B
PA y
1

2
y
2

4
y
3

1
y
4

1
y
5

0
y
6

0
y
7

0
y
1

y
6

y
3

2
0
1
1
1
3/4
1
0
0
3
-5
1/4
0
0
1
1
-2
1/4
1
-2
0
0
1
0
0
0
1/4
G 11/4 0 9/4 0 5/4 2 0 1/4
T bang n hnh ta co PAT : Y = (1, 0, 3/4, 0) G
max
= 11/4
Theo L o lech bu ta co:
X = (x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) la PAT cua bai goc X la PA cua goc va:
y
1
(x
1
+ 2x
2
- 2) = 0 x
1
+ 2x
2
= 2 (1)
y
2
(3x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
- 4) = 0 : Hien nhien
y
3
( 4x
3
- 1) = 0 4x
3
= 1 (2)
y
4
(x
1
+ x
3
- 1) = 0 : Hien nhien
x
1
(y
1
+ 3y
2
+ y
4
- 1 ) = 0 : Hien nhien
x
2
(2y
1
+ y
2
- 3) = 0 x
2
= 0 (3)
x
3
(y
2
+ 4y
3
+ y
4
- 3) = 0 : Hien nhien
T (1), (2), (3) :

=
=
= +

0
1 4
2 2
2
3
2 1
x
x
x x


x
1
= 2, x
2
= 0, x
3
= 1/4
Vay X = (2,0,1/4) la PAT cua bai toan goc, F
min
= 11/4
76
VD4: Vit bi ton i ngu ca bi ton sau:
1 2 3 4
1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 4
f (x) 2x x 3x x max
5x 4x x 2
x 2x x 2x 1
(I)
- x x 3x x 5
x 0; x 0; x 0
= + +
s

+ + s

+ + =

> s >

Gii:
Bi ton i ngu s l:
G(y) = 2y
1
- y
2
+ 5y
3
Min
Cc rng buc:
5y
1
+ y
2
- y
3
s 2
4y
1
- 2y
2
- y
3
> 1
y
2
- 3y
3
= 3
- y
1
- 2y
2
+ y
3
> 1
Trong : y
1
> 0, y
2
> 0, y
3
tu
VD5: Vit cp rng buc i ngu ca cp bi ton i ngu v d trn
Gii:
1 2 4 1
5x 4x x 2 v y 0 s >
1 2 3 4 2
x 2x x 2x 1 v y 0 + + s >
x
1
> 0 v 5y
1
+ y
2
- y
3
s 2
x
2
s 0 v - 4y
1
+ 2y
2
+ y
3
s - 1
x
4
> 0 v - y
1
- 2y
2
+ y
3
> 1

Bai tap
1. Giai bai toan QHTT c ban sau:
a/ F = x
2
3x
3
+ 2x
5
Min

>
= + + +
= + +
= + +
j ; 0 x
10 x x 8 x 3 x 4
12 x x 4 x 2
7 x 2 x x 3 x
j
6 5 3 2
4 3 2
5 3 2 1
F
Min
=-11,X =(0,4,5,0,0,11)
b/ F = 4x
1
+ 3x
2
Max

>
= +
= + +
= + +
j ; 0 x
4 x x
8 x x 2 x
6 x x x
j
5 1
4 2 1
3 2 1
F
Max
=22; X =(4,2,0,0,0)
2. Giai bai toan QHTT chnh tac sau:
a/ F = 3x
1
+ x
2
- 3x
3
Max
77

>
= +
= +
= +
j ; 0 x
4 x 2 x 3
5 x 5 x 10
2 x x 2 x
j
3 2
3 2
3 2 1
F
Max
= -4, X =(3,2,5)
b/ F = 2x
1
+ x
2
- x
3
Min

>
=
= + +
= +
j ; 0 x
23 x x 2 x
10 x x x 2 x 2
12 x x 2 x x 4
j
3 2 1
5 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
Bai toan khong co PAT
3. Giai bai toan QHTT tong quat sau:
F = -10x
1
- 3x
2
+ 2x
3
Min

>
> + +
= +
s +
j ; 0 x
1 x x 3 x
1 x 2 x x
2 x x x
j
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
F
Min
= -16.5, X = (1.5, 0.5, 0)
2. Cho bai toan QHTT:
F = ox
1
- 2x
2
+ x
3
min

= >
s +
s +
s
3 .. 1 j ; 0 x
10 x 5 x 2 x 4
6 x 6 x 2 x 7
7 x 2 x x
j
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
Trong o: o la tham so.
a) Giai va bien luan bai toan tren theo o
b) Viet bai toan oi ngau. Vi gia tr nao cua o th bai toan oi ngau co PAT


3. Cho bai toan QHTT sau ay:
F = 4x
1
+ 3x
2
max

>
>
s
s
0 x , x
4 x + 2x
10 x + x
0 4 2x - x
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1

a) Giai bai toan tren.
b) Viet bai toan oi ngau. Dung nh ly o lech bu e tm PAT cua bai toan oi ngau.
4. Giai bai toan QHTT sau ay:
F = 740x
1
+ 400x
2
+ 165x
3
min

= >
> + +
> + +
> + +
> + +
3 , 1 0
10 10 12
15 5 4 9
5 2 3
12 3 2 6
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
j x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
j

78
5. Giai bai toan QHTT sau ay:
F = 12x
1
+ 27x
2
+ 6x
3
min

= >
> + +
> + +
> + +
3 , 1 0
24 2 9 6
6 3
12 2 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
j x
x x x
x x x
x x x
j




79
BI TON VN TI
1. Bi ton vn ti tng qut
1.1. Thit lp bi ton:
Gi s c m a im A
1
, A
2
, . , A
m
cung cp mt lng hng ha vi khi lng
ln lt l a
1
, a
2
, . , a
m
ng thi c n a im tiu th hng ha : B
1
, B
2
, . , B
n
vi
cc yu cu ln lt l b
1
, b
2
, . , b
n
.
Gi A
i
(i = 1, 2, . , m) l trm pht th i
B
j
(j = 1, 2, . , n) l trm thu th j
a
i
, b
j
(i = 1, 2, . , m; j = 1, 2, . , n) l yu cu ca cc trm A
i
, B
j

Chi ph chuyn ch cho mt n v hng ha t A
i
n B
j
l c
ij
n v tin
Yu cu ca tt c cc trm thu bng vi yu cu ca tt c cc trm pht:
m n
i j
i 1 j 1
a b
= =
=

(Cn bng thu pht)
Vn t ra l: Lp k hoch vn chuyn sao cho tng chi ph nh nht vi iu
kin cc trm thu nhn hng v trm pht ht hng.
Thit lp bi ton:
Gi x
ij
l s n v hng chuyn t A
i
, n B
j
: x
ij
> 0. Ta c bi ton QHTT:
m n
ij ij
i 1 j 1
Z c .x Min
= =
=

Vi iu kin rng buc:
i1 i 2 in i
1j 2j mj j
x x ...... x a i 1, m
x x ...... x b j 1, n

+ + + = =

+ + + = =

1.2. Biu din bi ton di dng bng:
B
1
b
1
B
2
b
2

B
n
b
n
A
1
a
1
c
11
c
12

c
1n
A
2
a
2
c
21
c
22

c
2n

A
m
a
m
c
m1
c
m2

c
mn
nm hng i ct j c k hiu l (i,j)
Gi s ta c mt phng n ca bi ton vn ti, khi cc c lng hng dng
c gi l cc chn, cc c lng hng bng 0 c gi l cc loi.
Vng:
Thu B
j
Pht A
i
80
Mt dy cc chn ca mt phng n no ca bi ton vn ti s c gi l to
thnh vng nu mi trong dy u phi nm trn cng mt dng (ct) ch vi mt
ng trc n ng thi phi nm trn cng mt ct (dng) ch vi mt ng sau n.
Phng n c bn:
Mt phng n ca bi ton giao thng vn ti c gi l phng n c bn (cc
bin) nu cc chn ca phng n khng to thnh mt vng.
Mt phng n c bn c (m + n 1) chn gi l phng n c bn khng suy
bin nu t hn (m + n 1) chn gi l phng n c bn suy bin.
1.3. Cc tnh cht:
Tnh cht 1: Bi ton vn ti lun c phng n ti u.
Chng minh:
Xt h thng s:
i j
ij m
i
i 1
a .b
x i, j
a
=
=

Khi h thng s {x
ij
} l mt phng n v:
n
i j
n n
j 1 i j
ij i m m
j 1 j 1
i i
i 1 i 1
a . b
a .b
x a
a a
=
= =
= =
= = =

m m
i j
ij j m
i 1 i 1
i
i 1
a .b
x b
a
= =
=
= =

V a
i
> 0; b
j
> 0 nn:
i j
ij m
i
i 1
a .b
x 0 i, j
a
=
= >

Hm mc tiu b chn di:
m n
ij ij
i 1 j 1
Z c .x 0
= =
= >

Vy bi ton vn ti c phng n v hm mc tiu b chn di nn n c phng n
ti u.
Tnh cht 2: Trong mt phng n c bn bt k, s chn khng bao gi vt qu tng s
trm pht v trm thu tr i 1.
o l mt s chn ca phng n c bn th: o s m + n 1
Tnh cht 3: Vi phng n c (m + n 1) chn th mt loi bt k s to nn mt vng
duy nht.
2. Phng php tm phng n c bn xut pht


81
2.1. Phng php cc ph b nht.
Nguyn tc ca phng php: u tin phn phi ti a hng ln lt vo c cc
ph thp nht cho n khi trm pht ht hng v trm thu nhn hng.
Phng php tin hnh:
Bc 1: Tm c cc ph thp nht v phn phi ti a hng vo
Bc 2: iu chnh li lng hng cc trm thu v pht giao nhn hng, b i cc
nm trn dng (ct) c trm thu hay pht c lng hng bng 0.
Bc 3: Tm c cc ph thp nht trong cc cn li v phn phi ti a hng vo
.
Bc 4: Thc hin nh bc 2
Thc hin qu trnh ny lin tc cho n khi tha mn yu cu thu pht th ta c
mt phng n c bn ca bi ton.
V d: Tm phng n c bn xut pht bng phng php cc ph thp nht
B
1
: 40 B
2
: 75 B
3
: 60 B
4
: 70
A
1
: 45 82 73 74 79
A
2
: 90 80 75 81 79
A
3
: 110 80 77 77 82
2.2. Phng php Fogels:
Nguyn tc: u tin phn phi ti a hng ln lt vo c cc ph thp nht nm
trn dng hay ct c chnh lch cc ph nh nh v cc ph nh nht ln nht.
Phng php:
Bc 1: Tm phn phi hng u tin
1. Tnh hiu cc ph nh th nh v th nht trn cc dng v ct ghi tng
ng vo bn cnh cc dng, ct tng ng.
2. Tm hiu ln nht trong cc hiu v nm trn hng hoc ct c hiu ln
nht v c cc ph b nht l c phn phi hng u tin.
Bc 2:
1. Phn phi ti a hng vo c phn phi hng u tin.
2. iu chnh lng hng cc trm thu pht phn phi hng
3. B cc trn dng hoc ct c lng hng bng 0
Bc 3: Vi cc cn li tin hnh nh bc 1
Thc hin n khi tha mn yu cu thu pht ca cc trm ta s thu c phng n
c bn ca bi ton.
V d: Tm phng n c bn xut pht bng phng php Fogels:


B
1
: 40 B
2
: 75 B
3
: 60 B
4
: 70
A
1
: 45 82 73 74 79
82
A
2
: 90 80 75 81 79
A
3
: 110 80 77 77 82

3. Gii bi ton vn ti bng phng php th v
3.1. C s ca phng php:
Cho bi ton Vn ti vit di dng bi ton QHTT sau:
m n
ij ij
i 1 j 1
Z c .x Min
= =
=

Vi iu kin rng buc:
i1 i 2 in i
1j 2 j mj j
ij
x x ...... x a i 1, m
x x ...... x b j 1, n
x 0 i, j

+ + + = =

+ + + = =

>

Gi s x
0
= {x
0
ij
} l mt phng n c bn khng suy bin ca bi ton (I) trn. Bi
ton i ngu (I) ca bi ton (I) l:
m n
i i j j
i 1 j 1
i j ij
g(u, v) a .u b .v max
u v c i, j
= =
= +
+ s


Theo nh l lch b th:
iu kin cn v x
0

l mt phng n ti u ca bi ton (I) l tn ti mt
phng n (u
i
, v
j
) ca bi ton (I) tha mn hai iu kin sau:
i) u
i
+ v
j
= c
ij
vi x
0
ij
> 0
ii) u
i
+ v
j
s c
ij
Vi mi i, j
Nh vy vi phng n c bn khng suy bin x
0
= {x
0
ij
} ca bi ton vn ti cho
s l:
1. Chn c h thng (u
i
, v
j
) gi l h thng th v tha mn hai iu kin trn th x
0

l phng n ti u ca bi ton vn ti cho.
2. Nu ta khng chn c h thng th (u
i
, v
j
) tha mn hai iu kin trn th x
0
cha
phi l phng n ti u.
3.2. Phng php th v gii bi ton vn ti:
Bc 1:
1. Lp phng n c bn khng suy bin xut pht
2. Kim tra tnh khng suy bin ca phng n c bn xut pht
Trng hp 1: Nu phng n c tng s chn bng (m + n 1) th phng
n c bn xut pht l phng n khng suy bin ta chuyn sang bc 2.
Trng hp 2: Nu phng n c tng s chn b hn (m + n 1) th ta
phi b sung vo phng n c bn xut pht mt s chn c lng hng bng khng
c mt phng n khng suy bin sau chuyn qua bc hai.
Bc 2: nh gi tnh ti u ca phng n c bn xut pht
83
1. Xy dng h thng th v (u
i
, v
j
) ca phng n c bn xut pht c xy dng
theo cng thc u
i
+ v
j
= c
ij
nh sau:
- Cho th v dng u
1
nhn gi tr ty v ghi vo bn phi (thng chn u
1
= 0)
- Tm trn dng u
1
ti chn suy ra th v ct v
j
.
.
Tip tc qu trnh cho ti khi xc nh c ton b h thng th v (u
i
, v
j
).
2. Tnh A
ij
= u
i
v
j
c
ij
ti cc loi
3. Nu A
ij
s 0 th phng n c bn xut pht l phng n ti u.
Nu tn ti A
ij
> 0 th phng n cha ti u thut ton tip tc bng cch lp phng
n mi.
Bc 3: Xy dng phng n c bn mi
1. a loi c h s c lng dng A
ij
ln nht vo h thng chn
2. Tm a ra:
- T chn mi a vo ta ni cc chn cn li tm vng v vng ny c gi
l vng iu chnh (Vng ny tn ti duy nht v c s chn)
- Xc nh chn l: mi a vo nh s 1, t nh s cho cc trong vng
iu chnh.
- Tm chn c lng hng nh nht, gi s chn c lng hng q l nh nht ta
a ny ra khi chn.
3. Xy dng phng n mi:
- Cc l trong vng iu chnh c cng vo lng hng q, cc chn trong vng
iu chnh c tr i lng hng q.
- Cc nm ngoi vng c gi nguyn lng hng.
Bc 4: nh gi tnh ti u ca phng n c bn mi nh bc 2
Thut ton s kt thc sau mt s hu hn ln xy dng phng n c bn. Khi ta s tm
c phng n ti u v gi tr ti u ca bi ton vn ti.
V d: Cho bi ton:
B
1
: 40 B
2
: 75 B
3
: 60 B
4
: 70
A
1
: 45 82 73 74 79
A
2
: 90 80 75 81 79
A
3
: 110 80 77 77 82
Gii bi ton trn, phng n tm c c duy nht khng?
4. Mt s trng hp c bit ca bi ton vn ti
4.1. Bi ton vn ti khng cn bng thu pht.
Bc 1:
Nu
m n
i j
i 1 j 1
a b
= =
>

tc l tng pht ln hn tng thu, khi ta lp thm trm thu ph
B
n + 1
c yu cu:
84
m n
n 1 i j
i 1 j 1
b a b
+
= =
=


v cc ph vn chuyn ti trm B
n + 1
bng 0.
Nu
m n
i j
i 1 j 1
a b
= =
<

tc l tng pht ln hn tng thu, khi ta lp thm trm pht ph
A
m + 1
c yu cu:
n m
m 1 j i
j 1 i 1
a b a
+
= =
=


v cc ph vn chuyn t trm A
m + 1
bng 0.
Bc 2:
Sau ta tin hnh gii bnh thng, vi lu khi tm phng n c bn xut pht
bng phng php cc ph b nht ta u tin phn phi vo cc trm chnh. Phng n ti
u ca bi ton gc l phng n ti u ca bi ton ph b i ct ng vi trm thu ph.
V d: Gii bi ton vn ti sau:
140 150 180
150 5 4 6
100 8 5 9
145 11 6 12
100 9 7 13
4.2 Bi ton vn ti c cm
Trong thc t v nhiu l do dn ti hng khng th vn chuyn t trm pht ti trm thu no
v tng ng ca cc trm khng th phn phi hng v ta gi l cm.
Phng php: Gi s (i, j) l cm
Bc 1: Thay cc ph cm bng M (l s dng ln ty ) ta c bi ton vn ti m
rng ca bi ton cho (gi l bi ton gc).
Bc 2: Gii bi ton m rng vi lu khi tm phng n c bn xut pht ta phi
u tin phn phi hng vo bnh thng trc, cui cng mi phn phi hng vo cm.
Bc 3: Kt lun
Nu phng n ti u ca bi ton m rng c lng hng trong cm u bng
khng th bi ton gc c phng n ti u v phng n ti u ca bi ton gc l phng
n ti u ca bi ton m rng.
Nu phng n ti u ca bi ton m rng c t nht 1 cm c lng hng dng
th bi ton xut pht khng c phng n ti u.
85
V d: Gii bi ton vn ti:
50 100 25 25
50 8 15 16 10
100 10 5 9 15
50 10 14 11 13
Bit (2, 2) v (2, 4) l cc cm.
4. 3. Bi ton vn ti c hm mc tiu cc i:
Phng php gii bi ton vn ti c hm mc tiu cc i v c bn ging vi cc
gii mt bi ton vn ti thng thng ch cn ch cc vn sau:
1. Khi lp phng n c bn th phi u tin c cc ph ln nht
2. Khi kt lun tnh ti u ca phng n c bn th iu kin ti u l cc h s c
lng phi khng m.
3. Khi tm a vo th ta phi tm c c lng m nh nht.
V d:
Nng trng c 3 khu t A
1
, A
2
, A
3
c din tch tng ng l 250, 1400, 350 ha.
Nng trng nh trng 4 loi cy B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, B
4
vi din tch d nh l 500, 400, 600, 500
ha. Li nhun khi trng loi cy B
j
trn mt ha t A
i
l c
ij
c cho bi bng sau:
B
1
: 500 B
2
: 400 B
3
: 600 B
4
: 500
A
1
: 250 22 25 20 18
A
2
: 1400 30 32 25 28
A
3
: 350 29 28 25 23
Hy lp k hoch trng cy ti u ca nng trng (ngha l mt khu t dng bao
nhiu din tch trng mi loi cy sao cho li nhun t c l cao nht)