Professional Documents
Culture Documents
On
Submitted to
Submitted by
Mahendra Adhikari
M.Ed. in Mathematics
Facultyof Education
Tribhuvan University
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
1.2Focus of the Study
1.3Research Purpose
1.4Problem Statement
1.5Research objectives
1.6Research questions
1.7Rationale
1.8 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
1.9Limitations of the Study
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1Philosophical Considerations
3.2Methodological Approach
3.2.1 Population and sampling
3.2.2 Giving the Sampling Plan
3.2.3 Methods of Data Collection
3.2.4 Rationale for Data Collection
3.2.5 Developing the Rigor Criteria
3.2.6 Data Analysis
3.3Ethical Concern
3.4 Designing Chapter Plan
3.5Specifying Time Schedule
References
Appendices
2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
essential for all. As professionals, everyone hope for a continuous growth in their
professional reaches its impact as far as to the entire world. As such, teacher development has
through good teachers that better and useful citizens are produced who can contribute
towards the nation’s development. This implies that a defective teaching results in the
generation of ineffective knowledge and skill among the learners which consequently
jeopardizes a country’s development as Underhill (in Head and Taylor, 1997) rightly says,
“Development means ….. keeping myself on the same side of the learning fence as my
students. This is the only way I can keep alive a sense of challenge…..and avoid getting in a
Teacher development is the process of becoming ‘the best kind of teacher I personally can be’
(Underhill, 1986 in Head and Taylor, 1997). Unlike teacher training, which is usually a sort
of compulsion on the part of the teacher, teacher development draws on teacher’s own inner
resource for change and growth. It is centered on ‘personal awareness of the possibilities for
change’ (Head and Taylor, 1997, p.1). Teacher development is self driven continuous thirst
for professional growth to acquire self satisfaction out of teaching profession. It is an intrinsic
drive of a teacher to learn, grow and advance. As Ur (1991) says, “….. the professional
teachers need to develop theories, awareness of options and decision making abilities’; these
3
are not possible through mere trainings but one needs to be professionally aware by
There are several approaches which teachers can drive on to develop their professionalism. In
other words, there are tools which teachers can use as instruments for their professional
growth. Some of these tools are: reflective practices, action research, developmental
portfolios, mentoring, peer observation, keeping diaries and maintaining journals and so on
and forth.
From the perspective of Mathematics teaching, teacher development is not lesser a valid
phenomena than any other discipline. English language teachers are, in fact, the pillars for the
success of the other teachers considering the practices of English medium schools. The
private schools, at large, are English medium in Nepal where the contents of other subjects
are taught in English. To impart the concept of the content subjects to the learners, the role of
students’ linguistic proficiency is vital which implies that English language teacher
development holds a pivotal role in the overall education in Nepal. Therefore, based on this
backdrop, the researcher aims to uncover the teacher development processes of the secondary
level private schools’ English language teachers in Nepal drawing relevant information from
The general area of this proposed study is to find out the ongoing practices of the secondary
level Mathematics teachers in their professional growth and development. It seeks to evaluate
how well some of the teacher development tools are exploited by the mathematics teachers.
As Myrow (1977) says, if teachers aren’t part of the solution, they may become part of the
problem; this study will be dedicated to uncover the professional strategies of teachers
towards their development, pin point their problems, explore how well they are the ‘part of
4
the solution’ to the ongoing ELT phenomenology and recommend what can be done to
improve the problematic areas of teacher development processes in the area of this research
study.
The purpose of this research is academic. It will be done as a part of partial fulfillment of the
novice in the field of research, the researcher will benefit from this academic task with
opportunities to groom some concepts and knowledge about carrying out researches.
The statement of the problem is “An Exploration into the self Development practices of
mathematics Teachers.” My study will explore the strategies used by the Secondary level
development
b) To find out the teachers’ perception towards the use of teacher development tools.
c) To find out the extent to which the tools of teacher development are being exploited
by the teachers.
professionals.
5
1.6 Research Question
Research questions need to meet a number of requirements (Bryman, 2001; Holloway and
Wheeler, 1996; Marshall and Rossman, 1999; Morse, 1994; Pole and Lampard, 2002).They
need to be:
c) Capable of being researched through data collection : not too abstract, or question
theory
e) Informed by and connected to existing research or theory, but with the potential to
• To what extent are the tools of teacher development used by Secondary level
6
b) What strengths and weaknesses do the teachers have as teaching
professionals?
c) To what extent is the various tools of teacher development are being exploited
by the teachers?
1.7 Rationale
It is expected that the findings of this study will benefit many different stakeholders of
education. It will directly benefit the teachers because they will be able to conceptualize some
of the strategies that they can adopt in their everyday pedagogical practices. The teacher
educators will also equally be benefited as this study will help them to determine the areas
where the teachers are lacking. In other words, the teacher educators will be able to analyze
the need of the teaching practitioners and help them to design appropriate training materials.
Further, the school managers will also get an insight into the problems their teachers might
have in their schools in developing their profession and thus they will be able to incorporate
which is referred as theoretical and conceptual framework. Kumar (2006) says that
theoretical framework consists of the theories or issues in which our study is embedded and
the conceptual framework describes the aspects we select from the theoretical framework to
become the basis of our inquiry. The conceptual framework of this study is as follows:
7
STRENGTHS/WEAKNES ATTITUDES AND INSIGHTS
SES AS PROFESSIONAL FOR PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Peer
Observation
Reflective
Practices
8
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
For the purpose of this study, I went through the researches already done which are
relevant from the perspective of my research. I went through “Attitude of Public and Private
School Teachers towards Teaching Profession” an M. Phil dissertation of Mr. Bishwa Balla
Thapa published in 2001. In this work Mr. Thapa has uncovered some of the attutudinal
aspects of private school teachers. This dissertation has given me an insight into the
attitudinal dimension of teachers towards teaching professionalism in Nepal and has been
helpful to direct my own study. Similarly, I also went through “Transfer of Teacher Training
Skills in the Classroom Situation” an M. Phil thesis by Girman Thapa published in 2007. This
has been helpful in determining the various ongoing teacher training programmes in Nepal
and their impact towards the development of teachers. In the same way, I also got hold of
Kathmandu University library which was written by Mr. Tak Bahadur Galami in 2004 for his
M. Phil dissertation. This work gave me some ideas about the professional development
practices prevalent in higher education level and I have been able to draw some useful tips for
the purpose of my study. In the same way, “Teachers Perception and Practices of
for his M. Phil thesis by Shiv Ram Pandey in 2007 did trigger my insights into the teachers
techniques in motivating language learners. This has rendered me the capacity to estimate the
level of teachers’ awareness in language teaching and their professional development. Last
but no the least, an M. Ed dissertation written in 2008 by Ganesh Prasad Phuyal entitled “A
mathematics Language Teachers” was an eye opener for me because it saved me from getting
my work redundant as one of the tools, that is reflective practices, of teacher development has
9
already been explored through this research. The conclusions and findings of this research
gave me the idea as regards to what I could further explore. Mr. Phuyal concludes about
reflective practices – “very deplorable condition of the use of reflective practices in our
practices such as blaming trend, attitude problems of teachers, lack of interest, and
unsupportive school administration. This has triggered my attention to research on the other
tools of teacher development and look at how the situations are like.
To serve the purpose of guiding me in deciding the frame of my research work, I have
gone through the book “Research Methodology: A Step by Step Guide for Beginners” by
Ranjit Kumar published by Pearson Education Australia. This book gives an insight into what
a research work is and how it is to be carried out. I find it very friendly and comprehensible
resource for novice researchers like me. This would be one of the major sources of guidelines
for me during the entire process of this research work. Since my research is going to be a
Approaches” by John W. Creswell from Sage Publications, Inc will help me in the
An exploratory study in secondary and university education” a research work carried out in
the context of Dutch Interuniversity Center for Educational Research by Leiden University
will be resourceful for me to know exactly what a research work looks like and how to write
the report of a research. Keith Richard’s “Qualitative Inquiry in TESOL” will be another
important source of information for this qualitative study of mine besides the others which
will be referred if the situations demand me to have further references to fulfill the purpose of
my research.
development will be vital from which I will be drawing theoretical concepts for the
10
development of my research work. Up to this level of completing my proposal, I have been
able to draw the some concepts from the review of various literatures to help me develop a
Reimers (2003) provides an insight into what professional development is all about.
a person in his or her professional role.” This implies that teacher development is the growth
of a teacher as a teacher. Teacher development does not only have impact on the teacher
himself or herself but on the whole learners’ learning process, on the success of educational
reform. Teachers are lifelong researchers who will be researching till he or she quits teaching.
Getting into the teaching profession is vastly different from getting into any other profession.
The beginning teacher should know “the school structure, culture of teaching and appropriate
A teacher should be well acquainted with the resources available to his her access. He
or she must be able to exploit the tools for teacher development such as reflective practices,
action research, and role of portfolios and so on. Most importantly a teacher should be a
reflective practitioner. “Tutor and students must be able to relate to each other within a
particular paradigm…… whether they are aware of it or not” (Bolton, 2001, p. 24). This
speaks of the vitality of reflection between a teacher and a learner. Mathematics teachers need
to be professionally aware of the accurate tool to fit a particular purpose of language teaching
activity as Hammond and Bransford (2005, p. 158) says teachers must remember that
language is an act of identity, which means that even with their good faith, efforts and
not automatically incorporate new school varieties of language into their linguistic
repertoires. This implies that mere trainings are insufficient but a lifelong developmental
process is highly demanding to tackle various problems emerging from the classroom.
11
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
According to Snape and Spencer (2003), “Indeed, how researchers carry it out
depends upon a range of factors including: their beliefs about the nature of the social world
and what can be known about it (ontology), the nature of knowledge and how it can be
acquired (epistemology) the purposes s and goals of the researcher, the finders of the
research, and the position and environment of the researchers themselves” (p.1)
Ontology
According to Snape and Spencer (2003 ‘ontology’ is concerned with beliefs about
what there is to know about the words .Within social research, ontological questions concern:
a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that
can exist for an agent or a community of agents. And it is certainly a different sense of word
than its use in philosophy. So, ontology is a specification used for making ontological
(i.e., ask queries and make assertions) in a way that is consistent with respect to the theory
specified by an ontology. It has explained the nature of reality as subjective, multiple, and
by a person; and society refers to a collection of persons with shared characteristics, and
geometry deals to a collection of a specific kind of intellectual activity. Any ontology must
12
Epistemology
answer the basic questions: what distinguishes true knowledge from false knowledge?
Practically, this question translates into issues of scientific mythology. It also forms one of he
pillars of the sciences of cognition, which, which developed from the information processing
approach to psychology.
When we look at the history of epistemology, we can discern a clear trend, in spite of
the confusion of many seemingly contradictory positions. The first theories of knowledge
stressed its absolute, permanent character, whereas the latter theories put the emphasis on its
relativity or situation –dependence, its continuous development or evolution, and its active
interfere with the world and its subjects and objects. The whole trend moves from a Plato’s
independent of any subject trying apprehended to them. Further epistemology analyze the
standards of justification for knowledge claims, that is, he grounds on which one can claim to
know a particular fact and subscribes the nature of knowledge as soft , tangible ,spiritual,
subjective ,and so on. And the knowledge is constructed with the share information, which
the classroom setting, teachers and students are the co-constructor of the knowledge. So as
they also create the classroom culture as they are actively building up the rapport between
Axiology
Axiology is the science of human values which, enables us to identify the internal
valuing systems that influence our perceptions, decisions and actions – to clearly understand
regarding what there is to know about the world or why what we do. The value is dynamic,
13
social, and individual. The social values and norm are generated with the meaning
negotiation among the people, which is relative to interaction, relation cooperation. So they
are dynamic and they are continuously been changing with the interaction.
subject matter. In order to explore the strategies used by secondary level mathematics
Teachers for their development, I will present the experience of the samples of my target
research to gather data which are to be used as a basis for inference and interpretation and
prediction (p44), so method is used mainly for data gathering that incorporates technique and
procedure to collect data.” Since my study is descriptive one, it will embrace qualitative
method of research.
There are two main methods of sampling (Cohen and Holliday, 1979, 1982, 1996:
Schofield, 1996). The research must decide whether to opt for a random sampling or
level mathematics teachers in Kathmandu district, it is quite difficult to collect data from all
the secondary level teachers in Kathmandu district .Therefore, I am going to collect data from
total forty secondary level mathematics language teachers. Among them I will select fifteen
teachers from the country side that is to represent the rural areas in Kathmandu and twenty
five teachers from the urban areas. Thus I will adopt random sampling for this purpose.
14
For each group I will select sufficient people and the sample will be selected
randomly from each group e.g. rural areas and urban areas. I will not be considering the
gender bases.
According to Legard, Keegan and Ward, “In-depth unstructured interviews are one of
the main methods of data collection used in qualitative research.” Classic ethnographers such
as Malinowski stressed the importance of talking to people to grasp their point of view
(Burgess, 1982), and personal accounts are seen as having central importance in social
For my study, I will prepare questionnaire, and interview questions. I will conduct
interview, group discussion, and group interview. For interview the respondents will be
requested for their time. They will be directly interviewed and their answers will be either
recorded or noted down. In case if the respondents cannot give time they will be given a
questionnaire and they will answer the questions listed their in the questionnaire.
will be undertaken. Hence, interview, and questionnaire will be the powerful data tools for
this research.
15
It is not possible to investigate the entire secondary level mathematics teachers from
Kathmandu. Thus to maintain validity in this research I will be conscious enough to select
scientific number of population. I will select total forty respondents: fifteen teachers from the
country side that is to represent the rural areas in Kathmandu and twenty five teachers from
the urban areas. As we know there are many secondary level schools, it won’t be reliable to
collect the data from the limited schools. Therefore I will select the respondents for data
collection from different schools. To make the findings reliable the information provided by
the respondents through questionnaire and interview will be checked, compared and analyzed
consciously.
After interview and questionnaire each issue will be thematized and they will be given
certain headings and a conclusion will be drawn from each topic. It will be an interpretational
data analysis.
Since this study is an descriptive one the participants/interviewee’s name will not be
mentioned. Even if they disclose their identity in questionnaire, their identity will be kept
confidential. Besides, the interview will be recorded only with prior permission.
rationale etc.)
Chapter 2: Literature Review (review of books, articles and other related journals etc.)
16
Chapter 3: Research Methodology (Philosophical consideration, population and sampling,
implication etc)
The tentative time for my study is about 10 weeks and the schedule is as follows:
2nd week: the respondent will be visited at different time as per their
3rd week: the respondents will be asked to fill the questionnaire with their answer
17
References
and J.
3. McIntyre. D.J & Byrd, D.M. (1996). Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers: The Field
6. Head & Taylor. (1997). Readings in Teacher Development. Katie Head and Pauline
18
9. Reimers, E.V. (2003). Teacher professional Development: an international review of
Appendices
Questionnaire
Dear Respondents,
Here are some of the questions or the statements that are related to exploring the Self-
development Practices of Secondary Level mathematics Teachers in Kathmandu District.
Please help me by completing the questionnires as honestly as possible because the realiabilty
and validity of this research work is expected not only to fulfill my requirements but it is also
expected to contribute some useful information to our existing mathematics education
scenario. This will certainly pave a new way to look at the problematic areas as well as
inadequacies in teachers’ professional development. I am hopeful that you would honestly
help me in this noble cause.
School: ___________________________________________________________________
Address: __________________________________________________________________
19
Academic Qualification(s): ____________________________________________________
Questions:
Directions: For each of the following questions, I have provided four options from which you
are requested to tick ( ) the closest and appropriate ONE from your own perspective. You
can draw from your own intuition, your experiences, feelings and opinions to answer the
questions.
1. In which one of the following areas, do you think that you are very good at?
2. In which of the following areas, do you think you are not very good at?
3. In your opinion, which one of the following do you think best measures your
development as a teacher?
20
c) Getting to participate in a maximum number of trainings _________
4. To what extent do you agree to the statement “I have achieved sufficient academic and
professional skills and there are not many things left for me to do in this regard”?
b) Agree ___________
c) Disagree ___________
Please read the following and respond to the questions through question no. 5 to 7.
Classroom action research is one of the tools for teacher development. It begins with a
question or questions about classroom experiences, issues, or challenges. It is a reflective
process which helps teachers to explore and examine aspects of teaching and learning and
to take action to change and improve.
5. To what extent do you agree that classroom action research will be a useful tool in the
everyday teaching practices in your context?
b) Agree ___________
c) Disagree ___________
6. How often have you used the tool of classroom action research in your teaching
practices?
b) Often ___________
21
c) Rarely ___________
d) Never ___________
7. Which one of the following do you think is the most possible hindrance mathematics
teachers, in your context, might have in carrying out classroom action research?
Please read the following and respond to the questions through question no. 8 to 10.
Reflection is one of the tools for teacher development. It means thinking about and learning
from what happens in your classroom. Reflecting on what you do, why and how you do it,
what the effects on your learners are, helps you to identify and take action on areas for
improvement.
8. To what extent do you agree that reflective practices will be a useful tool in the everyday
teaching practices in your context?
b) Agree ___________
c) Disagree ___________
9. How often have you used the tool of reflection in your teaching practices?
b) Often ___________
c) Rarely ___________
22
d) Never ___________
10. Which one of the following do you think is the most possible hindrance mathematics
teachers, in your context, might have in implementing reflective practices?
Please read the following and respond to the questions through question no. 11 to 13.
Peer observation is a tool to help teachers find out about their own and their colleagues'
classroom practices so that they can take action to change and develop. It can be used
whenever teachers want feedback, for example, on teaching approaches, on learner
behaviour, on classroom management issues, or as part of classroom action research
projects. It involves a teacher sitting in on a lesson given by a teaching colleague and
making notes or completing a form which will be used to give feedback. It is intended to
provide a supportive framework where teachers can explore and share ideas about
teaching and learning. It is a two-way learning process - the teacher and the observer
learn from the experience.
11. To what extent do you agree that peer observation will be a useful tool in the everyday
teaching practices in your context?
b) Agree ___________
c) Disagree ___________
23
12. How often have you used the tool of peer observation in your teaching practices?
b) Often ___________
c) Rarely ___________
d) Never ___________
13. Which one of the following do you think is the most possible hindrance mathematics
teachers, in your context, might have in implementing peer observation?
Please read the following and respond to the questions through question no. 14 to 16.
Teacher diary is a bit like a personal diary where you record events, thoughts and
observations. With a teacher diary you write about your experiences as a teacher.
It provides a focus for reflecting on things which happen in your class and why they happen
in the way that they do.
14. To what extent do you agree that teacher diary will be a useful tool in the everyday
teaching practices in your context?
b) Agree ___________
c) Disagree ___________
24
15. How often do you maintain teacher diary in your teaching practices?
b) Often ___________
c) Rarely ___________
d) Never ___________
16. Which one of the following do you think is the most possible hindrance mathematics
teachers, in your context, might have in implementing peer observation?
Please read the following and respond to the questions through question no. 17 to 19.
17. To what extent do you agree that keeping and managing portfolios will be useful in the
everyday teaching practices in your context?
b) Agree ___________
25
c) Disagree ___________
18. Which one of the following do you think is the most possible hindrance English
language teachers, in your context, might have in implementing peer observation?
Thank you very much for your help. I am greatly pleased for the sincere help and support you
have given me. I know completing all these questions must have been tedious and boring but
this help of yours means a lot to me.
Mahendra Adhiakri
Tribhuvan University
26