Mobile communications and Fading (EC 60054)

Spring 2009-10 Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering IIT Kharagpur

Dr. Suvra Sekhar Das suvra@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in

Lecture 0 on and 1

Dr. Suvra Sekhar Das suvra@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in

Lecture 0 on 4/01/2010

Broad Coverage Area of the course Expectation from the course Pre-requisites if any Administrative information

Contents
Introduction & Historical Review Uses of Mobile Radio Different Services Path Loss, Wireless Link Multi-path fading and fading channels, Diversity Techniques, Equalization, Analog and digital Modulation techniques for mobile radio Multiple access methods, Cellular Systems & Frequency Reuse, Capacity, Cellular Networks, signalling and control, connection to fixed networks, Mobile Radio Transmitters , Rx and link design, Systems eg. GSM, CDMA, 3G Cellular, + WiMAX, 3GPP-LTE ++ RRM, Radio Network Planning, MAC & Link control mechanisms, +++ Radio Access Technologies, WCDMA, OFDM(A), SC-FDMA, Air Interfaces in 3G, UWB, MIMO concepts

Schedule
1
7:30-8:25

2
8:30-9:25

3
9:30-10:25

4
10:30-11:25

5
11:30-12:25

W E D T H U F R I

F1 C2 C3 C4 D4 F2 E4 G3 E3

R M O

E1

B4

F4

Schedule
1
7:30-8:25

2
8:30-9:25

3
9:30-10:25

4
10:30-11:25

5
11:30-12:25

6
1:30-2:25

7
2:30-3:25

8
3:30-4:25

M O N T U E W E D T H U F R I

A1

A2

C1

B1

D1

U2

B2

B3

D2

D3

A3

H2

C2

C3

F1

A4

E1

X N V2

D4

F2

C4

E2

B4

G3

E3

E4

F3

F4

I2

Teaching Assistants
Vishal Supekar

Sabyasachi Rajkumar

Geetanjali

..

Lecture 1, on 1/12/2008
Contents Course Contents & syllabus Need for wireless communications Key factors Driving Wireless History of Cellular Telephony Recent and Future Trends, Applications driving Wireless

Need to be wireless.where wire-line is limited

Human Connectivity ? Remote control of instruments

Defense Forces

Need to be wireless.where wire-line is limited

Emergency

Rural

Need to be wireless.where wire-line is limited

Always Connected Anytime, Anywhere, Anything

[internet resources, comcast]

Key factors Driving Wireless

MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE SUPPORT COST of new deployment in sparsely populated areas

Challenge1 Minimize Power requirement , Maximize Coverage Good system design Good transmission technology and link budget Good Receiver algorithm design equalization, synchronization, decoding Good Receiver and Transmitter implementation VLSI, CMOS technology Mobility support Handover Roaming

Introduction
Further uses of mobile radio: look up text books A brief history of wireless evolution

Wireless Era

1860

Pioneer Era

1860 - 1921

1921

Precellular Era 1921 - 1980

1980
Ref: Prasad Lecture Notes

Cellular Era

1980 - 2010+

Pioneer Era
Pioneer Era 1860s Maxwell develops fundamental laws of electromagnetics 1880s Heinrich Hertz proves existence of EM waves

1860

1890s Nicola Tesla demonstrates radio telegraphy 1890s Alexander Popov builds first radio receiver

1921

1890s Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose rings a bell remotely Early1900s Gugliemo Marconi - First Transatlantic radio communication

1980
Ref: Prasad Lecture Notes

1912

Sinking of the Titanic highlights the importance of wireless communications on the seaways. In the following years marine radio is established.

Pre-Cellular Era
Pre-Cellular Era 1921 1933 1938 1940 1948 1948 Detroit police department conducts field tests with mobile radio In the United States, four channels in the 30-40MHz range In the United States, ruled for regular services Wireless communications is stimulated by World War II First commercial fully automated mobile telephone system is deployed in Richmond, United States Claude Shannon publishes two benchmark papers on Information Theory, containing the basis for data compression (source encoding) and error detection and correction (channel encoding) Microwave telephone and communication links are developped Introduction of trunked radio systems with automatic channel allocation capabilities in the United States Commercial mobile telephone system operated in many countries (e.g. 100 million moving vehicles on US highways, B-Netz in (West-) Germany.

1860

1921
1950s 1960s

1980
Ref: Prasad Lecture Notes

1970s

Cellular Era
Cellular Era 1980s 1990s Deployment of analogue cellular systems Digital cellular deployment and dual mode operation of digital systems Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems (FPLMTS) / International Mobile Telecommunciations 2000 (IMT-2000) / Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) deployed with multimedia services Wireless broadband communications will be available with B-OFDM and All IP

1860

2000s

1921
2010s

1980
Ref: Prasad Lecture Notes

2010s + Radio over fibre (such as fibre-optic microcells)

Recent and Future Wireless Communications Systems

Applications --Technologies

Mobile Communications Roadmap

Mobility 1995 2000 2005
3G+ (B3G) 3G
O/ V-D E 0 A 200 /HSDP A M A D C DM W-C

2010+

4G

High Speed 2G 1G
( Analog ) AMPS ETACS JTACS NMT ( Digital ) A DM T / SM A/ G M CD

( IMT2000 )

DV

Medium Speed

WiBro 802.16e

Low Speed

2.4 GHz WLAN

5 GHz WLAN 802.11b Bluetooth PAN

High speed WLAN g a/Wi-Max 1 1 2. 80

WPAN

RFID ZigBee MANet

~ 14.4 kbps

144 kbps

384 kbps

<50 Mbps

<100 Mbps

Data Rates

Ref: Prasad lecture notes

Family Tree of Wireless Systems

High speed WLAN

4G/ IMT-A
WiBro 802.16e WiMAX

PN & PN Federation

2010+
WPAN

3G
2.4 GHz WLAN

2000 1997 1995

2G

Bluetooth

1990

1G

1980
Ref: Prasad lecture notes

Time Required for New Technology Development and Deployment

Deployment

Implementation
Spectrum allocation

Set goal

Set requirements

Standardization + enhancement

10 years
Ref: Prasad lecture notes

Multiple Convergence Concept

Satellites and broadcasting PANs and BANs

HAPS

Interactive Globalinteractive Global communication system (4G) (4G)

Personalization, context, location, presence, security, and identity

FWA and wired communications Cellular-based systems, such as 2G, 3G, and beyond 3G WLANs, such as IEEE 802.11a, HIPERLAN 2, and MMAC

Ref: Prasad lecture notes

History of cellular telephony

1970s/1980s

1982/1992

1992/2001

./2007,2012,

2017

.It is dangerous to put limits on wireless data rates..

Ref: Channelization, Link Adaptation and Multi-antenna Techniques for OFDM(A) BasedWireless Systems: Muhammad Imadur Rahman

History of cellular telephony

1970s/1980s

1982/1992

1992/2001

./2007,2012,

2017

Ref: NEC slides at nmsa 08

History of Networks
1830's Gauss and Weber develop a small scale telegraph system (tele=distant, graph=writing) in Gottingen 1840 Samuel Morse patents the practical telegraph 1844 Morse sets up 40-mile telegraph line between Washington, DC, and Baltimore 1876 Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson demonstrate and patent the telephone (tele=distant, phone=voice). 1950's Late in the decade, several "push-to-talk" mobile systems established in big cities for CB-radio, taxis, police, etc. 1950's Late in the decade, the first paging access control equipment (PACE) paging systems established 1950's Late in the decade, AT&T introduced a 300-bps modem (Bell 103) and 1200-bps modem (Bell 202) using frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation 1960's Early in the decade, the Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS) developed with simultaneous transmit & receive, more channels, and greater power 1960's Early in the decade, AT&T introduced a 2400-bps modem (Bell 201)using 4phase phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation 1962 The first communication satellite, Telstar, launched into orbit 1964 The International telephone numbering plan defined in ITU-T's recommendation E.163 which has governed the country codes, area codes, and local numbering system
http://williamstallings.com/Extras/Telecom.html

History of Networks
1968 The CCITT (Now ITU-T) standards organization publishes first "Group 1" standards for facsimile machines 1968 DARPA selected BBN to develop the ARPANET, the father of the modern Internet 1960's Late in the decade, modems appear at 4800 bps using 8-phase PSK and at 9600 bps using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with a 16-point constellation 1970 First low-loss optical fiber announced having an attenuation of 20 dB/km 1970's Packet switching emerges as an efficient means of data communications, with the X.25 standard emerging late in the decade 1976 Ethernet invented by Robert Metcalf, leading to 1-Mbps to 10-Mbps Ethernet local area networks (LANs) based on the IEEE 802.3 standard 1977 The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), invented by Bell Labs, first installed in the US with geographic regions divided into "cells" (i.e., cellular telephone) 1978 The L5E-carrier system installed to support 132,000 telephone using frequency division multiplexing over 10 pairs of coax cables 1983 January 1, TCP/IP selected as the official protocol for the ARPANET, leading to rapid growth ISDN, SONET, LAN, ATM, LEO Satellite Systems 1993 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) established for reliable transmission over the internet in conjunction with the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) ADSL .
http://williamstallings.com/Extras/Telecom.html