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OBSERVATION SHEET

Name Index No Practical Group :- Kaushalya K.H.A :- 090254 L :- Adjustable speed induction motor drive :- G 7

Date of Prac: :- 17.06.2013 Instructed By :- Dr. Buddhika Jayasekara & Dr. D.P.Chandima

Measurement of Speed control characteristics

Speed input potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Vdc (V) 12 16 24 36 44 48 48 54 94 166 196

Vs (V) 0 16 20 32 37 40 40 48 78 136 158

Is (A) 0.75 1.05 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.85 0.7 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.85

Ws (W) 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 6 7

fs ( kHz ) 0.015 0.026 0.037 0.048 0.06 0.079 0.142 0.252 0.3 fs/6(Hz) 2.5 4.33 6.17 8 10 13.17 23.67 42 50

Nr ( rpm ) 0 0 72.5 126.9 177.7 230 285.5 324 681 1225 1475

Vs / f s ( V / Hz) 8 7.38 6 5 4 3.65 3.30 3.24 3.16

Measurement of Speed control characteristics with voltage control Speed input potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vs (V) 82 82 100 118 130 146 162 178 192 Vdc (V) 100 100 122 144 160 176 196 210 232 Nr ( rpm ) 737 737 743 747 748 750 751 751 752 Is (A) 0.65 0.65 0.75 0.9 1 1.15 1.3 1.45 1.7 Ws (W) 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5

Measurement of motor input waveforms

Graphs
b) Measurement of speed control characteristics Speed input potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 fs (Hz) 0.00 0.00 2.50 4.33 6.17 8.00 10.00 13.17 23.67 42.00 50.00 Nr (rpm) 0 0 72.5 126.9 177.7 230 285.5 324 681 1225 1475

Motor speed (Nr) Vs Frequency (fs)


1600

1400

1200

1000

Nr (rpm)

800

600

400

200

0 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 fs (Hz) 40.00 50.00 60.00

Speed input potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

fs (Hz) 0.00 0.00 2.50 4.33 6.17 8.00 10.00 13.17 23.67 42.00 50.00

Vs / f s (V/Hz) 0 0 8 7.38462 6 5 4 3.64557 3.29578 3.2381 3.16

Vs/fs Vs Frequency (fs)


9

Vs/fs (V/Hz)

0 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 fs (Hz) 40.00 50.00 60.00

Speed input potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

fs (Hz) 0.00 0.00 2.50 4.33 6.17 8.00 10.00 13.17 23.67 42.00 50.00

Is (A) 0.75 1.05 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.85 0.7 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.85

Stator current (Is) Vs Frequency (fs)


1.6

1.4

1.2

Is (A)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 fs (Hz) 40.00 50.00 60.00

Speed input potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

fs (Hz) 0.00 0.00 2.50 4.33 6.17 8.00 10.00 13.17 23.67 42.00 50.00

Ws (W) 2 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 60 120 140

Motor power (Ws) Vs Frequency (fs)


160

140

120

Ws (W)

100

80

60

40

20

0 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 fs (Hz) 40.00 50.00 60.00

c) Measurement of speed control characteristics with voltage control

Voltage feed-back potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vs (V) 82 82 100 118 130 146 162 178 192

Nr (rpm) 737 737 743 747 748 750 751 751 752

Motor speed (Nr) Vs Voltage (Vs)


754

752

750

748

746 Nr (rpm) 744 742 740 738 736 0 50 100 Vs (V) 150 200 250

Voltage feed-back potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vs (V) 82 82 100 118 130 146 162 178 192

Is (A) 0.65 0.65 0.75 0.9 1 1.15 1.3 1.45 1.7

Stator Current (Is) Vs Voltage (Vs)


1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1 Is (A) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 Vs (V) 150 200 250

Voltage feed-back potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vs (V) 82 82 100 118 130 146 162 178 192

Ws (W) 40 40 40 60 60 60 80 80 100

Motor power (Ws) Vs Voltage (Vs)


120

100

80 Ws (W) 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 Vs (V) 150 200 250

Discussion
i. What is the motive for keeping V/f constant with adjustable speed drives? At steady state, the voltage applied to the stator of an induction motor is directly proportional to the product of stator flux ( and angular velocity ( (On the assumption of neglecting the stator resistance and inductance). The following derivation could be obtained by this principle.

So,

Also the torque () developed by the motor is directly proportional to the magnetic field produced by the stator.

Therefore by varying the voltage and frequency keeping V/f intact, the torque can be kept constant throughout the speed range.The voltage and frequency reaches the maximum value at the rated speed of the machine. As a commonly used method for speed controlling, V/f control provides with certain advantages to the user of the machine: The stable operating region of the machine is increased. Instead of running at its rated speed, themotor can be run typically from 5% of the synchronous speed up to the rated speed. The torque generated bythe motor can be kept constant throughout this region. Since almost constant rated torque is available over the entire operating range, the speed range of the motorbecomes wider. User can set the speed as per the load requirement, thereby achieving the higher efficiency. Lower starting currents could be achieved by suitable varying V/f while staring torque could also be boosted by increasing the voltage in this control mode.

ii.

Why not V is increased with f for speeds above the rated speed, and how this affects the motor torque. Keeping V/f constant for the speeds above the rated speed is not implemented because to maintain the same ratio of V/f, a rise in the applied voltage would be needed which is not permissible beyond the rated voltage which has already been reached when the rated speed is achieved. Stator voltage is not increased beyond rated voltage to avoid insulation break down. The speed beyond the rated speed is therefore obtained by raising the frequency alone hence weakening the magnetic flux as 1/f. This results in a reduction in the in available torque. This phenomenon can be explained by the same formula mentioned earlier which is .

iii.

Compare the degree of speed controllability with frequency control and voltage control Voltage control: It can be theoretically proven that the torque developed by the induction machine varies approximately as the square of the applied voltage and steady state operation occurs when the machine torque balances the load torque. Therefore the rotor speed is determined by the load torque and the applied voltage when the frequency is fixed. When the load torques are considered in voltage control mode, the speed control is limited in the case of constant torque load and is substantially wide with the variable torque load. This method is generally used for small or medium size motors. Frequency control: By using variable frequency control, the speed of the motor could be adjusted either above or below rated speed. A properly designed variable frequency induction motor can control the speed over a range from as little as 5% of rated speed up to about twice rated speed. As shown in the following diagram the torque speed characteristics in frequency control varies on each side of the rated speed.

iv.

Comment on the motor voltage and current waveforms. Voltage wave form obtained from the oscilloscope takes approximately the shape of a square waveform with six steps as it is an output from a six step inverter. Current wave form takes a shape of an approximate sinusoidal waveform with a substantial amount of distortion mainly due to the harmonics produced from switching the thyristors and the control circuit; therefore it consists of deviations from a purely sinusoidal wave.

v.

Outline the salient features of control circuit giving reasons for the use of different potentiometers. Slow-up/slow-down circuit: This circuit is used to smoothen the speed input signal by removing the sharp edges, noise, spikes etc. This is achieved through the potentiometers VR1 and VR2 by adjusting the rate of change of speed input signals.

N-1 amplifier: In this circuit, first the output from slow-up/slow-down circuit is compared with the dc link voltage feedback signal and that resulting signal is again compared with the dc link current feedback signal. Potentiometers VR1 and VR2 are respectively used to adjust these dc link voltage and current feedback ratios. Also a current control loop is incorporated in this circuit for stability reasons and for protection purposes like clamping the maximum current at some predetermined value. VR2 and VR4 are added to adjust the control signal transients from the comparators and VR5 to adjust the signal range in the current control loop.

EE 4092: Laboratory Practice IV

Adjustable Speed Induction Motor Drive

Name Index No Group Date of Practical Date of Submission Instructed By

: K.H.A.Kaushalya : 090254L : G-07 : 17.06.2013 : 01.07.2013 : Dr. Buddhika Jayasekara & Dr. D.P.Chandima

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