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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Introduction
Conceptual, geometrical, and operational features of underground long structures, make their seismic behavior very distinct from aboveground structures Imposed seismic ground deformations rather than inertial forces dominate the structures seismic response Relative lack of well-documented case histories, lack of well validated methodologies and lack of specific guidelines and seismic code regulations for seismic design
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Introduction
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Summary
To provide a short but comprehensive review of the analysis and design methods of long underground structures To highlight and discuss some open issues mentioned before To provide a short review and ongoing research activities of underground structures vulnerability and risk assessment under seismic loading Example:
an immersed tunnel that is planned to be constructed also in Thessaloniki, is utilized as a typical example
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Contents
Typology construction methods case studies Observed damages and behavior in past earthquakes Design principles in practice Determination of input motion
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Typology
cut and cover (center columns or wall) cut and cover (vertical tubes)
Power et al.,1996
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Station Entrance
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Construction methods
Bored linear underground structures (e.g. tunnels) Usually circular cross sections Cut and cover type structures (e.g. tunnels or subway stations, parking and metro stations) - Rectangular cross sections Immersed structures (e.g. immersed tunnels) Segmented constructions connected through special joints
Before Initial Contact gasket supporting plate bolts roof After installation of Omega bolts grout fill roof
Gina gasket
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steel strip
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
open exit ramp from Politechniou Str. exit tunnel branch towards Politechniou Str.
1
A 3 3 3 3
service building C
2 3
2 2
E
E
C 2 C
western cut and cover tunnel
B B
A
service building B el ed tunn immers
eastern cut and cover tunnel open exit ramp towards M. Alexandrou Ave.
Thermaikos Gulf
Section C-C : Section B-B : cut and cover tunnel (1 lane) cut and cover tunnel (2x3 lanes)
legends immersed tunnel cut and cover tunnels open entry / exit ramps service buildings number of traffic lanes
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Cross section
35.1
P1
7.5
1.1
1.3
P4
17
0.6
1.45
P5
P6
17
1.1
B-B Section B-B water - Thermaikos bay tunnel cross section GM Well graded gravels sand mixtures CL Stiff sandy silty clay CL Very stiff sandy clay Vs =130m/s, =18.6kN/m Vs =270m/s, =21.0kN/m Vs =380m/s, =21.5kN/m
A-A
0.00 m
Section A-A
8.8
SM-SC Loose silty clayey sand SM-SC Dense silty clayey sand CL Stiff sandy silty clay
P2
P3 4
Vs =500m/s, =22.0kN/m
-66.50 m
Vs =700m/s, =22.0kN/m
-110.50 m
B-B
A-A
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
when:
Depth < 50m Soft soils PGA surf > 0.15g M>6 R < 50 km
Sarma et al, 1991
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Damages manifested with slope instability near tunnel portals may be significant
Typical case of good performance: BART tunnel in San Francisco CA design and constructed in 60. (Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989, Mw=6.9)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
The main cause of collapse is due to the shear and buckling failure of the centre columns, which were designed and constructed with insufficient transverse shear reinforcement
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Seismic behavior
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Seismic behavior
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
In general the inertial forces (accelerations) are lower for underground structures
Mmax=444kNm
0.62g
Mmax=683kNm
0.37g
0.20g
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0.20g
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
PGA is not the best parameter to evaluate the seismic performance of an underground structure. The response and the seismic vulnerability of an underground structure is controlled by the imposed seismic ground deformations and not by the inertial forces
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Ground failure
The response is also controlled by the imposed permanent ground deformations and displacements Large permanent deformations due to: Liquefaction : Settlements, lateral spreading Slope failure Fault movements
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Design principles
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Design principles
Static analysis Seismic analysis Final analysis output and Design
Ground failure
Ground shaking
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Design principles
Design loading criteria Operational Design Earthquake (ODE) (10% in 50 years): The structure remain in elastic range Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE) (5% in 50 years): Prevention collapse, inelastic deformation acceptable, plastic hinges occur, design to provide sufficient ductility to crucial components of the structure (e.g. joints)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
MDE ODE
D : Dead loads L : Live loads E1 : Vertical loads (soils, water) E2 : Horizontal loads (soils, water) EQ : Seismic loads
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Input motion
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
SW Lateral propagation
1D SH
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
40.75
m=475
400 380
40.7
0.15g
40.65
360
PHGA (g)
0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1
40.6
280 260
Metro
40.55
40.5
180 160
Immersed roadway
40.45
40.4 22.7
22.75
22.8
22.85
22.9
22.95
23
23.05
23.1
23.15
23.2
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
10
15
20
25
30
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Wa
epicenter
vef ron t
heterogeneity epicenter
fault
A
1
B
2 3
: Underground structure
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Methods
Equivalent static analysis Analytical close-form solutions Statically imposed seismic ground deformations Full dynamic time-history analysis
Open issues
Estimation of seismic earth pressures Estimation of seismic shear stresses along the perimeter Impedance functions
Modeling features
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Dynamic earth pressures: Limit - state Mononobe - Okabe approach and seismic code regulations for non-deformable walls
Hydrodynamic pressures: Westergaard theory Seismic shear stresses: Applied through the shear springs
i 1.5 aH H EAE h H
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0.5 aH
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
(a)
(c)
(b)
(e)
g2+q (f)
(b)
(e)
(c)
(a)
(d) (b) (a) geostatic pressures, (b) hydro-dynamic pressures, (c) hydrostatic pressures, (d) seismic shear stresses, (e) seismic earth pressures, (f) dead (g2) and live loads (q)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
z
(b) 0.5a= 32.34 kN/m
2B=34m
F1=32.95kN/m (a)
Kwz
x
F2=5.90kN/m (a)
Kzx
Ksx
15.20 kN/m
15.20 kN/m
z
(c)
Kwz
x
(c)
26.95 kN/m
Kzx
Ksx
26.95 kN/m
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h=7.5m D=11m
Kwx
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
z x
Kwx Kwz
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Ksx
Ksz
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
z x
Kwx Kwz
Ksx
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Ksz
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
z x
Kwx Kwz
Ksx
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Ksz
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
structure
max 2
free
field
d d
d d
2max 1 vm
Wang, 1993, Hashash et al., 2001
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
structure
free
field
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Compressibility
ratio
Em 1- l2 R Elt 1 m 1- 2m
d d
Mmax
Flexibility
ratio
Em 1- l2 R 3 6El I 1 m
1 K 1Fmax 3
Em 1 K1 R 2max 6 1 m
Moment:
Em 1 K1 Rmax 6 1 m
K1 = 12 1-m 2F+5-6m
Wang, 1993
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Compressibility
ratio
Em 1- l2 R Elt 1 m 1- 2m
Flexibility
ratio
Em 1- l2 R 3 6El I 1 m
Em Rmax 2(1+m )
1 1- 2 m 2
2
K2
1 F
F 1- 2m - 1- 2m C 3 - 2m 1- 2m C C
2 6 - 8 m
Hoeg, 1968
5 2 - 8m 6 m 2
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Racking coefficient
(1 vs)
Penzien (2000)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
R
W
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
F0
Rigid structure
No racking deformation will be displayed Structural deformation smaller than free-field deformation level Structure will follow the freefield deformation Structure racking deformations amplified compared to the freefield deformations
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F<1.0
Structure is stiffer than the surrounding soil Structure and soil have the same stiffness
F=1.0
F>1.0
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
R=structure/free field
Circular Tunnels
Rectangular Tunnels
F flexibility ratio Estimation of structure through the racking evaluation Static analysis of the structure with the imposed structure
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Wang,1993
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Open issues
Appropriate side-boundaries distances to the structures cross section? Spring values in case of using this model
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
'x
t1
t (sec)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Case B : Soil and SSI modeling through 2D plain strain elements the ground seismic displacements are imposed at the soil boundaries
Plain Strain Finite Elements free field ground differential displacement between surface and bedrock
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Inclined bed
z = -20.0m
Model boundary
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Seismic design of large, long underground structures: Metro and parking stations, highway tunnels
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Surface
A (m/sec 2)
4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
z=-14.50m
2 0 -2 -4 -6
Vs =500m/s, =22.0kN/m
-66.50 m
Vs =700m/s, =22.0kN/m
-110.50 m
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
z=-22.50m
A (m/sec 2)
3 2
A (m/sec 2)
z=-30.50m
2 1
1 0 -1 -2 -3
A (m/sec )
0 -1 -2
Thessaloniki 1978
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Discussion
Differential slab displacements (drift) Seismic earth pressures Seismic shear stress developed around the structure Bending moments, axial and shear forces on critical cross sections Accuracy of the impedance factors
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
F-R analytical solution and full dynamic analysis are well compared
d (m)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Seismic pressure THESS Seismic pressure KOZ Rigid Wall E.A.K. 2003 Average (time history) M.O.- uniformly distributed M.O. triangularly distributed M.O. passive
z(m)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Method
1D FF Analysis (mean value) 1D FF Analysis (Kozani 95) Dynamic Analysis (Kozani 95)
Shear stress YZ (KN/m) Max 95.0 68.0 65.0-70.0 Effective 66.5 47.6 48.0
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
-2.5
z(m)
-5
-7.5
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50
yz (kPa)
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
yz (kPa)
100 50 0 0 -50
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8.5
17 L (m)
25.5
34
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Example : Immersed roadway tunnel Side walls: Effective shear stresses applying different methods
Effective seismic shear stress yz at the side walls (Kozani95)
-60 -40 -20 0 Dynamic analysis Imposed seismic ground deformations Wang (mean value) Wang (Initial soil properties) Wang (Gravel material properties)
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yz(kPa) 20 40
60
80
100
120
z(m)
-2.5
-5
-7.5
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Example : Immersed roadway tunnel Roof slab: Effective shear stresses applying different methods
Effective seismic shear stress yz at the roof slab (Kozani95)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 0 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140
yz (kPa)
8.5
25.5
34
Imposed seismic ground deformations Wang (mean value) Wang (Initial soil properties) Wang (Gravel material properties)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
yz (kPa)
17 L (m)
34
Imposed seismic ground deformations Wang (mean value) Wang (Initial soil properties) Wang (Gravel material properties)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Effective values
Bending moment time - history (Thessaloniki78)
1600 1200
800 400 0 -400 -800 -1200 -1600 -2000 P4 left bending moment time history Effective value (1123.8kNm)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Example : Immersed roadway tunnel Equivalent static - Imposed seismic ground displacements Full dynamic analysis P1 P3 P2 3 1 2 P4 P5 P6
Axial force results
1000 750 500
250 0 -250 -500 -750 -1000 -1250 Imposed seismic ground deformations Dynamic analysis Equivalent static analysis
P1 left
P2 left
P3 left
P4 left
P5 left
P1 center
P2 center
P3 center
P4 center
P5 center
P6 left
P6 center
T1 up
T2 up
T3 up
P1 right
P2 right
P3 right
P4 right
P5 right
P6 right
T1 down
T2 down
T3 down
T4 up
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T4 down
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Example : Immersed roadway tunnel Equivalent static - Imposed seismic ground displacements Full dynamic analysis P1 P3 P2 3 1 2 P4 P5 P6
800 600 400
200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -1000 Imposed seismic ground deformations Dynamic analysis Equivalent static analysis
P1 left
P2 left
P3 left
P4 left
P5 left
P1 center
P2 center
P3 center
P4 center
P5 center
P6 left
P6 center
T1 up
T2 up
T3 up
P1 right
P2 right
P3 right
P4 right
P5 right
P6 right
T1 down
T2 down
T3 down
T4 up
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T4 down
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Example : Immersed roadway tunnel Equivalent static - Imposed seismic ground displacements Full dynamic analysis P1 P3 P2 3 1 2 P4 P5 P6
1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 -250 -500 -750 -1000 -1250 -1500 -1750
P1 left
P2 left
P3 left
P4 left
P5 left
P1 center
P2 center
P3 center
P4 center
P5 center
P6 left
P6 center
T1 up
T2 up
T3 up
P1 right
P2 right
P3 right
P4 right
P5 right
P6 right
T1 down
T2 down
T3 down
T4 up
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T4 down
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Open issues
Asynchronous seismic ground motion Joints seismic performance and modeling, in case of segmented underground structures (e.g. immersed tunnels) Impedance functions (springs and dashpots frequency depended)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Vapp
V sin
Li
ti+1-ti =
Li S2
Li
Vapp
Li
propagation direction
S4
shear wave
ad
tunnel
S1
ad
S3
ad
ad
ti
AUTH
t i+1
t i+2
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Joints seismic design and modeling Joints of segmented tunnels, consist of special joints (e.g. Gina) and shear keys Joints (Gina-Omega Seal)
Material law for GINA gasket
2500 2250 2000 1750 10
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 120
Treleborg
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Compression (mm)
Daewoo,2004
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Force(kN/m)
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Shear keys
shear key
Fy, Fz
shear key
< 5cm y, z
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Shear Key
Gina Gasket
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
structure
free
field
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Moment:
Ec Ic M
2 L
cos 3 Ec Ic Asin
3
2x L / cos
Shear force: V
M x
2 L
cos 4 Ec Ic Acos
2x L / cos
Axial force: Q
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Shear force: V
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Kh
:
Ka
P uym
16 G 1 v d 3 4v L
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
u (m)
axial =
AUTH
vs sincos+r s2 cos3 Cs Cs
axial l e
Power et al.,1996
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
u (m)
axial =
u
vs sincos+r s2 cos3 Cs Cs
axial l e
Power et al.,1996
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Example : Immersed roadway tunnel Sensibility analysis: effect of phase difference, joints stiffness and variability of soil properties along the tunnel axis
time lag Model A Model B Model C Model D Model E Model F no yes yes yes yes yes
soil properties Uniform soil - no damping Uniform soil - no damping Uniform soil - damping Variable soil - damping Uniform soil - damping Variable soil - damping
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x(m)
t = 0 sec
Seismic excitation
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Joint 1 maxx (m) 0.058 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 minx (m) -0.056 -0.061 -0.061 -0.057 -0.052 -0.052
Joint 5 maxx (m) 0.011 0.045 0.044 0.099 0.043 0.099 minx (m) -0.01 -0.048 -0.046 -0.088 -0.039 -0.071
Joint 9 maxx (m) 0.059 0.06 0.06 0.088 0.059 0.078 minx (m) -0.062 -0.058 -0.058 -0.049 -0.06 -0.05
Joint 9
A B C D E F
Joint 5
Joint 1
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Ground failure
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Kutter et al.,2008
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Centrifuge experiments and numerical analyses (FLAC, UBCSAND and GEND OpenSees (Elgamal et al.))
Uplift mechanism related primarily to movement of soil under the tunnel during an earthquake
ups
30
20
Experiment FLAC FLAC OpenSees OpenSees
10
20
40
60
80
100
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Liquefied soil soil-spring stiffness is usually reduced to 10% of their initial values
Two shear-slip scenarios are examined: (a) Uniform displacement (horizontal and vertical) imposed upon the tunnel segment, while the segments next to it remain in their place (b) Differential displacement imposed upon the tunnel segment, due to possible movement of the opposite segment
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Model adopted:
displacement time history restrains ux=uy=uz=0 shear key
tunnel segment
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Horizontal lateral spreading displacement Case (a) d (m) 0.10 0.05 Vsd (kN) 3630 1815 d (m) 0.10 0.05 Case (b) Vsd (kN) 19200 9600 15600 7800
0.01
363
0.01
1920
1560
Concrete shear strength 1500 kN (without considering the shear key reinforcement and the participation of the tendons at the joint)
Case (b) d (m) 0.10 0.05 0.01 Vsd (kN) 51330 25665 5133 13160 6580 1316 38150 19075 3815
Vsd (kN)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Static loads:
Dead loads of the structure (g1+g2) Live loads of the structure (q) Hydrostatic pressures and uplift force at the structure (E1)
g1+g2+E1 g1 g1+g2 E2 E1 g1
Kwx
g1+g2+q
Ksx
Kwz
E1
Ksz
E1
E2
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Real Time
Early Warning
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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105
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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106
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Non-Poissonian recurrence
Time
Exposure/value
Evacuation Aftershock Population & economic growth Time
Vulnerability =
Foreshock Retrofitting Time
Risk
?
Time
SDGEE 107
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Vulnerability assessment
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SDGEE
108
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Vulnerability assessment
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SDGEE
109
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Fragility Curves
Provide the probability for the element at risk to be in or exceed a certain damage state under a seismic event of given intensity
Illustration of the relationship between seismic excitation and damage
Damage Probability
1.0
Pf
Complete Damages NOT FUNCTIONAL
Pc
0.0 0.0
AUTH
ai
Seismic Motion
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
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SDGEE
111
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
General flowchart of the procedure for deriving numerical fragility curves for tunnels in alluvial deposits
Tunnel typology Basic models Soil type Typical soil profiles (P) Seismic input motion Accelerograms (A), intensity levels (S)
Damage index (DI), damage states (ds), thresholds values of DI for each ds
1D equivalent linear analysis of the soil profiles - input motions models (PxAxS)
Evolution of damage with earthquake parameter (EP), median threshold value of EP for each ds
Uncertainties (seismic demand, tunnel capacity, definition of DI and ds) Fragility curves for each tunnel and soil type
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Mmax=-84.3 kNm/m
Nmax=-692.7 kN/m b)
AUTH
Deformed Mesh -3 Extreme total displacement 43.07*10 m (displacements scaled up 100.00 times)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Probability of damage0
0.8
soil C
0.5
soil B soil D
0.3
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 PGA (g)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Probability of damage
0.75
0.50
soil B soil C soil D
0.25
0.00 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 PGA (g)
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115
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Conclusions
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Input motions and seismic design loads must be estimated through a detailed seismic hazard analysis, considering the specific site effects due to local soil and site conditions There is no doubt that the most accurate method for seismic design of extended underground structures is the full dynamic time-history analysis, utilizing 2D or 3D FE, FD, BE models, and adequate soil and structural models with appropriate constitutive relationships. This approach can successfully model the complex soil-structure interaction effects Underground structures should be designed for imposed seismic ground deformations rather than inertial forces
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117
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Analytical methods utilizing the racking coefficient method (i.e. Wang, 1993), seems to give rather acceptable results, in case of shallow underground structures (tunnels). Further improvement and extension is deemed necessary Quasi-static imposed seismic ground deformation methods combined with numerical modelling, provide an interesting approach. Soil-structure interaction can be directly taken into account.
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118
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Equivalent static analysis is proved to be conservative for shallow tunnels, while for subway stations and deep large underground structures is clearly un-conservative
In general it is unable to describe correctly all seismic phenomena and the actual seismic response of the deep and large spaced structures
Issues, such as the estimation of appropriate impedance functions for underground structures to model soils behaviour and SSI effects, the modelling of equivalent static seismic inertial forces, the estimation of seismic earth pressures, the seismic shear stress developed during the shaking along the perimeter of the structure, are still open, and more research is deemed necessary
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119
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Longitudinal seismic analysis of long segmented structures is equally important with the transversal analysis. Asynchronous ground motion must be absolutely considered in the analysis procedure. Simple phase difference introducing a simple time lag may not be always accurate enough. The apparent velocity should be accurately estimated based on accurate geological and geotechnical data. A conservative value of Capp = 800m/s could be used. Special seismic design provisions must be taken for joints and shear keys, as these elements are the most vulnerable parts of an underground structure
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Ground permanent displacements due to liquefaction, slope instability or fault rupture must be seriously taken into consideration, as they can affect seriously the overall design and safety of the structure Static loads and especially uplifting from buoyancy, are controlling in general the overall design of an underground structure Seismic loads are becoming very important when uplift buoyancy loads are minimized, for PGA >0.2g (outcrop conditions) and medium stiffness soils which amplifies considerably the ground motion
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
A research program is undergo in Aristotle University aiming to provide specific answers to several of the subjects discussed, namely: - Seismic earth pressures for rigid and flexible structures - Shear stresses development and distribution - Impedance functions (frequency depended springs and dashpots) - Importance and quantification of structures flexibility and to propose a solid methodology for the seismic analysis and design of tunnels and large space underground structures Centrifuge test experiments in LCPC-Nantes and the University of Cambridge will provide the necessary experimental validation and breakthrough to better understand the physical problems and validate the numerical modelling (SERIES project)
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MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Moreover Aristotle University is participating in ongoing major EU research projects aiming to contribute significantly to: the development of improved methods for the risk assessment at systems level considering intra and inter-dependencies in the systems vulnerability and risk assessment considering buildings, facilities, lifelines and infrastructures, including tunnels as parts of a global system (SYNER-G http://www.syner-g.eu) Coordinator the real time seismic risk assessment of structures (buildings, tunnels etc) with emphasis to the development of time depended fragility (vulnerability) of elements at risk and advanced, more efficient, early warning technology (REAKT)
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123
MONICO Workshop - Structural Monitoring and Assessment of Underground Transportation Facilities March 18, 2011 - Athens, Greece
Thank you
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