LaharEarlyWarningSystemDesign:OngoingresearchatMerapiVolcano, Indonesia

SyarifHidayat
DepartmentofInformatics UniversitasIslamIndonesia Yogyakarta,Indonesia syarif@uii.ac.id

Abstract Mount considered as one of the mostactivevolcanointheworld,isMountMerapi,Indonesia.Iteruptsapproximately every 5 years. Several volcanic hazards are pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, volcanic gas release, and landslide. There are several monitoring system including measurement site and remote sensing. But none ofthosefocusingonlaharearlywarning system. This paper provides an approach to mitigate lahar flood hazard using early warning system basedonwaterlevelofthe river through which the lahar flow. The system is able to detect lahar flood in relatively small amount of timegivingpeople a chance to evacuate. The system detects the flood by measuring the river water level using ultrasonic sensor.Thesystem sends alarm topeopleusingGSMnetworkinfrastructure.Itsendsnotificationoflaharfloodoccurrenceand informationwheneverthe flood have been stop, by texting a hub which in turn broadcast the alarm to people. This system has been tested in simulated situationastherehasbeennolaharfloodforafewyears. Keywords:LaharFlood,MountMerapi,EarlyWarningSystem,DisasterMitigation

I.

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide, about 60 volcanoes erupt each year [1]. Indonesia, located at the confluence of three plaques Indo Australian, Eurasian and Philippines, has manyactive volcanoes. One ofwhichconsideredasoneofthemostactivevolcano in the world, is Mount Merapi [1][2]. Mount Merapi is a special as it erupts approximately every 7 years. Yet, just like any other volcanoes, especially in developing countries like Indonesia, many people live around the volcano, as the soilis very fertile and theirlivelihood is farming [3]. Even, there areamongthosepeopleliveassandminersandputtingtheirlifeat stake. Somevillages with high population density, especiallyonthe southernflank,areonly4kmfromthe volcanosummit[3].With VEI3 types eruption, Pyroclastic Flow (PF) could reach up to 10km from the summit making the villagers prone toPF[4]The sand mined from the river through which the lahar, flow. (Fig 1.). However, modern city like Naples, Seattle and Tokyo also locatedaroundVolcanoes.Therefore,itisimportanttoperformresearchonvolcanichazardmitigation[5].

A.Ratdomopurboetal./JournalofVolcanologyandGeothermalResearch261(2013)8797

Figure1.Sketchmapshowingpositionofobservatoryposts(opensquares):KAL,POS,BAB,SELandJRAandseismic stations(solidcircles):PUS,DEL,PLA,andKLA.SolidtriangleisMt.Merapisummit.

Severalvolcanichazardsarepyroclasticflows,lavaflows,lahars,volcanicgasrelease,andlandslide.Theimpactofsmall eruptionscanbeverydamagingtotheenvironmentaroundit,whilealargeeruptioncouldaffectlargerareassuchasair pollution,airtravelorevencapableofchangingclimate[6] . II. A. LaharofMountMerapi LaharisaJavanesetermfor"mudstream"producedbyejectionofcraterlakewateratKelutvolcanoinEastJava[7].Van Bemmelenredefinedthedefinitionasamudflow,containingdebrisandangularblocksofchieflyvolcanicorigintransported bywater[8]. PRELIMINARYSTUDY

F.Lavigneetal./JournalofVolcanologyandGeothermalResearch100(2000)423456

Figure2.DistributionofrecentlahardepositsonMerapislopes[9]. The 13 rivers shown had lahars during historical timeAD15001900s. Largelahardepositsaremainlylocatedinbetween theApuandWoroRivers.Totalareaoflahardepositsisabout286km2(Fig2.). Lahar is one of the most threatening hazard at Merapi volcano [10][11][12]. Lahars can involve a debris flow which are mixturesofsolidandfluids,withsedimentconcentrationgenerallyinexcessof60%byvolumeand80%byweight.[13]. Lahar is mainly triggered by rainfall following the domecollapse pyroclastic density current (PDC). There was sabodam structure ontheriverchannelbuildinearly1970.Thus,between1987and2010,thereareonly1987trucksweresweptawayby lahars and no human casualties [14]. It was all going to change after 2010 VEI 4 explosive eruptions. Merapi release 0.03 to 0.06 km3 of pyroclastic materials from PDCs. It is 10 times to other Merapi release during 20th century (Fig4.). The dam instantly filledwithMerapimaterialexposingdangertopeople livealongriverchannelduringtherainyseason[15](Fig3.).The number of human casualties of Mount Pinatubo Philippines, after theeruption, is far more exceeding the number during the eruption.Theworstthingisthatoccurredforaboutadecade.

Figure3.Fig.2.FrequencyandtimelineofraintriggeredlaharsatMerapiwithassociatedrainfallsandrelatedcumulative damages(October2010May2011)[15]. Therefore, after the 2010 VEI4 eruption at Merapi volcano, there must be an early warning system to mitigate hazard of Lahar. This paper aims to design robust and effective early warning system in acaseoffloodcausedbylahar.Itcompriseof twoissueswhichare(1)Effectiveflooddetectionsystems,(2)Reliablecommunicationsystemtosendthealarm.

Figure4.SpatialDistributionof20102011Lahars B. Microcontroller An Arduino is a singleboardmicrocontroller and a software suite for programming it. The hardware consists ofasimple open hardwaredesign for the controller with an Atmel AVR processor and onboard I/Osupport. Thesoftware consistsof a standard programming language and the boot loade that runs on the board. The Arduino is what is known asa Physical or Embedded Computing platform, whichmeansthat itisaninteractive systemthatcaninteractwithitsenvironmentthroughthe use of hardware and software [16]. Started in 2005 by Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles, Arduino project was first designed to create a microcontroller that designers could incorporateinto their work. Usually Engineers use programmable microcontrollers for prototyping new products, but the two professors viewed these as too difficult to work with, and too expensive,fortheirdesignstudents.Thus,theybegantheArduinoproject.

Figure5.ArduinoUNOR3 ThelatestArduinoboard(Fig5.),theUno,differsfromthepreviousversionsoftheArduinointhatitdoesnotusethe FTDIUSBtoserialdriverchip.Instead,itusesanAtmega8U2programmedasaUSBtoserialconverter.Thisgivestheboard severaladvantagesoveritspredecessor,theDuemilanove.First,theAtmegachipisalotcheaperthantheFTDIchip,bringing thepricesoftheboardsdown.Secondly,andmostimportantly,itenablestheUSBchiptohaveitsfirmwarereflashedtomake theArduinoshowuponyourPCasanotherdevice,suchasamouseorgamecontroller. ThelatestseriesofArduinoisUNO.ItdiffersfromallpreviousarduinoboardinwhichUNOdoesnotuseFTDIUSB driverchiptoserialchip..Instead,itusesanAtmega8U2programmedasaUSBtoserialconverter[16].ItgivesUno advantagesoveritspredecessorsuchcheaperpriceanditenabletheUSBchiptohaveitfirmwarereflashedtomakethe ArduinoshowuponyourPCasanotherdevice.ArduinoUNOR3hasthefollowingspecifications: 1. ATmega328microcontroller 2. Operatesatavoltageof5V 3. Recommendedvoltage712V 4. 620Vvoltagelimit 5. DigitalI/O14pins 6. 6analoginputpin 7. FlashMemory32KB(ATmega328) 8. SRAM2KB(ATmega328) 9. EEPROM1KB(ATmega328) 10. ClockSpeed16MHz ATmega328isamicrocontrollerfromatmelwithRISC(ReduceInstructionSetComputer).Itexecutesprocessfasterthan theCISCarchitecture(CompletedInstructionSetComputer)(Fig6.). 1. TheATmega328microcontrollerfeaturesare: 2. Flashmemoryof32KB. 3. Pincount32 4. Maximumfrequencyof20MHz 5. CPU(ControlProcessingUnit)8bitAVR 6. I/Opinasmanyas24 7. SRAM2KB(ATmega328) 8. EEPROM1KB(ATmega328). BasedonHavardarchitecture(Fig7.),ATmegamicrocontrollerseparatesmemorybetweenprogramcodeanddatato maximizecodeexecution.Therefore,instructioninprogrammemorycouldbeexecutedinchannelinwhichinstructionfetched fromwhenmemorywhenpreviousinstructionexecuted.Thisconceptallowinginstructiontobeexecutedinasingleclock.

Figure6.ATMega328architecture

Figure7.ATmega328pinMapping C. UltrasonicSensorHCSR04 Ultrasonic sensor is a sensor that works by emitting ultrasonic waves and then calculate the wave reflection time. SpecificationofHCSR04(Fig8.)are: 1. WorkingVoltage:5V(DC) 2. WorkingCurrent:max15ma 3. Workingfrequency:40HZ 4. OutputSignal:05V(Outputhighwhenobstacleinrange) 5. SentryAngle:max15degree 6. SentryDistance:2cm500cm 7. Highaccuracy:0.3cm 8. Inputtriggersignal:10usTTLimpulse 9. Echosignal:outputTTLPWLsignal 10. Size:45*20*15mm

Figure8.UltrasonicHCSR04 UltrasonicsensorHCSR04has4interface: 1. VCC(Input5V) 2. Trig(ultrasonicsignalreceiver) 3. Echo(ultrasonicsignalsender) 4. GND(Ground0V) D. GPRSShield GPRSshield(Fig9.)isashieldwithGPRSnetworkcapabilitytobeusedbyArduinotoconnecttomobilephonenetworks. UtilizingGPRSshield,themicrocontrollercansenddatathroughinternetorsms[17].

Figure9.GPRSShield GPRSShieldfeaturesare: 1. CompatiblewithstandardArduinoandArduinoMega 2. Selectableinterfacebetweenhardwareserialportandsoftwareserialport 3. Quadbandsupport:850/900/1800/1900MHz 4. SupportTCP/UDPprotocols 5. FullcontrolviaATcommandsset:StandardGSM07.07&07.05andEnhancedSIMCOMATCommands 6. 2in1headsetjack 7. ConvenientexternalSIMcardholder 8. Lowpowerconsumption:1.5mA(sleepmode) 9. 3VCR1220BatteryHolderConnector

GPRSShield(Fig10.)interfacefunctionsare: 1. Antennainterface:externalantennacouldbeaddedhereforexpansion 2. Serialportselect:selecteithersoftwareserialportorhardwareserialportasinterfacewithArduino 3. HardwareSerial:D0andD1ofArduino/Seeeduino 4. Softwareserial:D7andD8ofArduino/Seeeduinoonly 5. Statusindicator:tellwhetherSIM900ison 6. Poweronindicator:tellwhethertheGPRSShieldison 7. Netindicator:tellthestatusaboutSIM900linkingtothenet 8. GPIO,PWMandADCofSIM900:GPIO,PWMandADCpinsbreakoutofSIM900 9. Headsetsinterface:micandearphone2in1interface 10. Powerbutton:turnonoroffSIM900

Fig10.GPRSShieldinterfacefunction

III.

PROPOSEDMETHOD

This paper proposed a microcontroller, as computational equipment, to be plant on the edgeof river through which the lahar flows. It equipped with ultrasonic sensor to measure water level, and GPRS shield to report in the event of lahar flood. The overall system consist of several phase (Fig. 11). First, Ultrasonic sensor HCSR04 emit ultrasonic waves and then calculate the wave reflection time. The Arduino UNO R3, as a microcontroller, will process values obtained from the sensor into distance. Of course, those are the distance between sensor and water. For people easily understand the circumstances, UNO will then convert the distance into actual water level. This step requires observation of actual condition where the systemwillbeplanttocalibratetheconversionnumber.Soitgoes,itwillperiodicallymeasurethewaterlevelevery3seconds. Second, for the system to sendthe alarm, we have to consider severalthingssuch asgarbage orwoodlogthatmaypass in the river (we called it noise) to be interpret as false alarm.Thereareseveralwaystodealwiththisproblem.Wecandeploy the system inside a pipe with a hole at the bottom. This solution could be implemented in normal river flow. When the river filledwith volcanic material,ithasdestructionpowerthatcanevenbreakconcretebridgedown. Therefore,weproposeda way to deploy the system above the river (Fig12.). We deal the noise by delaying the decision whether thereisafloodornot.If thesystemdetectwaterlevelrisingthatreachthethresholdfor50second,itwilldecide thatthefloodhappening.Otherwiseit willresetthetiming.

Figure11.Flowchartlaharflooddetectionsystem Third, in a case that the flood detected, UNO will instruct GPRS shield to send notification sms to computer HUBthatin turncouldbeinstructtobroadcastmessagetopeople.

Figure12.DeploymentScenario IV. ANALYSISANDDISCUSSIONS

We have simulated the system under similar circumstances to measure the performance of the system. Itworkedaswhat been planned. During theexamination,weidentifyseveral drawbacksfromthesystem.Amongwhicharefirst,thehubnumber

is hardcoded in the system making it lessflexible in massive sensor implementation. Second, UNO is too big for a long time deploymentusingbattery.Third,onewaycommunicationsmakeitdifficulttoreprogramthecode. Despite of its drawback, the system could be used as pacesetter for more sophisticatedsystem.Futureworks,otherthan remedy of the drawback, this system could be used with rainfall monitoring system and remote sensing on volcanicmaterial sedimenttohaveearlierpredictionoflaharflood. V. CONCLUSION

The examination result shows that this system could workasplanned.Still,therearelot ofshortcomingofcurrentdesign. However,itcouldbeapotentialaspreliminaryprojectfromthemorecomplexandadvancedsystem. REFERENCES

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]

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