CHAPTER 14

Wireless LANs
Solutions to Review Questions and Exercises

Review Questions
1. The basic service set (BSS) is the building block of a wireless LAN. A BSS without an AP is called an ad hoc architecture; a BSS with an AP is sometimes referred to as an infrastructure network. An extended service set (ESS) is made up of two or more BSSs with APs. In this case, the BSSs are connected through a distribution system, which is usually a wired LAN. 2. A station with no-transition mobility is either stationary or moving only inside a BSS. A station with BSS-transition mobility can move from one BSS to anther, but the movement is confined inside one ESS. A station with ESS-transition mobility can move from one ESS to another. 3. The orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) method for signal generation in a 5-GHz ISM band is similar to frequency division multiplexing (FDM), with one major difference: All the subbands are used by one source at a given time. Sources contend with one another at the data link layer for access. 4. Stations on wireless LANs normally use CSMA/CA. 5. Network Allocation Vector (NAV) forces other stations to defer sending their data if one station acquires access. In other words, it provides the collision avoidance aspect. When a station sends an RTS frame, it includes the duration of time that it needs to occupy the channel. The stations that are affected by this transmission create a timer called a NAV. 6. A Bluetooth network is called a piconet. A scatternet is two or more piconets. 7. The following shows the relationship: Radio layer Baseband layer L2CAP layer Internet physical layer MAC sublayer of Internet data link layer LLC sublayer of Internet data link layer

8. A Bluetooth primary and secondary can be connected by a synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) link or an asynchronous connectionless (ACL) link. An SCO link is used when avoiding latency (delay in data delivery) is more important than
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integrity (error-free delivery). An ACL link is used when data integrity is more important than avoiding latency. 9. The primary sends on the even-numbered slots; the secondary sends on the oddnumbered slots. 10. In all types of frames, a duration of 259 s is used for hopping.

Exercises
11. In CSMA/CD, the protocol allows collisions to happen. If there is a collision, it will be detected, destroyed, and the frame will be resent. CSMA/CA uses a technique that prevents collision. 12. See Table 14.1. Table 14.1 Exercise 12
Fields Destination Address Source Address Address 1 Address 2 Address 3 Address 4 FC D/ID SC PDU Length Data and Padding Frame Body FCS (CRC) 2 46 to 1500 64-1518 4 0 to 2312 4 802.3 field size (bytes) 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 802.11 field size (bytes)