Natasha Bell Wilkinson Stars 9/18/13 Motion Independent Work: Notes MOTION: 2.

2: Galileos Concept on Inertia: - Aristotles ideas were taken as fact for nearly 2000 years - Legend says that Galileo dropped both a heavy and a light object for the leaning tower of Pisa - Galileo made many huge discoveries - Galileo found a simple and powerful way to test his revolutionary idea - All objects show the same property of motion as objects move on Galileos plane 2.4: Motion is Relative: - Everything is always moving - When discussing motion, we mean motion relative to something else -Aristotle used logic to establish his ideas of motion 2.5: Newtons First Law of Motion: The Law of Inertia: - Isaac Newton was born on Christmas day in the same year Galileo died - Newtons first law, usually called the law of inertia, is a restatement of Galileos idea - This says that things tend to keep doing what theyre already doing - the law also says that when an object is moving, its tendency is to remain moving along a straight path -while the ancients thought continual forces were needed to maintain motion, the law of inertia provides a completely different way of thinking about motion 2.10: The Earth Moves - Before the 16th century, it was believed that the Earth was the

Around the Sun:

center of the universe - People thought like Aristotle, and the existence of a force big enough to keep the Earth moving - Four hundred years ago, people had difficulty with certain ideas - Our ideas of motion today are very different from those of out distant ancestors - Aristotle did not recognize the idea of inertia

3.1: Galileo Developed the Concept of Acceleration:

- In addition to speed and velocity, Galileo developed the concept of acceleration - You will find acceleration in a car (thats why the gas pedal is called the accelerator) - When the brakes are applied, the car slows down - When a car makes a turn, even if its speed does not change, its accelerating - Downward-falling objects gain speed because of the force of gravity

3.2: Force Causes Acceleration:

-Any object that accelerates is acted on by a push or a pull, a force of some kind. -Most often, more than one force acts on an object. -The symbol ~ stands for is directly proportional to. -The direction of acceleration is always in the direction of the net force. -When a force acts at right angles, it will deflect the object.

3.3: Mass is a Measure of Inertia:

-When something accelerates, it changes its state in motion. -The bigger tin can has more inertia than the empty one; it is more resistant to change in motion. -Mass is more than an indication of an objects inertia. -Mass is not weight.

-Although mass and weight are different from each other, they are directly proportional. - Mass is not volume. -The standard unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). -One kilogram weighs about ten Newtons. 3.4: Mass Resists Acceleration: -More massive objects are more difficult to accelerate. -Some experiments show that for the same force, twice as much mass results in half as much acceleration. -More mass means more resistance to change. 3.5: Newtons Second -Isaac Newton was the first to realize the connection between Law Links Force, force and mass in producing acceleration. Acceleration, and Mass: -By using consistent units such as newtons (N) for force, kilograms (kg) for mass, and meters per second squared (m/s) for acceleration. The equation is correct. -Acceleration equals the net force divided by the mass. -Physics problems are often more complicated than people think. 3.6: Friction is a Force That Affects Motion: -Friction occurs when one object rubs against something else. -The amount of friction between two surfaces depends on the kinds of material and how much they are pressed together. -When you pull something horizontally and it slides across something else, both your force and the opposite force of friction affect the motion 3.7: Objects in Free Fall -Galileo developed the concept of acceleration on inclined panes. Have Equal -If a 10-kilogram boulder and a 1-kilogram stone dropped from a Acceleration: certain height, they will hit the ground at the exact same time. 3.8: Newtons Second Law Explains Why Objects in Free Fall Have Equal -We can show the same result with numerical values. -We all know that a feather drops more slowly that a coin when both are dropped in the air.

Acceleration:

-Scientists and engineers have been able to put people to the moon using some of Newtons theories.

3.9: Acceleration of Fall -Most often, air drag is not negligible for falling objects. is Less When Air Drag -For free fall the downward net force is weight. Acts: Terminal speed for a human skydiver varies from about 150 to 200 km/h, depending on weight and orientation of the body. -When Galileo apparently dropped objects of different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, they didnt actually hit at the same time. 4.8: Summary of Newtons Three Laws: -Newtons first law, the law of inertia: an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion. -Newtons second law, the law of acceleration: when a net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate. -Newtons third law, the law of action-reaction: whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second objects exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. -There has been a lot of new and exciting physics since the time of Isaac Newton.

Gravity and Satellites: 2.3: Galileo Formulated the Concepts of Speed and Velocity: -Before Galileos time, people described moving things as simply slow or fast. -Any combination of distance and time units can be used for speed. -When we know both the speed and direction of an object, we know its velocity. -Constant speed means steady speed. -Legend tells us that when Newton was younger, he was sitting under an apple tree, he made a connection that changed the way we see the world. -Newton realized that Earth gravity reaches to the moon. -As the moon traces out its orbit around the Earth, it maintains a tangential velocity. -Newton realized that the moons tangential velocity keeps it continually falling around the Earth instead of directly into it. -These conclusions have changed the way people think. -Newton further realized that everything pulls on everything else. -He also discovered that a force of gravity acts between all things in a beautifully, simple way, involving only mass and distance.

7.1: The Legend of the Falling Apple: 7.2: The Fact of the Falling Moon:

7.3: Newtons Grandest Discovery- The Law of Universal Gravitation:

7.4: Gravity and Distance: The InverseSquare Law:

7.5: The Universal Gravitational Constant, G:

-Gravity gets weaker with distance the same way a light gets dimmer the further away you move from it. -When somethings intensity gets less as the inverse square of distance, it is the inverse-square law. -The inverse-square law also applies to a paint sprayer. -The greater the distance from the Earths center, the less the gravitational force on an object. -The universal law of gravitation can be written as an exact question when the universal constant of gravitation, G is used. -The units of G make the force come out in newtons. -Regardless of the masses and distance between them, the gravitational force will have a value the results in the same value for G. -If a payload above the drag of the atmosphere is given a horizontal speed somewhat greater than 8 kilometers per second, it will overshoot a circular path and trace an elliptical path. -A satellite following an elliptical orbit is different, half the time the satellite moves away from the earth, and half the time it moves towards the earth. -Today, a well know saying is what goes up, must come down because there is a critical speed at which a projectile can outrun gravity and escape the earth. -Escape speed from the surface of planet earth is 11.2. -Escape speed might well be called the maximum falling speed. -Escape speeds refer to the initial speed given by a brief thrust after which there is no force to assist motion.

8.6:Elliptial Orbits:

8.7: Escape Speed: