He Phuong Trinh

H phng trnh
1. H hai n trong c mt phng trnh bc nht

Cch gii. T phng trnh bc nht ta biu din n th nht qua n th hai v thay vo phng trnh
cn li tm nghim th hai. Sau tm li nghim th nht.
V d 1. Gii h phng trnh sau
_
2x + y = 4,
x
2
+ 2y
2
3xy = 3.
Gii. Ta c
_
2x + y = 4
x
2
+ 2y
2
3xy = 3
_
y = 4 2x
x
2
+ 2(4 2x)
2
3x(4 2x) = 3
_
y = 4 2x
15x
2
44x + 29 = 0
_
y = 4 2x
_
_
x = 1
x =
29
15
_
_
x = 1
y = 2
_
_
x =
29
15
y =
2
15
Vy h cho c hai nghim
_
x = 1
y = 2
,
_
_
x =
29
15
y =
2
15
.
2. H phng trnh i xng loi I
Dng tng qut
_
f(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0
, trong
_
f(x, y) = f(y, x)
g(x, y) = g(y, x)
. Tc l khi i vai tr x cho y v y cho x
th tng phng trnh khng thay i.
Cch gii.
Nu f(x, y) v g(x, y) l cc a thc th ta thng t S = x + y, P = xy vi iu kin S
2
4P v ta
vit li h i xng loi I thnh h 2 n S, P.
Nu f(x, y) v g(x, y) khng phi l cc a thc ta phi t n ph trc khi thc hin php gii trn.
Ch . Ta c cc biu din thng gp: x
2
+ y
2
= S
2
2P, x
3
+ y
3
= S
3
3SP.
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh
_
x + y + xy = 5
x
2
+ y
2
+ xy = 7
.
2. H phng trnh i xng loi I 2
Gii. t x + y = S, xy = P, iu kin S
2
4P. Khi h cho c vit li
_
S + P = 5
S
2
P = 7
_
P = 5 S
S
2
(5 S) = 7
_
P = 5 S
S
2
+ S 12 = 0
_
P = 5 S
_
S = 3
S = 4
_
_
S = 3
P = 2
_
S = 4
P = 9
(loi)
Vi S = 3, P = 2 ta c h
_
x + y = 3
xy = 2
_
x = 3 y
(3 y)y 2 = 0
_
x = 3 y
y
2
+ 3y 2 = 0
_
x = 3 y
_
y = 1
y = 2
_
_
x = 2
y = 1
_
x = 1
y = 2
Vy h cho c hai nghim:
_
x = 2
y = 1
,
_
x = 1
y = 2
.
_
x + y xy = 3
x + 1 +
y + 1 = 4
.
Gii. iu kin
_
x 1
y 1
.
t
_
u =
x + 1 0
v =
y + 1 0
. H cho tr thnh
_
u
2
1 + v
2
1 (u
2
1)(v
2
1) = 3
u + v = 4
_
2(u
2
+ v
2
) u
2
v
2
= 0
u + v = 4
.
t
_
S = u + v 0
P = u.v 0
, S
2
4P. Ta c h
_
2 (S
2
2P) P
2
= 0
S = 4
_
P
2
4P + 32 = 0
S = 4
_
_
P = 4
P = 8 (loi)
S = 4
_
P = 4
S = 4
Vi S = 4, P = 4 ta c h
_
u + v = 4
uv = 4
_
u = 4 v
(4 v)v 4 = 0
_
u = 4 v
v
2
+ 4v 4 = 0
_
u = 2
v = 2
.
Vi
_
u = 2
v = 2
th
_
x + 1 = 2
y + 1 = 2
_
x = 3
y = 3
.
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht
_
x = 3
y = 3
.
Bi tp. Gii cc h phng trnh sau
3. H i xng loi II 3
1.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ x + y = 4
x(x + y + 1) + y(y + 1) = 2
.
2.
_
x
2
+ xy + y
2
= 4
x + xy + y = 2
.
3.
_
x
3
+ y
3
= 7
xy(x + y) = 2
.
4.
_
_
x + y + xy =
7
2
x
2
y + xy
2
=
5
2
.
5.
_
x
2
xy + y
2
= 19
x + xy + y = 7
.
6.
_
_
_
x
2
y
+
y
2
x
= 18
x + y = 12
.
7.
_
x +
y = 4
x + y
xy = 4
.
8.
_
x
y + y
x = 30
x
x + y
y = 35
.
3. H i xng loi II
Dng tng qut
_
f(x, y) = 0 (1)
f(y, x) = 0 (2)
. Tc l khi i vai tr x cho y v y cho x th phng trnh trn tr
thnh phng trnh di v phng trnh di tr thnh phng trnh trn.
Cch gii.
Nu f(x, y) l cc a thc th ta tr (1) cho (2) s thu c phng trnh dng tch (x y)(x, y) = 0.
Khi h cho tng ng vi 2 h:
_
x = y
f(x, y) = 0
(I);
_
(x, y) = 0
f(x, y) = 0
(II).
H (II) c th gii c bng php th nu ta tnh c y theo x t phng trnh (x, y) = 0.
Nu ta khng rt c y theo x (hoc x theo y) t phng trnh (x, y) = 0 v cng khng chng t
c (x, y) = 0, x, y D (D l tp iu kin xc nh ca h phng trnh) th ta tin hnh cng,
tr theo v phng trnh (1) vi phng trnh (2) thu c h
_
(x y).(x, y) = 0
f(x, y) + f(y, x) = 0
. Khi ta
tin hnh gii h
_
x = y
f(x, y) + f(y, x) = 0
bng phng php th, cn h
_
(x, y) = 0
f(x, y) + f(y, x) = 0
l
h i xng loi I.
_
x
2
2y
2
= 2x + y (1)
y
2
2x
2
= 2y + x (2)
.
Gii. Tr theo v (1) cho (2) ta c 3x
2
3y
2
= x y (x y)(3x + 3y 1) = 0
_
x = y
y =
1 3x
3
.
Vi x = y ta c h
_
x = y
x
2
2y
2
= 2x + y
_
x = y
x
2
3x = 0
_
x = y
_
x = 0
x = 3
_
_
x = 0
y = 0
_
x = 3
y = 3
3. H i xng loi II 4
Vi y =
1 3x
3
ta c h
_
_
_
y =
1 3x
3
x
2
2y
2
= 2x + y
_
y =
1 3x
3
x
2
2
_
1 3x
3
_
2
= 2x +
1 3x
3
_
_
_
y =
1 3x
3
9x
2
3x + 5 = 0 (v nghim)
Vy h cho c 2 nghim:
_
x = 0
y = 0
;
_
x = 3
y = 3
.
Nhn xt. Trong nhiu trng hp, t phng trnh (x, y) = 0 ta khng biu din c y theo x hoc x
theo y. Khi , mt trong nhng hng x l tip theo l ta chng t (x, y) khng th bng 0. Chng hn
nh trong v d sau.
_
x
3
+ 2x = y (1)
y
3
+ 2y = x (2)
.
Gii. Tr v theo v phng trnh (1) cho phng trnh (2) ta c
x
3
y
3
+2x 2y = y x (x y)(x
2
+xy +y
2
+3) = 0 (x y)
_
_
x +
y
2
_
2
+
3y
2
4
+ 3
_
. .
>0
= 0 x y = 0.
Vi x y = 0 ta c h
_
x y = 0
x
3
+ 2x = y
_
x = y
x
3
+ 2x = x
_
x = y
x
3
+ x = 0
_
x = y
x(x
2
+ 1) = 0
_
x = 0
y = 0
.
_
x = 0
y = 0
.
_
2x + 3 +
4 y = 4 (1)
2y + 3 +
4 x = 4 (2)
.
Gii. iu kin
_
3
2
x 4
3
2
y 4
.
Tr v theo v phng trnh (1) cho phng trnh (2) ta thu c
2x + 3
_
2y + 3 +
_
4 y
4 x = 0
2x 2y
2x + 3 +
2y + 3
+
x y
4 y +
4 x
= 0
(x y)
_
2
2x + 3 +
2y + 3
+
1
4 y +
4 x
_
. .
>0
= 0
x = y.
Thay x = y vo phng trnh (1) ta c
2x + 3 +
4 x = 4
3. H i xng loi II 5
2x + 3 + 2
2x + 3
4 x + 4 x = 16
2
2x + 3
4 x = 9 x
_
9 x 0
4(2x + 3)(4 x) = (9 x)
2
_
x 9
9x
2
38x + 33 = 0
_
x 9
_
_
x = 3
x =
11
9
i chiu vi iu kin, h cho c 2 nghim:
_
x = 3
y = 3
;
_
_
x =
11
9
y =
11
9
.
_
x
3
= 2x + y (1)
y
3
= 2y + x (2)
.
nh hng gii.
+) Tr v theo v phng trnh (1) cho phng trnh (2) ta c
x
3
y
3
= x y (x y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
1) = 0.
Khng ging nh nh trong V d 5, ta khng th chng minh c x
2
+ xy + y
2
1 = 0, x, y,
v ta ch c th vit x
2
+ xy + y
2
1 =
_
x +
y
2
_
2
+
3y
2
2
1 v nh th khng th nh gi c
_
x +
y
2
_
2
+
3y
2
2
1 > 0, x, y.
+) Ta tin hnh gii h cho bng cch cng, tr theo v phng trnh (1) vi phng trnh (2) thu
c h mi v tch ra thnh 2 h bit cch gii.
Gii. Ln lt cng, tr v theo v phng trnh (1) vi phng trnh (2) ta c
_
(x y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
1) = 0
x
3
+ y
3
= 3x + 3y
_
_
x = y
x
3
+ y
3
= 3x + 3y
(I)
_
x
2
+ xy + y
2
1 = 0
x
3
+ y
3
= 3x + 3y
(II)
.
Gii h (I). Ta c (I)
_
x = y
2x
3
6x = 0
_
x = y
_
_
x = 0
x =
3
x =
_
_
x = 0
y = 0
_
x =
3
y =
3
_
x =
3
y =
3
4. H c cha mt phng trnh ng cp 6
Gii h (II). t S = x + y, P = xy. iu kin S
2
4P. Ta thu c h
_
S
2
P 1 = 0
S
3
3PS 3S = 0
_
P = S
2
1
S
3
3 (S
2
1) S 3S = 0
_
P = S
2
1
2S
3
= 0
_
P = 1
S = 0
.
Nh th,
_
x + y = 0
xy = 1
_
x = y
y
2
= 1
_
x = y
_
y = 1
y = 1
_
_
x = 1
y = 1
_
x = 1
y = 1
.
Vy h cho c 5 nghim
_
x = 0
y = 0
;
_
x =
3
y =
3
;
_
x =
3
y =
3
;
_
x = 1
y = 1
;
_
x = 1
y = 1
.
1.
_
x
3
= 3x + 8y
y
3
= 3y + 8x
2.
_
_
x
3
+ 4x = y +
3
2
y
3
+ 4y = x +
3
2
3.
_
x
2
2y
2
= 5y + 4
y
2
2x
2
= 5x + 4
4.
_
_
2x +
1
y
=
3
x
2y +
1
x
=
3
y
5.
_
_
3y =
y
2
+ 2
x
2
3x =
x
2
+ 2
y
2
6.
_
x
2
+ 91 =
y 2 + y
2
_
y
2
+ 91 =
x 2 + x
2
7.
_
2
x
2
+ 5 = 2
y 1 + y
2
2
_
y
2
+ 5 = 2
x 1 + x
2
8.
_
x
2
y = x
2
+ 2y
xy
2
= y
2
+ 2x
4. H c cha mt phng trnh ng cp
4.1. Phng trnh ng cp
Mt dng thng gp ca phng trnh ng cp l
a
1
x
n
+ a
2
x
n1
y + a
3
x
n2
y
2
+ + a
n
xy
n1
+ a
n+1
y
n
= 0 (),
Tt c cc s hng trong phng trnh u c tng s m ca x v y bng nhau v bng n.
Ngun gc ca phng trnh (). Xut pht t phng trnh a thc mt n t,
a
1
t
n
+ a
2
t
n1
+ a
3
t
n3
+ + a
n
t + a
n+1
= 0, ()
ta xem t =
x
y
th thu c phng trnh
a
1
_
x
y
_
n
+ a
2
_
x
y
_
n1
+ a
3
_
x
y
_
n2
+ + a
n
_
x
y
_
+ a
n+1
= 0.
Tip n, nhn hai v ca phng trnh vi y
n
th ta nhn c phng trnh ng cp () trn.
Nhn xt. Chia 2 v ca phng trnh ng cp () cho y
n
ta thu c () l phng trnh mt n t vi
t =
x
y
. Gii phng trnh mi ny ta s tm c t v nh th tm c mi lin h bc nht x = ty.
V d 8. Bin i phng trnh x
3
2x
2
y 2xy
2
3y
3
= 0 thnh phng trnh tch.
Gii. Lm ngoi nhp cc thao tc nh sau:
Chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho y
3
c phng trnh
_
x
y
_
3
2
_
x
y
_
2
2
_
x
y
_
3 = 0.
Xem t =
x
y
v dng my tnh gii phng trnh t
3
2t
2
2t 3 = 0. Ta tm c mt nghim thc t = 3
v 2 nghim o. Khng quan tm n nghim o.
Thc hin php chia a thc t
3
2t
2
2t 3 cho (t 3) ta nhn c t
3
2t
2
2t 3 = (t 3)(t
2
+t +1).
Thay tr li t =
x
y
ta c
_
x
y
3
_
_
_
x
y
_
2
+
x
y
+ 1
_
= 0 (x 3y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
) = 0.
Vy phng trnh x
3
2x
2
y 2xy
2
3y
3
= 0 (x 3y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
) = 0.
4.2. H c cha mt phng trnh ng cp
Dng
_
f(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0
, trong , f(x, y) = 0 l mt phng trnh ng cp.
Cch gii. T phng trnh ng cp f(x, y) = 0 ta bin i thnh phng trnh tch (x, y).(x, y) = 0.
Khi ta nhn c 2 h n gin hn l:
_
(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0
;
_
(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0
.
_
x
3
2x
2
y 2xy
2
3y
3
= 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
.
Gii. Ta c
_
x
3
2x
2
y 2xy
2
3y
3
= 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
_
(x 3y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
) = 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
_
_
x 3y = 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
(I)
_
x
2
+ xy + y
2
= 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
(II)
.
H (I) v (II) ta u bit cch gii.
Nhn xt. Trong h phng trnh trn, ngi ra hon ton c th giu bn cht phng trnh ng cp
bng cch bin i nh sau
x
3
2x
2
y 2xy
2
3y
3
= 0
x
3
2x
2
y 2xy
2
2y
3
y
3
= 0
x
3
2xy
2
+ (2x
2
y 2y
3
) y
3
= 0
x
3
2xy
2
2y(x
2
+ y
2
) y
3
= 0
x
3
2xy
2
20y y
3
= 0 (Thay x
2
+ y
2
= 10)
Nh vy ta c mt h mi v kh hn l
_
x
3
y
3
2xy
2
20y = 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
.
R rng x
3
y
3
2xy
2
20y = 0 khng phi l phng trnh ng cp v s hng 20y l bc nht. Mun
khi phc li phng trnh ng cp ta phi tr li cu hi h s 20 c biu din thnh bc hai c hay
khng?. , x
2
+ y
2
= 10 c v tri l bc hai v 20 = 2 10. Vy th 20y = 2 10.y = 2(x
2
+ y
2
)y.
_
x
3
+ 4y = y
3
+ 16x (1)
1 + y
2
= 5(1 + x
2
) (2)
.
nh hng gii.
Quan st thy phng trnh (1) ngoi 2 s hng bc ba: x
3
; y
3
cn c 2 s hng bc nht l 4y; 16x. Do
, nu cc h s 4 v 16 c th thay th bi mt biu thc bc hai th phng trnh (1) s l phng trnh
ng cp bc ba. Vi mc tiu nh vy, by gi, t phng trnh (2) ta th bin i xem c thu c iu ta
mong mun khng. Ta c
(2) 1 + y
2
= 5 + 5x
2
4 = y
2
5x
2
Tht may mn, ta nhn c mt biu din ht sc gi tr 4 = y
2
5x
2
. Nh vy, 4y = (y
2
5x
2
)y v
16x = 4(y
2
5x
2
)x. n y, bi ton gn nh c gii quyt xong.
Gii. Ta c
_
x
3
+ 4y = y
3
+ 16x
1 + y
2
= 5(1 + x
2
)
_
x
3
+ 4y = y
3
+ 16x
y
2
5x
2
= 4
_
x
3
+ (y
2
5x
2
)y = y
3
+ 4(y
2
5x
2
)x
y
2
5x
2
= 4
_
21x
3
5x
2
y 4xy
2
= 0
y
2
5x
2
= 4
_
x(7x 4y)(3x + y) = 0
y
2
5x
2
= 0
_
_
x = 0
y
2
5x
2
= 0
(I)
_
7x 4y = 0
y
2
5x
2
= 0
(II)
_
3x + y = 0
y
2
5x
2
= 0
(III)
n y, vic gii cc h (I), (II) v (III) l n gin.
_
x
2
2xy + 3y
2
= 9 (1)
x
2
4xy + 5y
2
= 5 (2)
.
nh hng gii.
Nhn thy phng trnh (1) hoc (2) gn ging vi phng trnh ng cp. Chnh v th ta c gng bin
i sao cho nhn c phng trnh ng cp. Nh vy mc tiu ca ta l bin i hng s 9 thnh mt biu
thc bc hai. Ta c th linh ng vit 9 =
9
5
5 v khi thay 5 bi v tri ca phng trnh (2) th thu c
iu ta mong mun.
Gii. Ta c
_
x
2
2xy + 3y
2
= 9
x
2
4xy + 5y
2
= 5
_
_
_
x
2
2xy + 3y
2
=
9
5
(x
2
4xy + 5y
2
)
x
2
4xy + 5y
2
= 5
_
4x
2
26xy + 30y
2
= 0
x
2
4xy + 5y
2
= 5
_
(x 5y)(2x 3y) = 0
x
2
4xy + 5y
2
= 5
Vic gii chi tit dnh cho ngi hc.
Nhn xt. Ta c bin i x
2
2xy + 3y
2
=
9
5
(x
2
4xy + 5y
2
) 5 (x
2
2xy + 3y
2
) = 9 (x
2
4xy + 5y
2
).
Nh vy, y l hnh thc nhn phng trnh th nht vi phng trnh th hai, nhng kho lo ch v
tri ca phng trnh th nht nhn vi v phi ca phng trnh th hai v ngc li.
5. Mt s phng php gii h phng trnh 9
_
2y(x
2
y
2
) = 3x
x(x
2
+ y
2
) = 10y
.
Bi tp. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
1.
_
x
2
xy + y
2
= 3(x y)
x
2
+ xy + y
2
= 7(x y)
2
.
2.
_
x
3
+ 2xy
2
+ 12y = 0
8y
2
+ x
2
= 12
.
3.
_
x
3
8x = y
3
+ 2y
x
2
3 = 3(y
2
+ 1)
.
4.
_
x
3
6x
2
y + 9xy
2
4y
3
= 0
x y +
x + y = 2
.
5.
_
_
_
(2x + y)
2
5(4x
2
y
2
) + 6(2x y)
2
= 0
2x + y +
1
2x y
= 3
.
6.
_
2y
2
x
2
= 1
2x
3
y
3
= 2y x
.
7.
_
x
3
y
3
= 7
xy(x y) = 2
.
8.
_
x
3
+ y
3
= 1
x
2
y + 2xy
2
+ y
3
= 2
.
9.
_
x 2y
xy = 0
x 1 +
4y 1 = 2
.
10.
_
2x
3
9x
3
= (x y)(2xy + 3)
x
2
xy + y
2
= 3
.
5. Mt s phng php gii h phng trnh
5.1. t n ph
Khi t n ph ta cn ch mt s tiu ch sau:
n ban u phi biu din c hon ton qua n ph.
H mi thu c phi n gin hn h ban u.
t iu kin cho n ph (nu c).
Mt s biu din cn lu .
i) x
2
+
1
x
2
=
_
x +
1
x
_
2
2, ii) x
2
+ y
2
= (x + y)
2
2xy,
iii)
x
2
y
2
+
y
2
x
2
=
_
x
y
+
y
x
_
2
2,
_
_
x +
1
x
+ y +
1
y
= 4
x
2
+
1
x
2
+ y
2
+
1
y
2
= 4
().
Gii. iu kin
_
x = 0
y = 0
.
t
_
_
u = x +
1
x
v = y +
1
y
. Khi ,
_
_
x
2
+
1
x
2
= u
2
2
y
2
+
1
y
2
= v
2
2
v h cho tr thnh
_
u + v = 4
u
2
+ v
2
4 = 4
_
v = 4 u
2u
2
8u + 8 = 0
_
v = 4 u
u = 2
_
u = 2
v = 2
Nh th, ta c h
_
_
x +
1
x
= 2
y +
1
y
= 2
_
x
2
2x + 1 = 0
y
2
2y + 1 = 0
_
x = 1
y = 1
.
i chiu vi iu kin, h cho c nghim duy nht
_
x = 1
y = 1
.
Nhn xt.
1. H () l h i xng loi (I), tuy nhin, nu khng nhanh mt t n ph nh trn m gii theo
truyn thng th cch lm s di v phc tp.
2. H () c th bin i khc mt cht ta kh nhn ra n ph bng cch i ch v tr ca cc s hng
thnh
_
_
x + y +
1
x
+
1
y
= 4
x
2
+ y
2
+
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
= 4
.
3. H () cn c th lm kh hn na bng cch nhn 2 v phng trnh th nht cho y v nhn 2 v phng
trnh th hai cho y
2
giu k hn du hiu ca n ph. Nh th, ta c h
_
_
_
xy + y
2
+
y
x
+ 1 = 4y
x
2
y
2
+ y
4
+
y
2
x
2
+ 1 = 4y
2
.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4y = 1 + 3x
3x
2
2y
2
9x 8y = 3
Gii. Ta c
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4y = 1 + 3x
3x
2
2y
2
9x 8y = 3
_
x
2
3x + y
2
+ 4y = 1
3(x
2
3x) 2(y
2
+ 4y) = 3
.
t
_
u = x
2
3x
v = y
2
+ 4y
. Khi , h cho tr thnh
_
u + v = 1
3u 2v = 3
_
_
_
u = 1
v = 0
.
Nh th, ta c h
_
x
2
3x = 1
y
2
+ 4y = 0
_
_
_
x =
3 +
5
2
x =
3
5
2
_
y = 0
y = 4
.
Vy h cho c 4 nghim:
_
_
_
x =
3 +
5
2
y = 0
;
_
_
_
x =
3
5
2
y = 0
;
_
_
_
x =
3 +
5
2
y = 4
;
_
_
_
x =
3
5
2
y = 4
.
Nhn xt. Mt ln na, h phng trnh trong v d cho ta thy vic i ch cc s hng trong phng
trnh thc s gy kh khn cho ta trong vic nhn ra n ph. Chnh v th, trc khi gii phng trnh,
t nht phi c v quan st k h c gng tm nhng biu thc ging nhau.
_
x
2
+ 1 + y(x + y) = 4y (1)
(x
2
+ 1)(x + y 2) = y (2)
.
nh hng gii.
+) Phng trnh (1) v (2) u c cha biu thc: x
2
+ 1, nh th ta c th t n ph u = x
2
+ 1.
+) Phng trnh (1) c cha y(x + y), phng trnh (2) c cha (x + y 2). Hai biu thc gn ging
nhau. Nh vy ta cn phi bin i sao cho ging nhau c th t n ph. C 2 hng bin i, hoc
l nhn (x +y 2) vi y hoc chia y(x +y) cho y. Nu chn hng nhn vi y th phng trnh (2) tr
thnh
(x
2
+ 1)y(x + y 2) = y
2
, (3)
v ta c h
_
x
2
+ 1 + y(x + y) = 4y
(x
2
+ 1)y(x + y 2) = y
2

_
x
2
+ 1 + y(x + y 2) = 2y
(x
2
+ 1)y(x + y 2) = y
2
. n y, ta c th t n
ph u = x
2
+ 1, v = y(x + y 2) nhng vn cn kh khn l v phi ca mi phng trnh cn c 2y
vi y
2
v 2 biu thc ny khng th biu din c qua u v v.
Nu chn hng bin i chia cho y th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
x
2
+ 1
y
+ x + y = 4. (4)
By gi h xut hin biu thc mi
x
2
+ 1
y
, trong khi phng trnh (2) ch c biu thc (x
2
+ 1). Mt
cu hi t ra l bin i th no phng trnh (2) cng c biu thc
x
2
+ 1
y
. tr li cu hi ,
t hn phi chia 2 v phng trnh (2) cho y. Khi ta c phng trnh
(x
2
+ 1)(x + y 2)
y
= 1
x
2
+ 1
y
(x + y 2) = 1.
Vy ta c h
_
_
x
2
+ 1
y
+ x + y = 4
x
2
+ 1
y
(x + y 2) = 1
.
n y, ta c th t n ph
_
_
_
u =
x
2
+ 1
y
v = x + y
hoc
_
_
_
u =
x
2
+ 1
y
v = x + y 2
.
+) Ch , ta ch chia c 2 v ca phng trnh cho y khi y = 0. Do , phi xem xt trng hp y = 0
c tha mn h phng trnh khng.
Gii. Nu y = 0 th t phng trnh (1) ta c x
2
+1 = 0 (v nghim). Vy h cho khng c nghim (x; 0).
Ta c
_
x
2
+ 1 + y(x + y) = 4y
(x
2
+ 1)(x + y 2) = y
_
x
2
+ 1
y
+ x + y = 4
x
2
+ 1
y
(x + y 2) = 1
.
t
_
_
_
u =
x
2
+ 1
y
v = x + y 2
. Khi , h tr thnh
_
u + v + 2 = 4
uv = 1
_
u = 2 v
v
2
+ 2v 1 = 0
_
u = 1
v = 1
.
Nh th
_
_
_
x
2
+ 1
y
= 1
x + y 2 = 1
_
x
2
+ 1 = y
y = 3 x
_
x
2
+ x 2 = 0
y = 3 x
_
_
x = 1
x = 2
y = 3 x
_
_
x = 1
y = 2
_
x = 2
y = 5
.
Vy h cho c 2 nghim:
_
x = 1
y = 2
;
_
x = 2
y = 5
.
Nhn xt.
1. Trong nhiu trng hp vic chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho mt biu thc mc d s lm cho phng
trnh c cha cc s hng dng phn thc tuy nhin li tng kh nng xut hin cc biu thc ging
nhau ta c th t n ph.
2. Du hiu nhn bit nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho x (hoc y) l g? Khi th trc tip x = 0
(hoc y = 0) khng tha mn h phng trnh th mt trong nhng hng ngh n l chia 2 v ca
phng trnh cho x (hoc y).
_
xy + x + 1 = 7y
x
2
y
2
+ xy + 1 = 13y
2
.
Gii. Nu y = 0 th t phng trnh th hai ta c 1 = 0 (v l). Vy h cho khng c nghim (x; 0).
Ta c
_
xy + x + 1 = 7y
x
2
y
2
+ xy + 1 = 13y
2

_
_
x +
x
y
+
1
y
= 7
x
2
+
x
y
+
1
y
2
= 13
.
t
_
_
u = x +
1
y
v =
x
y
. Ta c x
2
+
1
y
2
=
_
x +
1
y
_
2
2
x
y
= u
2
2v. Khi , h cho tr thnh
_
u + v = 7
u
2
v = 13
_
v = 7 u
u
2
+ u 20 = 0
_
v = 7 u
_
u = 4
u = 5
_
_
u = 4
v = 3
_
u = 5
v = 12
.
Vi
_
u = 4
v = 3
th
_
_
x +
1
y
= 4
x
y
= 3
_
3y
2
4y + 1 = 0
x = 3y
_
_
_
y = 1
y =
1
3
x = 3y
_
_
x = 3
y = 1
_
_
_
x = 1
y =
1
3
.
Vi
_
u = 5
v = 12
th
_
_
x +
1
y
= 5
x
y
= 12
_
12y
2
+ 5y + 1 = 0 (v nghim)
x = 12y
.
Vy h cho c 2 nghim:
_
x = 3
y = 1
;
_
_
_
x = 1
y =
1
3
.
_
(x 1)(y 2) x y = 18
(x 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 38
.
Gii. t
_
u = x 1
v = y 2
. Khi ,
_
x = u + 1
y = v + 2
v h cho tr thnh
_
uv u v 3 = 18
u
2
+ v
2
= 38
_
uv = 21 + (u + v)
(u + v)
2
2uv 38 = 0
_
uv = 21 + (u + v)
(u + v)
2
2(u + v) 80 = 0
_
uv = 21 + (u + v)
_
u + v = 10
u + v = 8
_
_
u + v = 10
uv = 31
(v nghim v 10
2
< 4 31)
_
u + v = 8
uv = 13
_
u = v 8
v
2
8v 13 = 0
_
u = v 8
_
v = 4 +
3
v = 4
_
_
u = 4
3
v = 4 +
3
_
u = 4 +
3
v = 4
3
Vi
_
u = 4
3
v = 4 +
3
th
_
x = 3
3
y = 2 +
3
.
Vi
_
u = 4 +
3
v = 4
3
th
_
x = 3 +
3
y = 2
3
.
Vy h cho c 2 nghim:
_
x = 3
3
y = 2 +
3
;
_
x = 3 +
3
y = 2
3
.
Nhn xt.
1. S d ta mnh dn t u = x 1, v = y 2 v hai biu thc ny u c mt trong c hai phng trnh
v quan trng hn l ta c th biu din c phn cn li l x v y qua u, v.
2. Nu thc hin php nhn a thc v khai trin hng ng thc phng trnh th nht v th hai ca
h th ta thu c
_
xy 3x 2y = 16
x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y = 33
. y l mt h m t nhiu cng gy kh d cho ta.
3. Ta c th phn tch khi phc li h ban u bng s quan st t m v lp lun c l. T phng
trnh th hai, ta nhn thy c lng x
2
2x v y
2
4y. Nu nhun nhuyn v hng ng thc th ta
s ngh ngay ti (x 1)
2
v (y 2)
2
. Vy bng cch thm, bt th ta c bin i
x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y = 33 x
2
2x + 1 + y
2
4y + 4 = 33 + 5 (x 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 38.
Tip n ta phi tr li cu hi (x 1) v (y 2) c lin quan g n phng trnh xy 3x 2y = 16?
, trong phng trnh c cha xy nn c l n l mt thnh phn trong tch (x 1)(y 2). Tht
vy, (x 1)(y 2) = xy 2x y + 2, v n y ta bin i
xy 3x 2y = 16 xy 2x y + 2 x y = 16 + 2 (x 1)(y 2) x y = 18.
_
y
_
x
2
y
2
= 12 (1)
x
2
+ y +
_
x
2
y
2
= 32 (2)
nh hng gii
+) Quan st k phng trnh (1) v (2) ta thy c 2 biu thc ging nhau: y;
_
x
2
y
2
. V th, ta ngh
ngay n vic t n ph u = y, v =
_
x
2
y
2
.
+) Tip n, ta phi tm cu tr li cho cu hi: x
2
c biu din c qua u v v khng? Nhn thy x
2
c
trong
_
x
2
y
2
, mun ly x
2
ra th trc tin ta phi thc hin php bnh phng v
2
= x
2
y
2
. Do ,
x
2
= v
2
+ y
2
= v
2
+ u
2
.
Gii. iu kin x
2
y
2
.
t
_
u = y
v =
_
x
2
y
2
0
. Khi , ta c x
2
= u
2
+ v
2
v h cho tr thnh
_
uv = 12
u
2
+ v
2
+ u + v = 32
_
uv = 12
(u + v)
2
2uv + u + v 32 = 0
_
uv = 12
(u + v)
2
+ (u + v) 56 = 0
_
uv = 12
_
u + v = 7
u + v = 8
_
_
uv = 12
u + v = 7
_
uv = 12
u + v = 8
_
_
u = 3
v = 4
_
u = 4
v = 3
_
u = 2
v = 6
(loi)
_
u = 6
v = 2
(loi)
Vi
_
u = 3
v = 4
th
_
y = 3
_
x
2
y
2
= 4
_
y = 3
x
2
= 25
_
_
x = 5
y = 3
_
x = 5
y = 3
.
Vi
_
u = 4
v = 3
th
_
y = 4
_
x
2
y
2
= 3
_
y = 4
x
2
= 25
_
_
x = 5
y = 4
_
x = 5
y = 4
.
Vy h cho c 4 nghim:
_
x = 5
y = 3
;
_
x = 5
y = 3
;
_
x = 5
y = 4
;
_
x = 5
y = 4
.
_
y
_
x
2
y
2
= 12 (1)
x + y +
_
x
2
y
2
= 12 (2)
nh hng gii
Ging v d trn, suy ngh u tin khi gii h ny l t n ph u = y, v =
_
x
2
y
2
.
Tip n, ta phi tm cu tr li cho cu hi: x c biu din c qua u v v khng? Nhn thy x khng
c trong u = y cng nh trong v =
_
x
2
y
2
. Vy lm th no biu din x qua u v v c? Nh
th vic t n ph nh trn khng cn hp l.
V
_
x
2
y
2
xut hin trong c hai phng trnh v vi mc tiu lm n gin v mt hnh thc ca h
phng trnh nn ta vn t v =
_
x
2
y
2
. Vy u s thay th cho biu thc no? Sao ta khng mnh
dn t u = x + y?
Vi cch t u = x+y, v =
_
x
2
y
2
, th trong phng trnh th nht cn li i tng y cn phi biu
din qua u v v. T cch t ta c y = ux v do , v =
_
x
2
(u x)
2
=
2ux u
2
(). Quan st
() ta thy c th biu din c x qua u v v. C th, v
2
= 2ux u
2
2ux = u
2
+v
2
x =
u
2
+ v
2
2u
(nu u = 0). Vy y = u x = u
u
2
+ v
2
2u
=
u
2
v
2
2u
.
Gii. iu kin x
2
y
2
.
t
_
u = x + y
v =
_
x
2
y
2
. Khi , ta c
_
u
2
= x
2
+ y
2
+ 2xy
v
2
= x
2
y
2
u
2
v
2
= 2y
2
+ 2xy u
2
v
2
= 2y(x + y) u
2
v
2
= 2yu. (3)
Nu u = 0 th t (2) ta c v = 12 v do , phng trnh (3) tr thnh 144 = 0, v l. Vy u = 0 v
(3) y =
u
2
v
2
2u
.
H cho c vit li
_
_
_
u
2
v
2
2u
v = 12
u + v = 12
_
_
_
12(u v)v
2u
= 12
u + v = 12
_
uv v
2
= 2u
u = 12 v
_
2v
2
+ 14v 24 = 0
u = 12 v
_
_
u = 9
v = 3
_
u = 8
v = 4
Vi
_
u = 9
v = 3
th
_
x + y = 9
_
x
2
y
2
= 3
_
x = 9 y
(9 y)
2
y
2
= 9
_
x = 9 y
81 18y = 9
_
x = 5
y = 4
.
Vi
_
u = 9
v = 3
th
_
x + y = 8
_
x
2
y
2
= 4
_
x = 8 y
(8 y)
2
y
2
= 16
_
x = 8 y
64 16y = 16
_
x = 5
y = 3
.
Vy h cho c 2 nghim:
_
x = 5
y = 4
;
_
x = 5
y = 3
.
1.
_
_
_
x(x + y + 1) 3 = 0
(x + y)
2
5
x
2
+ 1 = 0
,
Chia 2 v phng trnh th nht cho x ri t n ph u = x+y, v =
1
x
.
2.
_
x
4
4x
2
+ y
2
6x + 9 = 0
x
2
y + x
2
+ 2y 22 = 0
,
t u = x
2
2, v = y 3.
3.
_
8x
3
y
3
+ 27 = 18y
3
4x
2
y + 6x = y
2
,
Chia phng trnh th nht cho y
3
, chia phng trnh th hai cho
y
2
. t u = 2x, v =
3
y
.
4.
_
_
_
2x
2
+ x
1
y
= 2
y y
2
x 2y
2
= 2
,
Chia phng trnh th hai cho y
2
. t u = x, v =
1
y
.
5.
_
_
x
2
+ y + x
3
y + xy
2
+ xy =
5
4
x
4
+ y
2
+ xy(1 + 2x) =
5
4
,
t u = x
2
+ y, v = xy.
6.
_
x
4
x
3
y + x
2
y
2
= 1
x
3
y x
2
+ xy = 1
,
t u = x
2
+ xy, v = x
3
y.
7.
_
_
_
x(x + y + 1) 3 = 0
(x + y)
2
5
x
2
+ 1 = 0
,
Chia phng trnh th nht cho x. t u = x + y, v =
1
x
.
8.
_
x
4
4x
2
+ y
2
6x + 9 = 0
x
2
y + x
2
+ 2y 22 = 0
,
t u = x
2
2, v = y 3.
9.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ xy + 1 = 4y
y(x + y)
2
= 2x
2
+ 7y + 2
,
Chia phng trnh th nht cho y, chia phng trnh th hai cho
y. t u =
x
2
+ 1
y
, v = x + y.
10.
_
_
3
x
2
+ y
2
1
+
2y
x
= 1
x
2
+ y
2
2y
x
= 4
,
t u = x
2
+ y
2
1, v =
y
x
.
11.
_
x
2
+ 1 + y
2
+ xy = y
x + y 2 =
y
x
2
+ 1
,
Chia phng trnh th nht cho y. t u =
x
2
+ 1
y
, v = x + y.
12.
_
_
x + y +
1
x
+
1
y
= 4
xy +
1
xy
+
x
y
+
y
x
4 = 0
,
t u = x +
1
x
, v = y +
1
y
.
13.
_
8x
3
y
3
+ 27 = 7y
3
4x
2
y + 6x = y
2
,
Kim tra y = 0 khng tha mn h phng trnh. Nhn hai v
phng trnh th hai vi y ri t u = xy, v = y.
14.
_
2x + y + 1
x + y = 1
3x + 2y = 4
,
t u =
2x + y + 1, v =
x + y.
15.
_
(x 1)(y 1)(x + y 2) = 6
x
2
+ y
2
2x 2y 3 = 0
,
t u = x 1, v = y 1.
16.
_
y + xy
2
= 6x
2
1 + x
2
y
2
= 5x
2
,
5.2. Phng php phn tch thnh nhn t
_
xy + x + y = x
2
2y
2
(1)
x
2y y
x 1 = 2x 2y (2)
.
Gii. iu kin
_
y 0
x 1
. Khi ,
_
xy + x + y = x
2
2y
2
x
2y y
x 1 = 2x 2y
_
(x + y)(x 2y 1) = 0
x
2y y
x 1 = 2x 2y
_
x 2y 1 = 0 (v x + y > 0)
x
2y y
x 1 = 2x 2y
_
x = 2y + 1
(2y + 1)
2y y
2y = 2y + 2
_
x = 2y + 1
y
2y +
2y = 2y + 2
_
x = 2y + 1
(y + 1)
2y = 2(y + 1)
_
x = 2y + 1
2y = 2 (v y + 1 > 0)
_
x = 2y + 1
2y = 4
_
x = 5
y = 2
Vy h c nghim duy nht
_
x = 5
y = 2
.
Nhn xt.
1. Nu hc sinh no nhuyn k nng phn tch a thc thnh nhn t th khng c g bt ng khi bin
i phng trnh (1) thnh (x + y)(x 2y 1) = 0. Vy nu ta qun k nng phn tch thnh
nhn t th lm sao bin i c nh th? C mt ng trnh l hy xem phng trnh (1) nh l
mt phng trnh bc hai n x cn y l tham s. Khi ,
(1) x
2
(y + 1)x 2y
2
y = 0. (4)
Ta c = [(y + 1)]
2
4(2y
2
y) = y
2
+ 2y + 1 + 8y
2
+ 4y = 9y
2
+ 6y + 1 = (3y + 1)
2
. V nh th,
phng trnh c nghim
x =
y + 1 + 3y + 1
2
= 2y + 1; x =
y + 1 (3y + 1)
2
= y.
Vy phng trnh (4) c vit li (x + y)(x 2y 1) = 0.
2. Ti sao li bin i phng trnh (1) m khng bin i phng trnh (2)? R rng l phng trnh (2)
c hnh thc phc tp, ri rm hn phng trnh (1) nn vic tip xc v bin i phng trnh (1) l
iu t nhin.
_
xy + x 2 = 0 (1)
2x
3
x
2
y + x
2
+ y
2
2xy y = 0 (2)
.
Gii. Ta c
(2) (2x
3
2xy) + (x
2
y) + (x
2
y + y
2
) = 0
2x(x
2
y) + (x
2
y) y(x
2
y) = 0
(x
2
y)(2x + 1 y) = 0
_
x
2
y = 0
2x + 1 y = 0
Vi x
2
y = 0 ta c h
_
x
2
y = 0
xy + x 2 = 0
_
y = x
2
x
3
+ x 2 = 0
_
y = x
2
(x 1)(x
2
+ x + 2) = 0
_
y = x
2
x 1 = 0
_
x = 1
y = 1
Vi 2x + 1 y = 0 ta c h
_
2x + 1 y = 0
xy + x 2 = 0
_
y = 2x + 1
2x
2
+ 2x 2 = 0
_
y = 2x + 1
_
_
x =
1 +
5
2
x =
1
5
2
_
_
_
x =
1 +
5
2
y =
5
_
_
x =
1
5
2
y =
5
.
Vy h cho c 3 nghim:
_
x = 1
y = 1
;
_
_
x =
1 +
5
2
y =
5
;
_
_
x =
1
5
2
y =
5
.
Nhn xt.
1. Nu khng pht hin cc nhm c nhn t chung nh trong li gii th ta xem phng trnh (2) l
phng trnh bc hai n y
y
2
(x
2
+ 2x + 1)y + 2x
3
+ x
2
= 0.
T tm c nghim y theo x v ta nhn c phng trnh tch nh trong li gii.
2. Nhn thy x = 0 khng tha mn phng trnh (1) nn ta c (1) y =
2 x
x
. Thay biu thc ny
vo phng trnh (2) ta nhn c phng trnh mt n x.
_
x
2
+ xy + 2 = 3x + y
x
2
+ y
2
= 1
.
_
y
2
= (5x + 4)(4 x)
y
2
5x
2
4xy + 16x 8y + 16 = 0
.
1.
_
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
+
2xy
x + y
= 1
x + y = x
2
y
5.3. Phng php th
_
2x
2
y + 3xy = 4x
2
+ 9y
7y + 6 = 2x
2
+ 9x
.
_
x
4
+ 2x
3
y + x
2
y
2
= 2x + 9
x
2
+ 2xy = 6x + 6
.
_
x
4
x
3
y + x
2
y
2
= 1
x
3
y x
2
+ xy = 1
.
_
x
2
(y + 1)(x + y + 1) = 3x
2
4x + 1
xy + x + 1 = 5x
2
.
1.
_
x
2
+ 5x + y = 9
3x
3
+ x
2
y + 2xy + 6x
2
= 18
.
Th y = 9 x
2
5x vo phng trnh th hai.
5.4. Phng php hm s
Cho hm s f n iu trn I, (I l khong, on, na khong) v x, y I. Khi
f(x) = f(y) x = y.
Da v tnh cht trn, ngi ra c th chn mt hm s c trng f n iu trn I ri xy dng
phng trnh f(x) = f(y) v bin i n i che giu mi lin h n gin gia x v y. Sau kt hp vi
mt phng trnh th hai c mt h m v hnh thc rt l lm nhng bn cht th khng kh lm.
_
x y = e
y
e
x
(1)
x
2
y 3y 18 = 0 (2)
.
Gii. Ta c (1) x + e
x
= y + e
y
. (3)
Xt hm f(t) = t + e
t
trn R. Ta c f
(t) = 1 + e
t
> 0, t R. Suy ra hm s f ng bin trn R. Do ,
(3) f(x) = f(y) x = y.
x
2
3x 18 = 0
_
x = 6
x = 3
Vy h cho c nghim:
_
x = 6
y = 6
;
_
x = 3
y = 3
.
Nhn xt. Nu t mt trong hai phng trnh ca h c th bin i thnh phng trnh m v tri ch
hon ton cha x cn v phi hon ton cha y v v hnh thc ca hai v gn tng ng nh nhau th
ta chn hm s c trng f l hm s v n gin.
_
y
3
+ y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2 (1)
1 x
2
2 =
2 y 1 (2)
.
nh hng gii.
+) Phng trnh (1) c im c bit l v tri ch c n x v v phi ch c n y. Hn na v tri n
gin hn v phi nn ta c th chn hm s c trng f(t) = t
3
+ t.
+) Vi hm s c trng va chn th ta gp phi rc ri l biu thc f(x) = x
3
+ x khng ging vi v
phi ca phng trnh (1). V th, ta buc phi iu chnh c kt qu thun li. C th, v phi c
cha s hng c bc cao nht l x
3
(bng bc ca hm s c trng f(t) = t
3
+ t) nn ta suy on v
phi l dng khai trin ca f(x + ) = (x + )
3
+ x + . Vn tip theo l lm th no tm c
? Ta c
(x + )
3
+ x + = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x
2
+
3
+ x + = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ (3
2
+ 1)x +
3
+ .
i chiu vi v phi ca phng trnh (1), ta cn c l s tha mn
_
_
3 = 3
3
2
+ 1 = 4
3
+ = 2
.
R rng, = 1 tha mn c 3 rng buc trn. Vy x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2 = (x + 1)
3
+ x + 1.
Gii. iu kin
_
1 x 1
y 2
.
Ta c (1) y
3
+ y = (x + 1)
3
+ x + 1. (3)
Xt hm s f(t) = t
3
+ t trn R. Ta c f
(t) = 3t
2
+ 1 > 0, t R. Suy ra hm s f ng bin trn R.
Do ,
(3) f(y) = f(x + 1) y = x + 1.
Thay y = x + 1 vo phng trnh (2) ta c
1 x
2
2 =
_
2 y 1
1 x
2
2 =
1 x 1
_
8x
3
y
3
3y
2
= 5y 4x + 3 (1)
2x + y + 5 + 2x = 2 (2)
.
Gii. iu kin 2x + y + 5 0.
Ta c (1) 8x
3
+ 4x = y
3
+ 3y
2
+ 5y + 3 (2x)
3
+ 2.(2x) = (y + 1)
3
+ 2(y + 1). (3)
Xt hm f(t) = t
3
+ 2t. Ta c f
(t) = 3t
2
+ 2 > 0, t R. V th
(3) f(2x) = f(y + 1) 2x = y + 1. (4)
Thay (4) vo (2) ta c
_
y + 1 + y + 5 + y + 1 = 2
_
2y + 6 = 1 y
_
1 y 0
2y + 6 = (1 y)
2
_
y 1
y
2
4y 5 = 0
_
y 1
_
y = 1
y = 5
y = 1
Vi y = 1 th t (4) ta tnh c x = 0.
i chiu vi iu kin, h cho c nghim duy nht
_
x = 0
y = 1
.
Nhn xt.
1. Mc d phng trnh (1) c bin i thnh 8x
3
+ 4x = y
3
+ 3y
2
+ 5y + 3, () nhng nu k
s thy 8x
3
+ 4x = (2x)
3
+ 2.(2x) v khi chn hm c trng f(t) = t
3
+ 2t th ta s c bin i
tng i gn gng nh trong li gii trn.
2. Nu chn hm c trng f(t) = 8t
3
+ 4t th ta c tm ra c mi lin h 2x = y + 1 khng? Ta th
bin i xem sao. Nhn thy h s ca y
3
trong v phi ca () ch l 1 trong khi h s ca t
3
trong
hm c trng li l 8 v th v phi ca () khng th l f(y + ) m phi l f(my + n). Cng vic
tip theo l phi tm h s m, n no ph hp? tr li cu hi ny ta s khai trin f(my +n) v i
chiu vi v phi ca () hy vng tm c m, n. Ta c
f(my + ny) = 8(my + n)
3
+ 4(my + n)
= 8(m
3
y
3
+ 3m
2
y
2
n + 3myn
2
+ n
3
) + 4my + 4n
= 8m
3
y
3
+ 24m
2
ny
2
+ (24mn
2
+ 4m)y + 8n
3
+ 4n.
Nh vy m, n l cc s tha mn cc rng buc
_
_
8m
3
= 1
24m
2
n = 3
24mn
2
+ 4m = 5
8n
3
+ 4n = 3
.
T rng buc th nht ta c m =
1
2
, thay vo rng buc th hai ta tnh c n =
1
2
. Hai s m, n ny
cng tha mn rng buc th ba v th t. Vy () f(x) = f
_
1
2
y +
1
2
_
x =
1
2
y +
1
2
, v ta cng
kim chng c hm c trng f(t) = 8t
3
+ 4t c f
(t) = 24t
2
+ 4 > 0, t R.
_
x
3
5x = y
3
5y (1)
x
8
+ y
4
= 1 (2)
.
nh hng gii.
+) Quan st phng trnh (1) ta quyt nh chn hm c trng f(t) = t
3
5t. Khi (1) f(x) = f(y).
Tuy nhin, khng ging nh cc v d trc, hm c trng trong v d ny c f
(t) = 3t
2
5 v ta c
bng bin thin ca f nh di y
t
15
3
15
3
+
f
(t) + 0 0 +
f(t)
f
CT
f
C
+
Nhn s lc, ta thy h phng trnh xc nh vi mi x, y R v hm f khng n iu trn R. V
th t f(x) = f(y) ta khng th suy ra x = y. Vy l no dng ti y?
+) k ta thy phng trnh (2) cho ta rng buc: tng ca hai s khng m l x
8
v y
4
bng 1. V
th, ta c nh gi x
8
1, iu ny dn n 1 x 1. Tng t ta cng c y
4
1 v nh th th
1 y 1. Vy nu h cho c nghim th nghim ca h ch c th l cp s thuc on [1; 1],
tc l x, y [1; 1].
Theo kt qu bng bin thin trn th hm f nghch bin trn
_
15
3
;
15
3
_
v nh th n cng
nghch bin trn [1; 1]. Vy th f(x) = f(y) x = y.
Gii. Xt hm s f(t) = t
3
5t. Ta c f
(t) = 3t
2
5 v bng bin thin
t
15
3
15
3
+
f
(t) + 0 0 +
f(t)
f
CT
f
C
+
T phng trnh (2) ta nh gi c
_
x
8
1
y
4
1
_
1 x 1
1 y 1
. Nh vy ta ch xt h cho vi
x, y [1; 1]. Khi ,
(1) f(x) = f(y) x = y (v f nghch bin trn [1; 1])
x
8
+ x
4
= 1
x
8
+ x
4
1 = 0
_
x
4
=
1 +
5
2
x
4
=
1
5
2
(v nghim)
_
x =
4
_
1 +
5
2
x =
4
_
1 +
5
2
.
Vy h cho c hai nghim:
_
_
x =
4
_
1 +
5
2
y =
4
_
1 +
5
2
;
_
_
x =
4
_
1 +
5
2
y =
4
_
1 +
5
2
.
_
_
_
x
3
3x
2
9x + 22 = y
3
+ 3y
2
9y (1)
x
2
+ y
2
x + y =
1
2
(2)
.
nh hng gii.
+) Quan st phng trnh th nht, ta s chn hm s c trng f(t) = t
3
+ 3t
2
9t. Khi , v tri c
dng f(x + ). Ta s khai trin
f(x + ) = (x + )
3
+ 3(x + )
2
9(x + )
= x
3
+ (3 + 3)x
2
+ (3
2
+ 6 9)x +
3
+ 3
2
9.
v i chiu vi v phi c c tha mn cc rng buc
_
_
3 + 3 = 3
3
2
+ 6 9 = 9
3
+ 3
2
9 = 22
= 2.
Nh vy (1) c vit li thnh (x 2)
3
+ 3(x 2)
2
9(x 2) = y
3
+ 3y
2
9y, (3).
+) Hm c trng f c f
(t) = 3t
2
+ 6t 9 v c bng bin thin
t 3 1 +
f
(t) + 0 0 +
f(t)
f
CT
f
C
+
Nn f khng phi l hm s n iu trn R. V th t phng trnh (3) ta cha th kt lun x2 = y.
+) Ta cn phi c vi nh gi v x, y hy vng ch xt h cho trn I m hm s f li n iu trn
. C th, phng trnh (2) c vit li
_
x
1
2
_
2
+
_
y +
1
2
_
2
= 1.
T y ta c nh gi
_
x
1
2
_
2
1 1 x
1
2
1
1
2
x
3
2

5
2
x 2
1
2
,
v
_
y +
1
2
_
2
1 1 y +
1
2
1
3
2
y
1
2
.
Trn
_
5
2
;
1
2
_
, hm s f nghch bin nn kt hp vi phng trnh (4) ta thu c x 2 = y.
Gii. Ta c (1) (x 2)
3
+ 3(x 2)
2
9(x 2) = y
3
+ 3y
2
9y, (3).
Xt hm s f(t) = t
3
+ 3t
2
9t. Ta c f
(t) = 3t
2
+ 6t 9 v bng bin thin
t 3 1 +
f
(t) + 0 0 +
f(t)
f
CT
f
C
+
Phng trnh (2) c vit li
_
x
1
2
_
2
+
_
y +
1
2
_
2
= 1.
Suy ra
1
2
x
3
2
;
3
2
y
1
2
. Nh vy ta ch cn xt h cho vi
1
2
x
3
2
;
3
2
y
1
2
.
Khi
1
2
x
3
2
th
5
2
x 2
1
2
. Trn
_
5
2
;
1
2
_
, hm s f nghch bin nn
(3) f(x 2) = f(y) x 2 = y, (4)
Thay y = x 2 vo phng trnh (2) ta c
x
2
+ (x 2)
2
x + x 2 =
1
2
2x
2
4x +
3
2
= 0
_
x =
1
2
x =
3
2
.
Vi x =
1
2
th y =
3
2
.
Vi x =
3
2
th y =
1
2
.
Vy h cho c 2 nghim:
_
_
x =
1
2
y =
3
2
;
_
_
x =
3
2
y =
1
2
.
Nhn xt.
1. Nu t phng trnh (2) ta khng nh gi c (x 2) v y thuc on m hm s f n iu th ta
khng th kt lun x 2 = y mc d f(x 2) = f(y).
2. Ta c th gii c h ny m khng cn nh gi v x, y nh trong li gii. C th, ta c th bin i
phng trnh (1) nh sau
(1) (x 2)
3
+ 3(x 2)
2
9(x 2) = y
3
+ 3y
2
9y
_
(x 2)
3
y
3
+
_
3(x 2)
2
3y
2
[9(x 2) 9y] = 0
(x 2 y)
_
(x 2)
2
+ (x 2)y + y
2
+ 3(x 2 y)(x 2 + y) 9(x 2 y) = 0

(x 2 y)(x
2
+ y
2
+ xy x + y 11) = 0
_
x 2 y = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ xy x + y 11 = 0
.
Vi x 2 y = 0 ta c h
_
_
_
x 2 y = 0
x
2
+ y
2
x + y =
1
2
. H ny gii nh trong li gii trn.
Vi x
2
+y
2
+xyx+y11 = 0 ta c h
_
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ xy x + y 11 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
x + y =
1
2
_
xy =
21
2
x
2
+ y
2
x + y =
1
2
.
H ny gii bng phng php th.
_
(4x
2
+ 1)x = (3 y)
5 2y (1)
4x
2
+ y
2
+ 2
3 4x = 7 (2)
.
nh hng gii.
+) T phng trnh (1) gi cho ta suy ngh chn hm s c trng f(t) = (4t
2
+ 1)t. Khi , ta th tc
ng hm f ln biu thc

5 2y xem c thu c v phi ca phng trnh (1) khng? Ta c
f
_
_
5 2y
_
= [4(5 2y) + 1]
_
5 2y = (21 8y)
_
5 2y.
Kt qu thu c khng nh mong i!
+) Kin tr mt cht, ta th iu chnh quan im xem v phi l f(.
5 2y) v tin hnh tm . Ta

c
f(
_
5 2y) =
_
4
_
.
_
5 2y
_
2
+ 1
_
.
_
5 2y =
_
20
3
+ 8
3
y
_ _
5 2y.
i chiu vi v phi ca (2) ta cn c
_
20
3
+ = 3
8
3
= 1
=
1
2
. Vy phng trnh (1) c vit li
(1) (4x
2
+ 1)x =
_
4
_
1
2
_
5 2y
_
2
+ 1
_
1
2
_
5 2y
f(x) = f
_
1
2
_
5 2y
_
x =
1
2
_
5 2y
2x =
_
5 2y.
Gii. iu kin
_
_
x
3
4
y
5
2
.
Ta c (1) (4x
2
+ 1)x =
_
4
_
1
2
5 2y
_
2
+ 1
_
1
2
5 2y. (3)
Xt hm f(t) = (4t
2
+ 1)t. Ta c f
(t) = 12t
2
+ 1 > 0, t R. Do ,
(3) f(x) = f(
1
2
_
5 2y) x =
1
2
_
5 2y 2x =
_
5 2y
_
_
_
x 0
y =
5 4x
2
2
.
Thay y =
5 4x
2
2
vo phng trnh (2) ta c
4x
2
+
_
5 4x
2
2
_
2
+ 2
3 4x = 7 (4)
Xt hm s g(x) = 4x
2
+
_
5 4x
2
2
_
2
+ 2
3 4x trn
_
0;
3
4
_
. Ta c g
(x) = 4x(4x
2
3)
4
3 4x
< 0,
suy ra g(x) nghch bin trn
_
0;
3
4
_
.
Mt khc, g
_
1
2
_
= 7, do , phng trnh (4) c nghim duy nht x =
1
2
.
_
_
_
x =
1
2
y = 2
.
_
8x
3
36x
2
+ 53x 25 = y (1)
3x 5 = y
3
(2)
.
nh hng gii.
+) Nu dng phng php th y t phng trnh (1) vo phng trnh (2) th ta s c phng trnh mt
n x, tuy nhin phng trnh ny c bc bng 9. Vic gii phng trnh mt n bc 9 khng h n
gin.
+) Nhn thy v phi ca (1) v (2) c 2 s hng rt quen thuc l y
3
v y. Vy nu ta cng phng trnh
(1) vi (2) th ta c phng trnh mi
8x
3
36x
2
+ 56x 30 = y
3
+ y
m c mt v l y
3
+y cn v kia l a thc bc 3 ca bin x. n y ta chn c hm s c trng
f(t) = t
3
+ t v hy vng tm c mi lin h n gin gia x v y.
+) Vi hm s c trng f(t) = t
3
+ t, ta d on v tri c dng f(2x + ). Tng t cc v d trn, d
dng tm c = 3
Gii. Cng v theo v phng trnh (1) vi phng trnh (2) ta c
8x
3
36x
2
+ 56x 30 = y
3
+ y
(2x 3)
3
+ (2x 3) = y
3
+ y. (3)
Xt hm s f(t) = t
3
+ t. Ta c f
(t) = 3t
2
+ 1 > 0, t R. Do , t phng trnh (3) ta thu c
(3) f(2x 3) = f(y) 2x 3 = y.
Thay y = 2x 3 vo phng trnh (2) ta c
3x 5 = (2x 3)
3
8x
3
36x
2
+ 51x 22 = 0
(x 2)(8x
2
20x + 11) = 0
_
x = 2
x =
5 +
3
4
x =
5
3
4
.
Vy h cho c 3 nghim:
_
x = 2
y = 1
;
_
_
x =
5 +
3
4
y =
1 +
3
2
;
_
_
x =
5
3
4
y =
1
3
2
.
Nhn xt.
1. Trong qu trnh gii, ta thc hin php cng v theo v phng trnh (1) vi phng trnh (2). Vy ti
sao ta khng tr v theo v phng trnh (1) cho phng trnh (2)? Cu tr li l: nu tr nh th ta
thu c hm c trng f(t) = t t
3
, hm ny khng hon ton n iu trn R. V vy gii php
cng 2 phng trnh trn l hp l.
2. T phng trnh (2) ta c biu din tng ng l y =
3
3x 5, thay biu thc ny vo phng trnh

(1) ta c mt phng trnh mi
8x
3
36x
2
+ 53x 25 =
3
3x 5.
Vy ta c mt ton hon ton mi l: Gii phng trnh 8x
3
36x
2
+ 53x 25 =
3
3x 5?
3. Ta bit cch to ra ton trn, vy lm th no gii c phng trnh ? Ta lm theo thao tc
ngc li. t y =
3
3x 5. Khi , y
3
= 3x5 v kt hp vi phng trnh 8x
3
36x
2
+53x25 = y
ta c h trong v d trn. V cch gii trong h trn l cng v theo v hai phng trnh nn ta c
bin i nh sau
8x
3
36x
2
+ 53x 25 =
3
3x 5
8x
3
36x
2
+ 53x 25 + 3x 5 = 3x 5 +
3
3x 5
(2x 3)
3
+ 2x 3 =
_
3
3x 5
_
3
+
3
3x 5. (4)
Chn hm c trng f(t) = t
3
+ t. Khi f
(t) = 3t
2
+ 1 > 0, t R. Do , t phng trnh (4) ta
thu c
(4) f(2x 3) = f(
3
3x 5)
2x 3 =
3
3x 5
8x
3
36x
2
+ 54x 27 = 3x 5
8x
3
36x
2
+ 51x 22 = 0
(x 2)(8x
2
20x + 11) = 0
_
x = 2
x =
5 +
3
4
x =
5
3
4
.
Vy phng trnh cho c 3 nghim: x = 2; x =
5 +
3
4
; x =
5
3
4
.
_
x
3
y
3
= 9 (1)
x
2
+ 2y
2
= x 4 (2)
.
nh hng gii.
Tr v theo v phng trnh (1) cho phng trnh (2) ta thu c
x
3
y
3
x
2
2y
2
= 13 x x
3
x
2
+ x = y
3
+ 2y
2
+ 13, (3).
_
2
x
+ 2x = 3 + y (1)
2
y
+ 2y = 3 + x (2)
.
Gii. Tr v theo v phng trnh (1) cho phng trnh (2) ta c
2
x
2
y
+ 2x 2y = y x 2
x
+ 3x = 2
y
+ 3y. (3)
Xt hm s f(t) = 2
t
+ 3t. Ta c f
(t) = 2
t
ln 2 + 3 > 0, t R. Do , t phng trnh (3) ta c
(3) f(x) = f(y) x = y.
Thay x = y vo phng trnh (1) ta nhn c
2
x
+ 2x = 3 + x 2
x
= 3 x. (4)
Nhn thy x = 1 tha mn phng trnh (4). Vy x = 1 l mt nghim ca phng trnh (4).
Nu x > 1 th 2
x
> 2
1
= 2 > 3 x. Do , phng trnh khng c nghim x > 1.
Nu x < 1 th 2
x
< 2
1
= 2 < 3 x. Do , phng trnh khng c nghim x < 1.
Vy phng trnh (4) c nghim duy nht x = 1.
_
x = 1
y = 1
.
Nhn xt.
1. H cho l h i xng loi (II), tuy nhin nu gii theo cch thng thng th ta khng th bin i
c phng trnh (3) v dng
(x y)(x, y) = 0.
2. Trong mt s tnh hung th phng php hm s t ra rt hiu qu cho vic gii h i xng loi (II).
1.
_
_
_
x 1
y 1 =
1
x 1

1
y 1
x
2
+ y = 30
.
2.
_
2(2x + 1)
3
+ 2x + 1 = (2y 3)
y 2
4x + 2 +
2y + 4 = 6
.
3.
_
x
6
y
3
+ x
2
9y
2
30 = 28y
2x + 3 + x = y
.
4.
_
_
_
x
3
+ x + log
2
x
y
= 8y
3
+ 2y + 1
y
2
xy +
1
4
= 0
.
5.
_
2x + 3 +
4 y = 4
2y + 3 +
4 x = 4
.
6.
_
x
3
y
3
= 9
x
2
+ 2y
2
= x 4y
.
7.
_
_
_
e
y
2
x
2
=
x
2
+ 1
y
2
+ 1
3 log
2
(x + 2y + 6) = 2 log
2
(x + y + 2) + 1
.
_
e
xy
+ e
x+y
= 2(x + 1)
e
x+y
= x y + 1
.
Ti liu ny c bin son da trn cc ti liu m nhiu thy c tm huyt chia s min ph trn
internet. Xin gi li cm n v chc qu thy c sc khe di do. Ti liu ang trong qu trnh hon chnh,
nn s c cp nht thng xuyn. Chc cc em hc sinh hc tt. Nu ti liu ny c chia s li ni
khc th ngi chia s vui lng khng ghi ln trn ti liu bt k thng tin no khc.
L Hng Phi.

He Phuong Trinh

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He Phuong Trinh

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H phng trnh

1. H hai n trong c mt phng trnh bc nht

+ 3(x 2 y)(x 2 + y) 9(x 2 y) = 0

5 2y) v tin hnh tm . Ta

3x 5, thay biu thc ny vo phng trnh

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