Cong Nghe Che Bien Tom Dong Lanh

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008
Trng i hc cn Th
TRNG I HC CN TH KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC

NG DNG B MN CNG NGH THC PHM
L TH HNH DUNG
KHO ST CC QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH

BIN TM NG LNH TI CNG TY C PHN
THU SN SC TRNG (STAPIMEX)
LUN VN TT NGHIP K s Chuyn ngnh: CNG NGH THC PHM

M ngnh : 08
Gio vin hng dn NGUYN VN MI
Lun vn tt nghip nh km theo y, vi ti KHO ST CC QUY TRNH
CNG NGH CH BIN TOM NG LNH TI CNG TY C PHN THU SN
sc TRNG (STAPIMEX), d sinh vin L TH HNH DUNG thc hin v bo co
c hi ng bo co lun vn thng qua.
Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng nghip & Snh hc ng dng
Trng i hc cn Th
Gio vin hug dn
TM Lc
NGUYN VN MI
Mc tiu ch yu ca qu trnh thc tp l kho st v tm hiu v cc qu trnh cng ngh ch

bin tm lnh ng - ngun thy sn di do ca nc ta gp phn phc v nhu cu tiu th
ni a v cc mt hng gi tr gia tng.
Qu trnh kho st c tm lc nh sau:
ng.
Kho st tin trnh hot ng trong cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm tm lnh
Kho st cc thng s k thut ch bin, yu cu v ngun nguyn liu v tm hu v cc
thit b sn xut nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm.

Tm hiu c cu t chc, qun l v nhim v ca ton th cc cng nhn v nhn vin
ca nh my.
Trong qu trnh thc tp thu c:
Nam c cc thng so k thut ca tng quy trnh ch bin tm ng lnht, hu c
cc quy tc vn hnh thit b phc v cho qu trnh sn xut.
Hiu r c cu t chc, nhim v ca cc phng ban, nm c ni quy trong phn
xng gp phn to nn sn phm tt hon.
Vn dng c l thuyt vo trong thc t, lm quen vi cc thao tc trong ch bin, tch
lu c nhiu kinh nghim lm hnh trang sau khi ra trng.
Trong sut qu trnh tm hiu quy trnh sn xut tm ng lnh ca cng ty c phn thy sn Sc
Trng (Stapimex) nhn thy cc thit b phc v cho sn xut u hin i v cho nng sut cao.
Cng nhn c tay ngh vng chc gp phn to nn sn phm a dng, phong ph hn. Ton th
cng nhn vin on kt tng tr ln nhau trong cng vic gp phn thc y nng sut ca nh
my tng cao.
MC LC
TM LC ................................................................................................................. i
MC LC ...................................................................................................................ii
DANH SCH HNH .................................................................................................. V
Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng nghip & Sinh hc ng dng
ii
Trng i hc cn Th
DANH SCH BNG ................................................................................................ vi

LI NI U ..........................................................................................................vii
CHNG I. TNG QUAN V CNG TY STAPIMEX .......................................... 1
1.1. LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN...................................................... 1
1.1.1 Gii thiu s lc v cng t.............................................................................. 1
1.1.2. V tr kinh t ca nh my ................................................................................ 2
1.1.3. Cc sn phm ca nh my .............................................................................. 2
1.2. SO MT BNG TNG TH .................................................................... 6

1.2.1. S o mt bng phn xng sn xut ................................................................ 6
1.2.2. Mt bng tong th ca nh my ........................................................................ 7
1.2.3. Gii thch s mt bng tong th ................................................................... 8
1.2.4. u nhc im ca s mt bng tong th ..................................................... 9
1.3. SO T CHC V QUN L CA NH MY....................................... 10

1.3.1. S to chc ca nh my ............................................................................. 10
1.3.2. Din gii s .............................................................................................. 11
1.4. AN TON LAO NG V V SINH CNG NGHIP ................................. 14

1.4.1. An ton lao ng .......................................................................................... 14
1.4.2.
V ............................................................................................... sinh cng nghip
15
CHNG II. NGUYN LIU V s BIN I TRONG CH BIN, BO QUN
LNH NG ................................................................................................................. 17
2.1. NGUN NGUYN LIU ................................................................................. 17
2.1.1. c im sinh hc v sinh thi ca tm s ...................................................... 17
2.1.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca tm s ..................................................................... 18
2.2.
PHNG........................................................................ PHP TH MUA
Tiu chun nh gi nguyn liu
23
23
iv
2.2.2 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca nguyn liu ..................................... 24

2.2.3. Phng php bo qun v vn chuyn nguyn liu .......................................... 24
2.2.4. Cc hin tng h hng thng gp ca nguyn liu ....................................... 25
CHNG III QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT CC SN PHM

Trng i hc cn Th
TM NG LNH ................................................................................................. 30
3.1. QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT TM V B U
NG BLOCK ................................................................................................. 30
3.1.1. Quy trnh sn xut......................................................................................... 30
3.1.2. Gii thch quy trnh ....................................................................................... 31
3.2. QUY TRNH CH BIN TM THT NG BLOCK ................................... 38

3.2.1. Quy trnh sn xut......................................................................................... 38
3.2.2. Gii thch qu trnh ....................................................................................... 38
3.3. QUY TRNH CH BIN TM PTO HP NG IQF ................................... 41

. Quy trnh sn xut
41
3.3.2. Gii thch qu trnh ....................................................................................... 42
.QUY TRNH CH BIN TM PTO NG IQF
46
3.4.1. Qu trnh sn xut......................................................................................... 46

3.4.2. Gii thch qu trnh ....................................................................................... 46
3.5. TRANG THIT B .......................................................................................... 47

3.5.1. T ng tip xc ........................................................................................... 47
3.5.2. T cp ng IQF........................................................................................... 48
3.5.3. My phn c ................................................................................................. 50
3.5.4. L hp .......................................................................................................... 51
3.6. CC TIU CHUN c P DNG NH GI CHT LNG

THNH PHM ............................................................................................................................ 51
3.6.1. Kim tra cht lng sn phm trong ch bin thy sn ng lnh ..................... 51
3.6.2. Phieng php nh gi .................................................................................. 52
3.7. CC BIN I XY RA TRONG QU TNH CH BIN V BO QUN SN

PHM............................................................................................................................... 54
Trng i hc cn Th
Bin i trong qu trnh lnh ng 54
3.7.2 S thay i cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh tr ng .............................. 54

CHNG IV. H THNG x L NC THI ................................................... 58
4.1. SO CNG NGH x L NC THI..................................................... 58
4.2. THUYT MINH QUY TRNH ......................................................................... 59
CHNG V. KT LUN ....................................................................................... 61
LI CM T ........................................................................................................... 62
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................ 63
DANH SCH HNH
Hnh 1: Tm HLSO (Headless shell-on) ..................................................................... 3
Hnh 2: Tm x bm ................................................................................................. 3
Hnh 3: Tm hp.......................................................................................................... 4
Hnh 4: Tm o bt ng............................................................................................. 4
Hnh 5: S mt bng phn xng sn xut ............................................................. 5
Hnh 6: S mt bng tng th ca nh my ............................................................ 6
Hnh 7: S t chc ca nh my ............................................................................. 9
Hnh 8: Quy trnh ch bin tm v b u ng block ............................................. 26
Hnh 9: Quy trnh ch bin tm tht ng block ........................................................ 33
Hnh 10: Quy trnh ch bin tm PTO hp ng IQF ............................................... 36
Hnh 11: Quy trnh ch bin tm PTO ng IQF ...................................................... 41
Hnh 12: S t ng tip xc ................................................................................ 42
Hnh 13: S t cp ng IQF................................................................................ 43
Hnh 14: My phn c ............................................................................................... 45
Hnh 15: L hp ......................................................................................................... 46
Hnh 16: H thng x l nc thi ............................................................................ 52
DANH SCH BNG
Bng 1: Thnh phn ho hc c bn ca tm s nguyn liu ................................... 16
vi
Trng i hc cn Th
Bng 2: Hm lng acid amin ................................................................................... 17

Bng 3: Thnh phn lipid trong tm s ..................................................................... 18
Bng 4: Thnh phn cht khong trong tm.............................................................. 19
Bng 5: Thnh phn vitamin trong tm ..................................................................... 20
LI NI U
Trong sut hai thp nin qua, ngh nui tm s to sinh k v xo i gim ngho cho
vii
Trng i hc cn Th
nhiu cng ng dn c cc vng duyn hi, ng thi ng gp mt phn ng k vo

th trng xut khu thu sn. Khng ch khai hoang din tch m, ph,...ven bin
nui tm nc l, nhiu a phng cn tn dng ti a nhng g c th nui tm
nc ngt hoc nui tm trn ct
Nc ta cung cp cho th trng ni a cng nh th gii nhng mt hng thu sn
c gi tr kinh t cao. So vi c nc th ng bng sng Cu Long gp phn vo nn
kinh t khong hn 80% kim ngch xut khu trong lnh vc ny, ch yu nh cc tnh:
Sc Trng, Bc Liu, C Mau,...Nh nc v t nhn mnh dn u t vn mua
sm phng tin nh bt v cc c s ch bin tm ng lnh c tm c ln vi nhng
trang thit b hin i, lm cho sn phm khng thua km cc nc trn th gii.
Tuy nhin, tng loi nguyn liu thu sn c gi tr dinh dng khc nhau. Cho nn, vn
quan tm nht hin nay trong vic ch bin thu hi sn xut khu l lm sao nng cao
c cht lng sn phm, p ng nhng i hi kht khe ca th trng th gii (c
bit l EU, Nht Bn) gim thiu nhng phn ng sinh ho lm bin i cu trc, mu
sc, lm gim i gi tr cm quan cng nh gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm
C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy h hng sn phm, trong nguyn nhn do vi sinh vt l
thng xuyn v ph bin nht. Do , vic tm ra nhng bin php bo qun thc phm
trnh h hng v thit hi thu sn l iu cn ng quan tm. Tm hiu thc t ti
mt c s sn xut khng nhng cng c nhng kin thc c trang b m cn gp
phn tch ly nhng kinh nghim qu bu trong thc tin. Cng ty STAPIMEX (Sc
Trng) l mt trong nhng n v sn xut hot ng c hiu qu a phng v vic
tm hiu quy trnh cng ngh cng nh qun l sn xut chc chn em li nhng
li ch thit thc cho bn thn sinh vin sau khi tt nghip.
Trng i hc cn Th
CHNG I TNG QUAN V CNG TY STAPIMEX

1.1 LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN
1.1.1 Gii thiu s lc v cng ty
Cng ty c phn thu sn Sc Trng (STAPIMEX) c thnh lp vo nm 1978 v l
mt trong nhng cng ty ch bin thy sn ra i sm nht Vit Nam vi tn gi l
F23, thi gian ny x nghip ch bin cc mt hng ch yu nh tm, c, mc, ...
Nm 1994 cng ty xy dng v a vo hot ng mt phn xng mi vi tn gi l:
Phn xng ng lnh Khnh Li t ti hng l M T, th x Sc Trng, tnh Sc
Trng. Phn xng ny gm 300 cng nhn, 2 t ng (lOOkg/t) v 2 kho lu tr ng
thnh phm c sc cha 500 tn/kho .
Nm 1998: phn xng ng lnh Khnh Li trin khai thc hin chng trnh qun
l cht lng sn phm theo GMP v HACCP, k t ngy 1.5.1998 cng ty c php
xut hng sang Chu u, sn lng trong giai on ny l:
+ Nm 1996: 2800 tn thnh phm vi kim ngch xut khu l 22,3 triu
USD.
+ Nm 1997: 3600 tn thnh phm vi kim ngch xut khu l 30 triu
USD.
+ Nm 1998: 3800 tn thnh phm vi kim ngch xut khu l 42 triu
USD.
Trong giai on ny ngun nguyn liu thy sn rt di do, phong ph. Trong khi
nh my ng lnh c c xy dng nm 1978 li nm trong ni th x, mt bng cht
hp khng c iu kin m rng sn xut ti cho, thit b c k lc hu, khng p ng
c nhu cu sn xut .T thc tin , nm 1998 cng ty khi cng xy dng x
nghip mi nm ngoi th x, c thit b hin i, cng xut ln hn .
en cui nm 1999 x ngip mi i vo hot ng vi tn gi l Cng ty thy sn xut
nhp khu Sc Trng tr s chnh ca cng ty l s 119 quc l 1A, phng
7, th x Sc Trng, tnh Sc Trng.
in thai: (079)822164 - 821201 - 822367.
Fax : (079)821801 -823620
Email: Stapimex@hcm.vnn.vn
Websile : www.vasep.com.vn/stapimex/index/htm
Tn giao dch quc t SC TRNG AQATIC PRODUCTS AND GENERAL
INPORT EXPORT COMPANY.
Trng i hc cn Th
Tn vit tt l STAPIMEX.
Do nm trong vng c ngun tm s di do nn cng ty hu nh hot ng quanh nm.
Cng ty c phn thu sn Sc Trng l mt doanh nghip nh nc, trc thuc S Thy
Sn v hnh thc s hu vn nh nc. Cng ty l thnh phn kinh t quc doanh hoch
ton kinh t c lp.
Cng ty c xng sn xut tm ng lnh vi h thng thit b hin i, cng sut
khong 20-30 tn/ngy v c cng nhn t cht lng xut khu vo th trng
E vi code EU: DL 162
1.1.2 V tr kinh t ca nh my
X nghip ch bin thy sn xut nhp khu tng hp Sc Trng vi qui m tng i
ln nm trn a bn tnh Sc Trng, c vai tr quan trng i vi nn kinh t a
phng, c th c th hin qua cc mt sau:
- Hng nm x nghip sn xut ra mt lng hng ho tng i nhm p
ng cho nhu cu xut khu, x nghip gp phn cho ngnh ch bin thy sn pht
trin v ko theo cc ngnh khai thc v nui trng.
- Lc lng cng nhn x nghip tng i ng, do gii quyt c mt lc
lng lao ng ln ti a phng .
- L mt x nghip ch bin thy sn xut khu vi kt qu sn xut, kinh doanh
ca mnh ng gp cho ngn sch nh nc mt khon khng nh. Bn cnh thng
qua vic xut khu, x nghip cn em v khon ngoi t rt ln nhm gp phn lm n
nh nn kinh t ca nng nghip.
1.1.3 Cc sn phm ca nh my
Vi k thut ngy cng cao v vi dy chuyn cng ngh hin i, hin nay x nghip
ang hng n sn xut cc mt hng cao cp, cc mt hng dng n ngay khng phi
qua ch bin li xut khu sang nc ngoi. Hin nay, x nghip cng ch n sn
xut cc mt hng phc v th trng trong nc l th trng ln v tng i d tnh,
iu ny rt thun li trong vic tng nng sut ca x nghip.
a. Chng loi sn phm v tn thng mi
Hin ti Stapimex cung cp cho khch hng cc mt hng nh sau:

- Tm ti ng lnh (IQF, block) cc dng HOSO (Head on shell-on), HLSO
(Headless shell-on), PD (Peeled Deveined Tail-off), PTO (Peeled Deveined Tail-on),
PUD (Peeled Undeveined Tail-off) (bao gm c tm Nobashi).
Trng i hc cn Th
Hnh 1 : Tm HLSO (Headless shell-on)
Tm x bm, tn thng mi l betterfly shrimp.
Hnh 2 : Tm x bm
- Tm luc (hp), ng IQF cc loi (bao gm c tm sushi) tn thng mi l

sushi Ebi hoc cooked shrimp.
Trng i hc cn Th
Hnh 3: Tm hp
- Tm o bt ng IQF tn thng mi l breaded shrimp.
Hnh 4: Tm o bt ng
- Tm o bt chin ng IQF tn thng mi l : Edi fry.. b. Th trng tiu th

Hin nay th trng tiu th sn phm ca cng ty l:
- Th trng M chim 40%
- Th trng Nht chim 40%

- Th trng Chu u chim 10%
- Th trng khc (c, Chu ..) chim 10%
l2 S MT BNG TNG TH
1.2.1 So mt bng phn xtig sn xut
Ch.thch: rgOTl 1 l thng my lnh 53 Cc t dng

asm ca
Trng i hc cn Th
- Dng di t nguycn liu n thnh phm
Hnh 5 : So mt bng phn xng sn xut

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 nm 2008
1.2.2 Mt bng tng th ca nh my
45
Bo
co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008
Trng i hc cn Th
Hnh 6 : So mt bng tng th nh my
1.2.3 Gii thch SO mt bng tng th

1. Vn phng
2. Nh xe khi vn phng
3. Cn tin
4. Phng y t
5. Kho
6. Phng nui trng
7. Phng in
8. Hi trng
9. Nh xe cng ty
10. Kho ang xy dng ll
Hnh lang kho lnh
12. Cc kho lnh
13. Bao gi hng hp
14. Bao gi hng lnh
15. Kho bao b
16. Phng kim nghim
17. Phng ho cht
18. Phng qun c
19. Phng k thut
20. Phng bo h lao ng
21. Phng ng block
22. T cp ng IQF
23. Cp ng hng hp
24. Phng ch ng
25. Phng ra dng c
26. Phng hp
27. H thng my nn
28. Khu c in
29. Khu ngm ho cht
30. xp khun
31. Khu x l
32. Khu vc v sinh
33. Phng iu hnh
34. Khu s ch
35. Khu phn c
Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng

nghip & Sinh hc ng dng
Trng i hc cn Th
Trng i hc cn Th
Khu bo qun
Khu cn
Phng ra dng c
Phng tip nhn nguyn liu
H thng x l nc thi
Phng ph liu
H thng nc cp
Nh xe cng nhn
Phng bo v
Nh khch
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
[ : Cng : Ca ra vo
: li i li
1.2.4 u nhc im ca SO mt bng

a. u im
X nghip c xy dng tng i xa th v khu dn c, do con ngi t chu cc

tc ng t x nghip nht l ting n, cht thi cng nghip.
Cng vi yu t s to iu kin mi trng sn xut c m bo hp v sinh, lm
cho sn phm khng nhim bn do sinh hot ca con ngi.
Ti x nghip, quy trnh cng ngh c thc hin mt chiu khng gy nhim bn cho
cho sn phm (c ca nhp v xut hng ring).
X nghip nm trn quc l 1 nn rt thun li v ng t
Trc ca x nghip trng nhiu cy xanh nn hn ch c phn no s nhim t bn
ngoi vo cng ty ng thi to c bu khng kh mt m, d chu cho nhn vin v
cng nhn khi lm vic.
b. Nhc im
Cha vn dng c ng thu mua v vn chuyn nguyn liu.

Thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn trong ca cn di.
Khng c t trng m rng x nghip trong tng lai.
Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng

nghip & Sinh hc ng dng
Trng i hc cn Th
1.3 S T CHC V QUN L CA NH MY

1.3.1 So* t chc ca nh my
BAN TNG GIM C
BAN HACCP p. K THUT
KIM NGHIM
BAN GIM C
X NGHIP
p. K THUT
X NGHIP
PHNG KINH
DOANH
PHNG
T
CHC
PHNG
TI V
BAN IU HNH
PHNG U T
NUI THU SN
KCS
TIP NHN <
S CH
<
XP KHUN *
KHIU NI
TIP NHN
KHU NI
GII QUYT
KHIU NI
KHCH HNG
1. XEM XT KHIU NI
2. SOT XT H S
3. KHC PHC
GII PHP
KHIU NI
Hnh 7 : So d t chc ca nh my
Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng nghip & Sinh hc ng
dng
Trng i hc cn Th
1.3.2 Din gii SO
Gim c
Chu trch nhim chung ton x nghip, iu phi cc hot ng c lin quan h tr
cho cc phng ban hot ng c hiu qu, c bit ch trng n ban HACCP v ph
duyt ton b chng trnh h thng HACCP.
Ph gim c kinh doanh

Chu trch nhim kinh doanh xut nhp khu v ph duyt khiu ni ca khch hng,
tham mu trc tip cho ban gim c v cc hot ng kinh doanh ca n
Ban HACCP
y l b phn tham mu cho gim c x nghip v ton b chng trnh qun l cht
lng c p dng ti x nghip.
Ban HACCP c cc nhim v sau:
> Xy dng k hoch trin khai p dng chng trnh.
> Theo di, kim tra trong sut qu trnh thc hin.
> C trch nhim o to cng nhn v cc ni dung chng trnh lin quan.
> Tip nhn cc bo co v thm tra cc hot ng c ghi chp hng
ngy hoc t xut.
> Bo co n gim c x nghip cc vn xy ra nh hng n cht
lng v kp thi khc phc, sa cha nu vn mang tnh cht kinh
t.
K thut
Chu trch nhim son tho chng trnh qun l cht lng ti x nghip, xt duyt
chng trnh qun l cht lng.
Trin khai chng trnh qun l cht lng n phn xng thc hin, kim tra v
nh gi mi hot ng lin quan n cht lng sn phm. Thng xuyn cp nht
thng tin v cht lng xem xt nh gi qu trnh thc hin.
Tham gia ban HACCP cng phng kinh doanh gii p khiu ni ca khch hng, thm
tra vic ghi chp cc cng on sn xut. Bo co vic thc hin chng trnh qun l
cht lng theo h thng HACCP n gim c theo nh k.
Phng kim nghim vi sinh
11
Chu trch nhim ly mu phn tch, kim tra vi sinh trn ton b dy chuyn sn xut.
Ghi chp kt qu mu phn tch bo co v trng k thut hoc trng HACCP hng
Trng i hc cn Th
ngy theo loi sn phm.

Lu tr h s theo quy nh ca x nghip.
Nhn vin KCS

Chu trch nhim kim tra cht lng sn phm trn ton b dy chuyn sn xut.
Ghi chp cp nht y cc din bin ti ni phn cng kim tra, gim st cc qu trnh
c ghi chp theo cc mu gim st ca GMP, SSOP v k hoch HACCP ng thi
phi bo co k thut hng ngy.
Phng kinh doanh

Chu s lnh o trc tip ca x nghip, c trch nhim kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng
ho, tm th trng tiu th sn phm v nm bt cc thng tin h tr kp thi cho ban
HACCP ng thi cng ban HACCP hay b phn k thut gii quyt cc khiu ni ca
khch hng.
Phng t chc
Chu trch nhim v b my t chc hnh trnh trong ton x nghip, ph trch cc cng
tc vn th, vn phng, qun l lu tr h s, cc vn bo him sc kho cho cng
nhn ng thi phi hp vi x nghip iu ng v qun l nhn s phc v sn xut
hp l, qun l cc nh mc lao ng.
Phng ti v
Chu s ch o trc tip ca gim c x nghip, c chc nng v k ton v thng k
cc khon chi ph c k hoch chi tr hp l. Tham mu cho gim c v bo co
nh k li, l v hiu sut kinh doanh.
X nghip - Ban gim c

Chu trch nhim trc tip ca gim c v cc hot ng ca x nghip qun l ton b
mi hot ng sn xut ti x nghip.
Ban qun c x nghip ch o trc tip ban iu hnh, b tr nhn s v dy chuyn
ch bin hp l.
Ban iu hnh
12
C nhim v iu ng lc lng cng nhn trc tip trong sn xut sao cho hp l vi
dy chuyn ch bin. T chc thc hin v kim tra ti x nghip.
l4 AN TON LAO NG V V SINH CNG NGHIP 1.4l An ton lao ng
An ton lao ng l vn rt quan trng i vi mi c nhn, c quan, x nghip v
c cc cng ty trong v ngoi nc ch , quan tm mt cch c bit bi v n mang
li hiu qu kinh t cho cc nh kinh doanh. m bo tt an ton lao ng gip cho cng
Trng i hc cn Th
nhn yn tm lm vic ng thi s hon thnh xut sc ngha v ca mnh a nng

sut lao ng vt tri hn. Ngoi ra, an ton lao ng cn m bo c sc kho, tnh
mng, ti sn ca mi cng nhn ni ring v ca cng ty ni chung.
Trong qu trnh lm vic cng nhn thng xuyn tip xc vi nhit thp, l yu t
t hay nhiu c nh hng n sc kho ca ngi lao ng. Khi cng nhn lm vic
trong mi trng qu lnh s dn n cm gic t cng kh yn ng v c th pht sinh
cc bnh ngh nghip nh: vim khp, thp khp, vim mi, vim ng h hp...Do
, trc khi vo phn xng ch bin, cng nhn c trang b y bo h lao ng:
ng, gng tay, khu trang, nn v ym. i vi cng nhn lm vic trong phng lnh c
bit nh kho bo qun s c trang b thm qun o m, gng tay gi m v nn chng
lnh. Ngoi ra, cng nhn phi c khm sc kho nh k kim tra cc bnh truyn
nhim.
i vi khu vc c in, cc thit b my mc trong cng ty c gim ting n bng
cch lp t cc thit b gim thanh, s dng vt liu cch m, phi c phng my ring
v cch bit vi phng lm vic ca cng nhn trnh ting n lm nh hng n
cng nhn.
Khi s dng cc thit b my mc phi hiu r c cu vn hnh ca n khng gy
nguy him cho ngi v h hng my. My mc thng xuyn c kim tra, bo tr,
bo dng trnh s cc s c ng tic xy ra.
Phi c thit b phng chy v cha chy lp t xung quanh x nghip, ni d xy ra ho
hon.
Ho cht, thuc st trng phi ng ni quy nh trnh nh hng trc tip n cng
nhn
Cc h thng thit b dy dn in c che chn kn v nghim cm ng chm vo khi
khng c phn s.
Hn ch vic i li trong qu trnh ch bin. Cng nhn khng c ri khu ch bin ca
mnh i sang khu vc khc m mnh khng c trch nhim.
14
Ngoi ra cng ty cn xy dng phng y t x l cc tnh hung tai nn c th xy ra i
vi cng nhn. Tt c cng nhn phi c thc, trch nhim chung v vn an ton lao
ng trong sn xut.
1.4.2 V sinh cng nghip
a. V sinh nh xng
Nh xng phi c lm v sinh sch s. Tng, trn, sn, ng thot nc thng
xuyn c ra bng x phng v bng my v sinh cao p, sau c st trng li bang
Chlorine nng 100 - 200 ppm.
Nh xng phi c lm v sinh u ca, gia ca v cui ca.
Trng i hc cn Th
+ V sinh u ca: trc khi bt u lm vic, dng nc c pha Chlorine nng

t 50 -100 ppm xi ra ln cc bng chuyn ch bin v ln cc mt bn lm vic sau
ra li bng nc sch.
+ V sinh gia ca: trc khi ngh gii lao cng nhn qut sch cc ph phm, cc
mnh tm vn ri xung t ng thi di ra cc bng chuyn vi nc c pha Chlorine
c nng nh trn.
+ V sinh cui ca: loi b ht cc ph phm cn st li trn bng chuyn, ch ra
nn, tng, trn sch s.
H nhng ng vi nng chlorine t 200 - 300 ppm c thay nc mi mi u ca.
Cc thit b nh: bn ra, vi ra tay phi sch, khn lau tay phi thng xuyn c git
sch v thay khn mi.
Ca ra vo c ng kn, pha trong ca c mng ngn bng nha trnh s xm nhp
ca cn trng.
b. V sinh my mc, thit b
My mc, thit b ch bin phi c kim tra thng xuyn kp thi sa cha nhm
m bo yu cu sn xut ca cng ty.
i vi t cp ng, sau mi ln ra t phi tin hnh lm v sinh, dng vi nc cao p di
ra ht bm trn cc tm panel v kim tra t trc khi cp ng.
Trong qu trnh ch bin nu dng c ch bin ri xung nn th phi ra li bng nc c
pha Chlorine c nng 50 - 100 ppm.
c. V sinh cng nhn
Trong qu trnh sn xut, cng nhn l ngi trc tip tham gia vo cc cng on sn
xut. e m bo an ton v sinh thc phm i hi cng nhn phi gi gn v sinh c
nhn tht tt sn phm to ra p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Mng tay phi c ct ngn, khng eo trang sc khi vo phn xng.
Khi vo sn xut, cng nhn phi trang b y bo h lao ng nh: qun o, nn, gng
tay, khu trang, ng...ng thi cng nhn phi ra tay v st trng trc khi vo khu ch
bin.
Cng nhn trc khi vo phn xng phi thc hin v sinh c nhn theo trnh t cc bc
sau:
+ Ra tay bng dch x phng, dng bn chi ch cho sch cc cht bn bm k
v mng tay.
+ Ra li cho sch x phng bng vi nc p chn.
16
Trng i hc cn Th
+ St trng tay bng Chlorine.

+ Lau tay cho kh bng khn lau mt ln.
+ Mang gng tay v st trng li bng Chlorine.
Neu c chuyn sang khu sn xut khc th phi ra tay bng x phng, ra li bng
nc sch, ra ym v nhng gng tay tht k trc khi sang khu sn xut mi.
Khi lm vic, cng nhn tuyt i khng c a gin gy ting n, khng n ung,
khng ht thuc trong khu ch bin.
Ngi mang bnh truyn nhim, bnh ngoi da hoc thng tch c cha lnh th khng
c tham gia vo sn xut.
d. V sinh mi trng
i vi cht thi rn v cc ph phm khc c cho vo ni ring bit cung cp cho
cc cng ty, x nghip thc n gia sc.
i vi nc thi trong ch bin, cng ty cho thit k xy dng h thng x l nc
thi t tiu chun loi B gp phn bo v mi trng.
Cc khu vc bn ngoi nh xng c i ng nhn vin qut dn v thu gom sch s.
X nghip c khu v sinh ring c b tr ngoi cc khu vc ch bin.(Tran c BaNgun Vn Ti- 2004- Cng ngh lnh thy sn)
CHNG II NGUYN LIU V s BIN I TRONG QU TRNH CH

BIN V BO QUN LNH NG
2.1 NGUN NGUYN LIU
Ngun nguyn liu cung cp cho x nghip ch yu l tm s. Hin nay, nh s pht trin
ca k thut nui, nhiu loi thu sn khng cn ph thuc vo sn lng nh bt t
nhin ngy cng cn kit, m cn c quy hoch to ging v nui theo cc phng php
cng nghip khai thc bn vng, trong sn lng tm s nui cng gia tng v chim
u th trong xut khu thu sn
2.1l c im sinh hc v sinh thi ca tm s
a. V tr phn loi
Tn thng mi: Black Tiger Shrimp
Tn khoa hc: Penaeus monodon
b. Chu k sng
Tm s thuc loi d hnh gii tnh, con ci c kch thc ln hn con c. Khi tm
trng thnh phn bit r c ci, thng qua c quan sinh dc ph bn ngoi. C quan
sinh dc chnh ca con c nm pha trong phn u ngc, bn ngoi c c quan giao
17
Trng i hc cn Th
phi ph nm nhnh ngoi i chn ngc ph th hai, l sinh dc c m ra hc hng

i chn ngc th nm. Tinh trng thuc dng cha trong ti. Con ci c bung trng nm
dc theo mt lng pha trn, hai ng dn trng m ra khp hng i chn ngc th ba.
B phn cha ti tinh gm hai tm phng ln i chn ngc th t v th nm (gi l
Thelycum).
Tui thnh thc sinh dc ca tm c v tm ci t thng tm tr i, tm s quanh
nm, nhng tp trung vo hai thi k chnh l thng 3&4, thng 7&10. Tui th tm s:
con c khong 1,5 nm, con ci chng 2 nm.
c. Tp tnh v loi thc n
Tm s l loi n tp, c bit a n gip xc (ng vt sng v di chuyn chm), thc vt
di nc, mnh vn hu c, loi hai mnh v v cn trng...Trong t nhin, tm s bt
mi nhiu hn khi thu triu rt. Tm nui th hot ng bt mi nhiu vo sng sm v
chiu ti. Thi gian tiu ho thc n khong 4-5 gi trong d dy.
d. S lt xc
Trong qu trnh tng trng, khi trng lng v kch thc tng n nht nh, tm
phi lt b lp v c ln ln. S lt xc c th thc hin vo ban m ln ban ngy
nhng thng vo ban m. S lt xc i i vi vic tng th trng, cng c trng hp
lt xc nhng khng tng th trng. C hai loi hormone iu khin s lt xc v sinh
sn (MIH, moltinhibiting hormone). Hormone iu khin s thnh thc sinh dc bi mt
nhm hormone (GIH, gonalinhibiting hormone). C hai loi hormone ny c sn xut
bi cc t bo thn kinh trong c quan X ca cung mt. Nhng kha cnh sinh l hc
trong qu trnh lt xc ca tm s c tc ng ca s chm sc thng qua mt vi yu t
bn ngoi nh nh sng, nhit , mn, iu ny c nh hng n tm ang lt xc
e. iu chnh s thm thau
Tm s bt c kh nng thch nghi vi mn ca mi trng nc thay i rng nhng
tm trng thnh th thch ng vi mi trng tng i n nh hn. nc ta iu
ny thy r: mn nc bin Vng Tu tr ra n nh hn, dc b bin c xut hin
tm s trng thnh quanh nm, t G Cng n C Mau mn nc bin thay i
theo ma nn tm s trng thnh phn b t.
2.12 Thnh phn ho hc ca tm s
Thnh phn ho hc ca tm c ngha ln v mt dinh dng, quyt nh gi tr thc
phm ca tm. Thnh phn ho hc ca tm nguyn liu quan h mt thit vi thnh
phn thc n v nhng bin i sinh l ca tm. S khc nhau v thnh phn ho hc
ca tm s v s bin i ca chng nh hng n mi v v gi tr dinh dng ca sn
phm, n vic bo qun nguyn liu ti v qu trnh ch bin.
18
Bng 1: Thnh phn ho hc CO bn ca

tm s nguyn liu
Thnh phn
T l (%)
Nc
72,3 -=-77,3
Protein th
Lipid
Tro
19,3--23,5
1,6--2,1
1,9--2,2
Trng i hc cn Th
Ngoi ra tm cn c cc thnh phn khc nh: khong, vitamin...thnh phn ho hc ca

tm cn thay i theo nhiu yu t: loi, tui, gii tnh, iu kin mi trng sng...
a. Proten
Protein l thnh phn khng th thiu ca mi c th sinh vt, l thnh phn dinh dng
ch yu trong khu phn n ca sinh vt, l thnh phn quyt nh gi tr dinh dng v
gi tr nng lng, mi, v. Protein c khong 70-80% lng cht kh. c bit protein
ca tm c cha 8 loi acid amin khng th thay th nh: Treonin, Methyonin,
Phenilalanin, Valin, Tryptophan, Lyzin, Leuxin v Izoleuxin. y l mt trong nhng
protein ho hng nht.
Protein ca tht tm c chia lm hai nhm ln:
Si c: (Fibrillar protein): gm cc si myosin, actin, actomyosin tropomyosin, chim 7080% hm lng protein. Cc protein ny ho tan trong dung dich mui trung tnh long c
phn cc ln (>0,5M). Myosin l loi protid thuc loi globulin chim khong 40-50%
albumin ca tht tm, ng c nhit 45-50C. Ho tan trong dung dch trung tnh
long, kt ta mi trng acid pH=5-6.
Cht c (sarcoplasmic protein) gm myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzyme chim khong
25-30% hm lng protein. Cc protein ny ho tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh long
c phn cc nh (<0,5M).
M lin kt (stroma protein) gm cc vt cht chnh l collagen, stroma protein c th ho
tan trong dung dch HCL v NaOH c pha long v chim hn 10% hm lng protein.
Ngoi ra, trong tht tm cn c thnh phn phi protid (non protein nitrogen): chat phi
protein l thnh phn ho tan trong nc, c trng lng phn t thp. Thnh phn chnh
ca hp cht ny bao gm cc cht bay hi (amoniac, amine, trimetylamin (TMA),
dimetylamin (DMA), trimetylamineoxide (TMAO), dimetylamineoxid (DMAO), creatine,
cc acid amine t do, nucleotid, ure,...
Cht ngm ra l cht c tnh ho tan trong nc m hoc nc si khi ngm, gm c 3 loi
(cht hu c c m, cht hu c khng c m v cht v c nh ln, kali, natri, canxi...
b. Hm lng acid amin
19
Trng i hc cn Th
Bng 2: Hm lng acid amin
Acid amin
Acid amin t do
(mg%)
Acid amin lin kt

(mg%)
Cystein
23,5
5,5
Lysin
Histidin
Arginin
Asparagine
Acid Aspartic
Glycin
Acid Glutamic
Treonin
Protin
Alanin
Tyrozin
Methyonin
Valin
Phenilalanin
Leuxin
43,9
18,3
98,5
101,1
2,7
14,2
56,2
21,5
174,5
127,2
6,2
4,2
17,2
3,9
2,5
869,2
316,7
357,8
992,2
673,3
1033,6
382
522
632,4
-
C. Lipid
Cht bo trong tm chim khong 0.3-1.4% vi mt t l rt thp so vi cc ng vt

khc. Cht bo c s dng nh ngun nng lng d tr duy tr s sng trong
nhng thng ngy ma ng, khi ngun thc n khan him. Thnh phn chnh ca cht
bo l glyceride, gm c acid bo no v acid bo khng no.
20
Trng i hc cn Th
Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008 Bng 3: Thnh phn

lipid trong tm s
Lipid
g/100g n c
Acid bo no
0,332
10 cacbon
0,009
12 cacbon
0,005
14 cacbon
0,021
16 cacbon
0,184
18 cacbon
0,103
Acid bo khng no mt ni i
0,252
16 cacbon
0,083
18 cacbon
0,147
20 cacbon
0,017
22 cacbon
0,005
Acid bo khng no nhiu ni i
0,661
18 cacbon
0,028
18 cacbon
0,014
18 cacbon
0,006
20 cacbon
0,087
20 cacbon
0,258
22 cacbon
0,046
22 cacbon
0,222
Cholesterol
152
d. Nc
Hm lng nc trong tm chim khong 76-79% tn ti hai trng thi nc t do v
nc lin kt.
- Nc t do (71,1%) l dung mi tt cho nhiu cht ho tan, ng kt 0c, c
kh nng dn in ln, c th thot ra khi khi c th p sut thng.
- Nc bt ng (65,6%) l nc cha rt nghim ngt trong cu trc hnh li,
n l mt dng keo c, nc ny rt kh p ra.
21
Trng i hc cn Th
- Nc t do - cu trc (6,1 %) tn ti nhng l nh v khe h ca cu trc hnh

li ca mng si c hoc nhng t chc xp nhiu l rng ca m lin kt, nc ny
d p ra.
- Nc lin kt (7,5%) khng l dung mi cho cht ho tan, khng ng kt, kh
nng dn in nh, khng bay hi p sut thng.
e. Cht khong
Tng hm lng khong khc nhau tu theo giai on pht trin nh: tm khng trng
l 16.8%, tm c trng l 15,5% (trng lng kh).Nh vy, hm lng khong trong
c th ng vt thu sinh khng ch khc nhau theo ngnh, lp ng vt khc nhau m
cn bin ng theo mi trng sng ca chng.
S tch lu khong vo c th con vt bng nhng con ng khc nhau nh t thc n,
thm thu. V vy, mi trng giu khong s to iu kin thch hp hn cho s tch lu
cc cht khong trong ng vt thu sinh.
Bng 4: Thnh phn cht khong trong tm
Chat khoang
on v
T l mg/100g
Calcium (Ca)
mg
52
Iron (Fe)
mg
2,41
Magnesium (Mg)
mg
37
Phosphorus (P)
mg
205
Potassium (K)
mg
185
Sodium (Na)
mg
148
Zlne (Zn)
mg
1,11
Copper (Cu)
mg
0,264
Manganese (Mn)
mg
0,05
Selenium (Se)
mg
38
Trong c th cc loi gip xc nh tm, cc nguyn t vi lng ln gp 10 ln c v

ln gp 50-100 ln cc ng vt lc a. Nhu cu ca con ngi v khong khng ln
lm (tr Ca v P) nhng khng th thiu duy tr hot ng bnh thng v s pht
trin ca c.
f. Vtamin
22
Trng i hc cn Th
Trong tm c cha nhiu vitamin quan trng cn thit cho c

th con ngi Bng 5: Thnh phn vitamin trong tm
Vitamin
on v
Gi tr trn 100g n c
Vitamin C
mg
2,000
Thiamin
mg
0,028
Riboflavin
mg
0,340
Niacin
mg
2,552
Pantothenic acid
mg
0,276
Vitamin Br,
mg
0,104
Polate
mcg
3,000
Vitamin B12
mcg
1,161
Vitamin A
mcg
54
Vitamin D
IU
152
Vitamin E
mcg
0,820
2.2 PHNG PHP TH MUA

Hin nay x nghip thu mua nguyn liu ch yu t cc i l hay ca nhng h nng
dn c cng ty u t vn (hoc khng u t). Tm c cha trong cc bn nha
v c vn chuyn bng xe ti lnh n x nghip, KCS kim tra l hng trc khi a
vo ch bin. Cng ty s nh gi nguyn liu sau khi qua cng on phn c, phn loi.
+ u im: gi c n nh, t tn km chi ph.
+ Nhc im: cht lng nguyn liu ph thuc vo iu kin bo qun ca i
l, nh hng n cht lng bn thnh phm.
2.2.1 Tiu chun nh gi nguyn liu
e nh gi cht lng ca nguyn liu cng ty thng p dng cc ch tiu sau: cm
quan, ho hc, vi sinh. Trong qu trnh sn xut hin nay ngi ta thng dng cc ch
tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng sn phm. Phng php ho hc v phng php
vi sinh p dng khi lm mu hoc nghi ng v cht lng tm Cch tin hnh nh gi
cc ch tiu nh sau:
nh gi v trng thi:
- u dnh cht vo thn
- Tm c tht sn chc
23
Trng i hc cn Th
- V tm sng bng, khng bm nhiu rong ru, bn t

nh gi v mi v:
- Khng c mi n thi
- C mi tanh t nhin
- Khng c mi NH3
2.2.2 Cc yu t nh htig n cht lug ca nguyn liu
C nhiu yu t nh hng n cht lng ca nguyn liu lm cho nguyn liu nhanh
chng b n thi.
- Tc ng c hc trong qu trnh nh bt, vn chuyn, bo qun v trong qu
trnh ch bin c th nh hng n cht lng ca tm nh lm long u, b v. T
to iu kin cho vi sinh vt xm nhp lm gim cht lng v gim gi tr cm quan ca
nguyn liu.
- S pht trin ca vi sinh vt: khi tm cht, nhit bnh thng vi sinh vt bt
u pht trin v xm nhp vo c tht, ph hu cc cht dinh dng to ra cc cht c mi
n thi.
- Nhit cao to iu kin thun li cho cc hot ng phn gii v phn hu do
cc men phn gii (Enzyme) c sn trong nguyn liu gy ra. Nhit cng cao qu trnh
phn gii cng nhanh.
- S oxy ho: oxy trong khng kh lm tm b oxy ho khin cho tht tm bin en,
bin v c mi hi.
e duy tr cht lng ca nguyn liu, nguyn liu sau khi thu hoch phi c bo qun
ngay v vn chuyn a vo tiu th hoc ch bin cng nhanh cng tt. Thng thng
nguyn liu c bo qun bng nc nhit < 4c.
2.2.3 Phong php bo qun v vn chuyn nguyn liu
a. Phng php bo qun
Hin nay cng ty Stapimex thng s dng hai phng php bo qun sau:
* Phng php bo qun kh
S dng bn nha v thng cch nhit
S dng cy xay nh hoc vy bo qun nguyn liu
Tu loi dng c cha ng nguyn liu m s dng t l thch hp
Thao tc: cho vo bn hoc thng cch nhit mt lp lnh xay nh dy khong 5cm
di y bn, sau mt lp tm dy khong 4-5 cm v lm nh vy cho n y, lp
trn cng phi ph mt lp kn. T l gia tm v l 1:1
24
Trng i hc cn Th
* Phng php bo qun t

S dng lnh xay nh v nc p nguyn liu
Thao tc: ging nh thao tc ca phng php bo qun kh nhng sau khi ph lp trn
cng ta tin hnh chm nc c lm lnh vo thng cha tm. Nc dng trong bo
qun tm cn c tc dng lm lnh nhanh v ng u. Tuy nhin nu s dng khng
ng cch s nh hng n cht lng ca tm lm cho tm b bc mu, trng nc,
long u, gin t.
b. Vn chuyn nguyn liu
Hin nay cng ty Stapimex thng p dng cc phng php sau vn chuyn nguyn
liu t cc i l v x nghip ch bin:
- Vn chuyn bng xe lnh: vn chuyn nguyn liu bng xe lnh s m bo c
cht lng ca nguyn liu nhng chi ph vn chuyn qu cao nn vic vn chuyn nguyn
liu bng xe lnh rt hn ch.
- Vn chuyn bng xe thng: tm sau khi nh bt c bo qun bng nc
trong cc thng nha v c vn chuyn bng xe ti v x nghip.
2.24 Cc hin tng h hng thtig gp ca nguyn liu
a s cc loi thu sn c c tht mm, hm lng protein cao l iu kin thun li cho
vi sinh vt pht trin v gy h hng cho nguyn liu. Ngoi ra phng php nh bt, vn
chuyn, bo qun cng lm nh hng n cht lng ca nguyn liu.
a. Hin tng bin en tm
Nguyn liu sau khi nh bt, ch sau mt thi gian ngn thy xut hin nhng m en
trn u, bng v lan ra ton thn. S xut hin cc chm en lm gim gi tr cm quan
ca sn phm.
Do vi sinh vt
Hot ng vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn quan trng nht dn n s n hng xy ra
tm.Vi sinh vt hin din tm c 2 ngun:
- Vi sinh vt c sn trong bn thn nguyn liu khi cn sng: trn v, chn, trong
mang v trong ni tng ca tm.
- Vi sinh vt ly nhim t bn ngoi vo trong qu trnh thu hoch, bo qun: t
ngun nc dng ra tm, mi trng xung quanh v cc b mt tip xc trc tip vi
tm trong khi thu hoch, bo qun.
Khi tm cht, hng triu t bo vi sinh vt tn ti trn v, chn, trong mang v trong ni
tng ca tm s xm nhp vo c tht tm.
25
Trng i hc cn Th
Khi bn trong c tht tm, vi sinh vt sinh si ny n v sinh tng hp enzyme phn gii
c tht tm thnh cc cht n gin dng lm cht dinh dng cho qu trnh trao i cht
ca chng Qu trnh ny lm cho tm b long u, gin t, mm v, mm tht v bin
mu. Trong qu trnh cn sn sinh ra cc hp cht bay hi mang mi nh indol,
amoniac,...to nn mi n hng ca tm.
Do enzyme
Trong c th tm tn ti rt nhiu h enzyme khc nhau. Khi tm cn sng, cc h enzyme
ny c tc dng tham gia vo qu trnh to nn cc t chc trong c th tm, gip tiu ha
thc n v s co gin c. Khi tm cht, cc h enzyme vn tip tc hot ng v tham gia
vo qu trnh phn gii cc hp cht quan trng trong c th tm nh phn gii
adenosintriphotphat (ATP), glycogen, creatinphotphat...c bit l s hot ng ca h
enzyme tiu ha s lm phn gii t chc c tht tm. y chnh l nguyn nhn lm cho
c tht tm b mm v tm b gim cht lng. Sn phm phn gii ca cc h enzyme l
ngun dinh dng tt cho vi sinh vt. Do vy s hot ng ca cc h enzyme trong tm
s gp phn lm tng nhanh tc n hng xy ra tm.
c bit tm cn c enzyme polyphenoloxydaza, enzyme ny ng vai tr rt quan
trng trong qu trnh thay v ca tm, nhng khi tm cht li tr thnh yu t c bn gy
nn hin tng bin en. Hin tng bin en s lm gim gi tr ca tm do khng p
ng tiu chun ch bin cc sn phm xut khu
C ch ca hin tng bin en tm xy ra nh sau:
26
Trng i hc cn Th
Polyphenoloxidaza
Monophenol
> O-quinol
> Diphenol
(khng mu)
(c mu)
(khng
mu)
+ H20
Cc acid amin
Cc protein
Phc hp Melanin (mu nu)
iu kin cn thit hnh thnh m en tm l phi c ba thnh phn sau:
Enzyme polyphenoloxydaza
Oxy khng kh
Cc hp cht cha gc phenol (tyro sin, pheninalanin)
Mun ngn chn s hnh thnh m en tm nguyn liu ch cn kh b mt trong ba

thnh phn trn. Mt s bin php c p dng ngn nga s hnh thnh m
en tm nguyn liu nh:
Lm lnh v duy tr tm nguyn liu 0c s lm gim tc phn ng ca
enzyme.
S dng cc hp cht nh metabisulfit natri, vitamin c, aicd citric (cht chng
oxy ho) vo bo qun. Cc hp cht ny s phn ng vi oxy khng kh, nh s hn
ch c qu trnh bin en xy ra tm. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc hp cht ho hc cng
nh cc cht chng oxy ho khng c php s dng bo qun tm nguyn liu. V
iu hin nhin l tuyt i khng s dng cc ho cht khng c tn trong danh mc
cho php. Neu trong iu kin khng thch hp v khng kim sot tt nng ho cht
cng nh thi gian bo qun th s c tc dng ngc. Ngoi ra, tc dng ca vic x l
bng ho cht lun b hn ch, do ch c th dng vi liu lng cho php nn lng
ho cht ch thc hin phn ng vi mt lng oxy nht nh.
p tm bng vy hoc xay mn trong thng cch nhit c np y kn
hn ch s tip xc vi oxy khng kh.
nhit mi trng (27-32C) hoc ngoi tri nng, hot tnh ca enzyme
polyphenoloxydaza tng cao nn s hnh thnh m en tm xy ra rt nhanh. V vy,
Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm

Khoa Nng nghip & Sinh hc ng dng
Trng i hc cn Th
bo qun lnh tm nguyn liu bng vy hoc xay mn trong thng
28
Trng i hc cn Th
cch nhit c np y kn l phng php tt hn ch s hnh thnh m en tm

nguyn liu.
(Ngun:hng dn x l v bo qun tm s mguyn liu- 2002)
b. Hin tng bin tm

Tm nguyn liu sau khi bo qun mt thi gian, tm b ko mng lm cho thn tm khng
cn sng bng t nhin, tht tm mm, lng lo v tm bin rt nhanh
* Nguyn nhn
Do sc t c trong tm l astaxanthin lin kt vi protein. Khi tm b vi sinh vt tn cng
th lin kt b ct t gii phng astaxinthin, astaxinthin t do d b oxy ha thnh astaxin
c mu hng.
Khi tm c hin tng bin , nu bin i nh c th a vo sn xut theo qui trnh ph
hp vi cht lng tm to ra sn phm t cht lng hn. Neu tm b bin nhiu
khng c qui trnh sn xut cn phi loi b lm ph phm.
* Bin php hn ch s bin ca tm
Khi tm b bin ta khng th x l trit c, v vy cn c bin php ngn chn
s bin xy ra bng cch mui nhit thp gi ti nguyn liu.
c. Qu trnh phn hu
Khi cc phn ng oxy ha xy ra s gy ra mi hi cho nguyn liu, mi ny to thnh do
cc phn ng kh gc axit amin to thnh aldehyt, cetont...
* Nguyn nhn
S n thi nguyn liu thng do bo qun khng ng cch, khng m bo c
lnh, enzyme v vi sinh vt vn cn kh nng hot ng s gy thi ra cho tm.
* Bin php hn ch s n thoi
- Rt ngn thi gian ch bin.
- Neu nguyn liu nhiu khng th a vo ch bin ngay th c th bo qun tm
bng nc
+ Neu bo qun trong thi gian 6 gi th t l l 1 : 1 tm .
+ Neu bo qun trong thi gian 12 gi th t l l 2 : 1 tm
d. Va chm c hc
Nguyn liu thy sn thng c c tht mm d b dp nt gy nh hng xu n cht
lng ca nguyn liu.
* Nguyn nhn
29
Trng i hc cn Th
- Thao tc nh bt
- Thng bo qun tm khng nhn, trong qu trnh vn chuyn tm va p vo
thnh ca dng c cha lm dp nt nguyn liu.
* Bin php hn ch
- Trong lc nh bt v vn chuyn cn phi c thao tc nh nhng.
- Up tm bng xay nh trnh dp nt tm.
CHNG III QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT CC SN PHM

TM NG LNH 3.1
QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT TM
V B U NG BLOCK
3.1.1
Quy trnh sn xut
Nguyn liu
Ra ln 1
S ch cn
Ra ln 2
ur
Phn c, phn loi
Ra n 3
i
Cn
xp khun
Ch ng
Cp ng
Tch khun
M bng
Bao gi )
D kim loi
ng thng
I"
Bo qun
Hnh 8: Quy trnh ch bin tm v b u ng block
30
Trng i hc cn Th
3.1.2 Gii thch quy trnh

Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu c p trong thng cch nhit nhit <4c v vn chuyn v x nghip
bng xe chuyn dng ti x nghip, KCS kim tra v nh gi cht lng nguyn liu trc
khi tip nhn.
Nguyn liu dng ch bin tm v b u thng l tm s c cht lng tt.
+ Mi tanh t nhin + C mu sc c trng, sng
bng + Khng c m en no trn thn + Tm
khng b mm v, b v, gin t + Tm khng b su
ui, en ui > Ra ln 1
Mc ch: loi b tp cht v vi sinh vt bm trn thn tm
Thao tc: nc vo bn ra, cho tip chlorine vi nng 50-100 ppm, cho tip cy
vo bn v thi kh cho tan ht c nc ra c nhit <4c. Cho tm vo phu,
bng chuyn nh chuyn tm nguyn liu vo bn ra, tin hnh thi kh chuyn tm ln
bng chuyn ln, bng chuyn ln chuyn tm xung bn rung, cng nhn hng tm bng
r nha v tin hnh cn bit s lng ban u ca nguyn liu.
Yu cu:
+ Nng chlorine 50-100 ppm
+ Nc ra phi sch, nhit nc ra <4c.
S ch
Mc ch: loi b nhng phn khng n c, khng c gi tr v mt cm quan, gi tr kinh
t v theo yu cu ca quy trnh.
Thao tc: tay tri cm nghing thn tm, tay phi cm dao (hoc ko) tch phn v u ra,
ct b phn ru, mt tm v hm en, dng dao co sch gch tm v ra di vi nc cho
sch.
Yu cu:
+ Thao tc nh nhng v ng k thut + Khng lm
t phn li hm bn di
+ Phi ra sch phn gch trn thn tm
+ Tm lun c bo qun bng bo sao cho nhit thn tm < 10c
+ Ph liu phi c chuyn ngay khi khu vc sn xut trnh ly nhim.
Tm sau khi s l s b c ra bng nc sch c lm lnh v kh trng.
31
Trng i hc cn Th
Ra ln 2
Mc ch: lm sch tp cht v vi sinh vt bm trn thn tm.
Thao tc: tm sau khi x l c nhng qua bn nc c lm lnh vi nng
chlorine 20 -50 pppm.
Yu cu :
+ Nhit nc ra <4c
+ Nc ra phi sch v thng xuyn thay nc mi.
Phn c, phn loi
Phn c
Mc ch: tch ring cc c, hng, lai tm v mi c, hng, loi tm c gi thnh khc
nhau v cng gp phn lm tng hiu qu kinh t.
Thao tc: tm sau khi ra c chuyn ln my phn c, nhng con tm c kch thc nh
s ri xung trc, nhng con tm c kch thc ln hn s di chuyn dc theo cc con ln
v ri xung mng hng.
My phn c ch phn s b kch thc ca tm, chnh xc cha cao. e c c tm
chnh xc hn cng nhn cn tng con tm nguyn liu .
Tm thng c cc kch c sau y :8/12, 13/15, 16/20, 21/25, 26/30, 31/40, 41/50 ,61/70
...
Mt c tm bao gm cc con tm u c, gia c v cui c.
V d: size 21/25 bao gm nhng con tm c c t 21; 22 ;23; 24; 25 con /lb. Tng ng
vi cc khi lng: 18,1 g; 18,9 g; 19,7 g; 20,6 g; 21,6 g s c xp vo c 21/25.
- Yu cu:
+ Cn phi c chnh xc cao (0,1 g)
+ n v th c l pound (453,6g)
+ Thao tc phi nh nhng.
Phn loi
Mc ch: loi ra nhng con tm c cht lng khng t yu cu quy trnh sn xut (tm
ui en, su ui, h t, tm mm, .. .)
Thao tc: tm c thnh tng ng trn bn v lun c ph , cng nhn dng tay
co nh ng tm ra cho mng v tin hnh phn loi.
32
Trng i hc cn Th
Yu cu :
+ Thao tc nh nhng, chnh xc.
+ Lun c ph n nh nhit tm < 10c
Ra ln 3
Mc ch: loi b ht tp cht v vi sinh vt
Thao tc: tm c ra bng nc sch c lm lnh v kh trng, ro r tm cho
qu trnh cn tip theo sau c chnh xc hn.
Yu cu: nc ra phi sch
+ Chlorine c nng t 20-50 ppm.
+ Nhit nc ra <4c.
Cn
Mc ch: m bo s ng u v khi lng ty theo yu cu ca khch hng (1,8 kg
hoc 2 kg).
Thao tc: cho tm vo r v tin hnh cn. Khi lng sn phm cho tng block bao gm
trng lng tnh v ph tri.
Tm sau khi cn c vo khay, chm nc c nhit <4c vo khay v km theo th
ch xp khun.
Yu cu: cng nhn phi nm vng tiu chun quy nh xc nh chnh xc lng ph
tri theo tng c tm.
xp khun
Khun dng xp tm l khun nhm c np truyn nhit bng nhm. Loi khun ny
thch hp cho xp tm block 1,8 hoc 2 kg
Mc ch:
+ Lm tng v m quan cho sn phm.
+ Gim c s dp gy ca sn phm.
+ To cht ch cho khi tm v gim th tch cho sn phm.
Thao tc: tm c xp thnh tng lp, mi lp c t 2-5 hng theo chiu dc khun ty
theo kch c tm, xp tm theo kiu lp mi ngi.
V d: c 8 /12 xp 5 hng, mi hng 11-12 con.
33
Trng i hc cn Th
c 13/15 xp 6 hng, mi hng 10 con.

c 21/25 xp 8 hng, mi hng 12-13 con.
Mt y xp hai hng bin trc ri mi n hai hng gia (hoc mt hng) mt trn cng
xp lng tm hng ra ngoi du chn vo trong khun.
Yu cu: xp mt y v mt trn cng sao cho khi ra bnh tm ch thy thn tm m khng
thy chn tm.
Ch ng
Mc ch: khi cha s lng vo t cp ng, khun tm c a vo kho ch ng
bo qun tm bn thnh phm.
Thao tc: khun tm c xp theo chiu thng ng, xoay vung gc ln nhau, khng
c chng p. Khun tm c chm nc sach c lm lnh n mt tm, chuyn
tm vo kho ch ng.
Yu cu:
+ Kho ch ng phi sch, t khun tm cch tng, cch nn trnh ly nhim
+ Nhit kho ch ng dao ng t 0<tc<4c + Nhit nc chm vo tm
0<tc<4c + Thi gian ch ng <4 gi
+ Khun tm c xp trong kho ch ng sao cho thun tin cho vic xut nhp
theo nguyn tc vo ra trc.
> Cp ng
Mc ch: h thp nhit thn tm xung di im ng bng lm chm s h hng
ca thc phm ng thi ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Thao tc:
+ Trc khi xp vo t ng, tm c thay nc mi + Khun tm
c y np truyn nhit bng nhm + Khi ng t ng n khi nhit
ca t t yu cu + xp cc khun tm ln cc tm panel ca t cp
ng + H cc tm cp ng, p cht khun tm v tin hnh cp ng
Yu cu:
+ Nc chm vo khun phi sch, khng c vi sinh vt, nhit nc <4c. + Nhit
t cp ng -36 -T - 40c + Nhit tm sn phm phi t <-18C
Tch khun
34
Trng i hc cn Th
Mc ch: tch ri block tm ra khi khun.

Thao tc: cho tng khun tm ln bng chuyn a n vi nc c nhit 12 - 15c
cng nhn d dng tch block tm ra khi khun
M bng
Tm sau khi tch khun c bng chuyn a tip sang vi phun sng (nc m
bng) c nhit 0<tc< 4c to lp bng mng trn ton b b mt block tm.
Mc ch:
+ To lp bng bo v cho sn phm.
+ Tng v m quan cho sn phm
+ Ngn chn s thng hoa ca nc
Yu cu:
+ Nhit nc m bng 0< tc<4c + Thi gian m bng 3-5 giy Bao gi
Mc ch: ngn chn s h hng ca sn phm, to v m quan cho sn phm Thao
tc: block tm sau khi m bng c cho vo ti PE hn kn ming Yu cu:
+ Thao tc phi nhanh, ng k thut + Bao b phi tch nhit, cch m tt, bn v
c hc.
D kim loi
Cng on d kim loi rt quan trng, n nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca sn
phm. l mt yu cu khch quan i hi bt c x nghip no cng phi p dng.
Mc ch: pht hin v loi b kim loi c ln trong sn phm.
Thao tc: cho sn phm c hn kn ming ln bng chuyn ca thit b d c gn u d
kim loi. Neu pht hin sn phm c cha kim loi thit b iu khin s tc ng lm dng
bng ti v chung s reo bo hiu. Tin hnh loi b sn phm v kim tra li chnh xc
ca my bng cch cho mu chy qua my d kim loi nhiu ln.
Yu cu:
+ My d kim loi phi t cn bng trn sn, khng rung ng.
+ Sn phm a vo phi nh nhng, nm gia bng ti.
+ Thng xuyn kim tra nhy ca my bng cc mu th: Fe, Sus...
+ Tch ring sn phm c cha kim loi v tin hnh kim tra li sn phm. +
35
Trng i hc cn Th
Thng xuyn v sinh my sch s.

ng thng
Mc ch:
+ Bo qun sn phm, trnh c s h hng c th xy ra trong giai on ch phn
phi v tiu th sn phm.
+ Cung cp thng tin cho ngi tiu dng.
+ Qung co sn phm.
Thao tc:
xp 6 block tm c cng kch c vo thng carton. Bn ngoi thng phi ghi y cc ch

tiu cn thit nh: tn v biu tng ca x nghip, tn sn phm, kch c, ngy thng sn
xut, khi lng tnh, nhit bo qun...ai np li, tu theo yu cu ca khch hng m
ta s dng mu dy khc nhau.
Yu cu:
+ Phi ng thng theo tng chng loi, kch thc.
+ Cc thng tin ghi trn bao b phi y v r rng.
Bo qun
Cc thng tm sau khi c bao gi hon chnh s c chuyn ngay vo kho bo qun.
Mc ch:
+ Duy tr cht lng ca sn phm.
+ Bo qun ch ngy xut hng v cha s lng.
Thao tc: cn phi nhanh chng v nh nhng. Hng trong kho c xp theo tng l ring
bit v phi cch tng, sn, trn theo tng khong cch nht nh. Khi xp hng vo kho
phi theo nguyn tc vo trc ra trc.
Yu cu:
+ Nhit trong kho phi n nh -20 2c + Thi gian bo qun ti a 24 thng
k t ngy sn xut.
+ Hng ho cht ng ni quy nh.
+ Khi vn chuyn sn phm phi mc y bo h lao ng cn thit.
3.2 QUY TRNH CH BIN TM THT NG BLOCK
36
Trng i hc cn Th
3.2.1 Quy trnh sn xut

Bn thnh phm HLSO (Headless shell-on)
X l
Ra ln 1 Phn c ,phn
loi
Ra ln 2
Cn
xp khun
_T
Ch ng Cp
ng
r
Tch khun
r
M bng
Bao gi D kim loi
ng thng
i.
Bo qun
Hnh 9: Quy trnh ch bin tm tht ng block 3.22
Gii thch quy trnh

Nguyn liu
Ch tiu v cht lng ch bin tm tht
- Tm khng t tiu chun ch bin tm v, PTO do b khuyt tt v v, ui
c chuyn sang ch bin tm dng PD & PUD.
37
Trng i hc cn Th
- Tm khng b n thi, tm vn gi c ti.

- Tm khng b t ui.
- Tm c mu sc t nhin, tht tm khng b xanh hay vng.
- Mi tanh t nhin
- Cht lng tm ch bin tm tht c th t c mc cho php nh trn
hoc c th tt hn.
X l
Thao tc nh sau:
- Lt u: ging nh cch lt u tm v b u ng block
- Lt v:
+ Tm c cm tay tri, hi gn v pha ui. Ngn tr v ngn ci ca tay phi
nm ngang phn gc chn bng ca t u tin lt ngc ln cho n t cui cng.
+ Bp nh phn cui ui cho tht hi tch khi v v gi c nh phn ui bng
cc ngn tay tri, tay phi nm phn tht ko nh ly ht thn tm ra khi v.
Yu cu:
+ Tm lun c duy tr nhit < 4c bng cch ph bo.
+ Trnh lm xay xt thn tm v t ui tm.
+ Ph liu u tm, v tm phi c chuyn ngay ra khi khu vc sn
xut.
Ra ln 1
tm tht, v c lt i, li mng ni lin kt trn thn, sc t trn da, d bong ra
lm cho tm c v xc x. Ngoi ra tm tht cng qua t nhiu bin i nn nc dch t
thn tm c chy ra. Do , ra tm s lm sch con tm hn
> Phn c, phn loi: ging nh tm v b u ng block
Ra ln 2
Khu ny rt quan trng v phng din v sinh v phm cht tm v l khu ra cui cng,
m bo sch tp cht, sch nc dch tm v tit trng.
Yu cu: phi thay nc trc khi ra loi tm khc trnh nhim cho.
Cn: ging nh tm v b u ng block
xp khun
38
Trng i hc cn Th
Thao tc:
+ Chun b khun c kch thc 277 X 217 X 60 mm + Chun b
mt thau nc dng loi tp cht.
+ Chun b mt thau nc c r trn dng tm vo.
+ Tu theo c tm m
tin hnh xp khun cho
ph hp C 8/12 xp 4
hng C 13/15 xp 5
hng C 16/20 xp 6
hng C 20/21 xp 7
hng
C 26/30; 30/31; 31/35; 71/90 xp 8 hng, gia ri u sao cho tm chim ht khong
trng trong khun.
Sau khi xp khun, khun tm c chuyn sang p mt v cht bt nc dch tm tit ra.
Tin hnh chm nc c lm lnh.
Ch ng
Cp ng
Tch khun
M bng
Bao gi
D kim loi Bo qun
Cc thao tc ch ng, cp ng, tch khun, m bng, bao gi, d kim loi, bo qun ging
nh cc thao tc ca qu trnh tm v b u ng block.
3.3 QUY TRNH CH BIN TM PTO HP NG IQF
3.3.1 Quy trnh sn xut
Bn thnh phm HLSO (Headlees shell-on)
X l Ra ln 1
39
Trng i hc cn Th
Ngm
Ra ln 2
xp mm
Hp
Lm ngui
cp ng
Cn
..
M ^ng
Ti ng Bao gi
D kim loi
I
ng thng Bo qun
Hnh 10: Quy trnh ch bin tm PTO hp ng IQF
3.3.2 Gii thch quy trnh

> Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu dng ch bin tm PTO thng thng l tm khng t tiu

chun ch bin tm v do b khuyt tt phn v (b v, bong v)
Tm c mi tanh t nhin
Tm c mu sc t nhin, tht tm khng b bin mu xanh, vng
Cht lng tm cn ti tt
Tm khng b su ui, en ui, mm ui.
i vi tm dng ch bin tm PTO th khng nh gi phn v thn
tm.
40
Trng i hc cn Th
Tm t c cc ch tiu trn s c em ch bin tm PTO hoc cht

lng tm c th tt hn.
X l
Mc ch: loi b nhng phn khng n c, khng c gi tr v mt gi tr kinh t v
mt cm quan
Thao tc:
+ Lt u: ging nh tm v b u ng block
+ Lt v v cha ui: dng dao hoc tay lt ht v tm t t u n t
th nm, cha li t th su v t ui.
+ X lng: dng dao x cn dc lng tm t t th hai n cui t th t
(x 3 t) hoc t t th hai n cui t th nm (x 4 t) tu theo yu cu ca khch
hng, dng mi dao tch ch lng ra ngoi.
+ Co chn: lt nga thn tm, dng dao co nh phn bng cho sch
chn.
Yu cu:
+ Khng lm t t ui.
+ vt x lng phi thng, khng b lch v khng qu su.
+ Khng st ch lng
Ra ln 1: cho tng r tm vo bn ra c nng Chlorin t 20 - 50 ppm

loi b tp cht cn bm trn thn tm sau khi x l.
Phn c, phn loi: loi b nhng con tm khng t yu cu ch bin theo quy
trnh trn
Ra ln 2: trc khi ngm, tin hnh ra tm ln 2 trong cc bn nc c nng
chlorine t 20 - 50ppm m bo sch ht cc tp cht.
Ngm
Sau khi ra, tu theo yu cu ca khch hng, tm c ngm ngay trong dung dch
ngm. Thi gian 2-3 gi ty theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Mc ch
+ Loi b tp cht
+ Lm tng v m quan: v sng bng + Trnh c s hao ht trong
41
Trng i hc cn Th
qu trnh lnh ng Thao tc

+ Chun b dung dch ngm, hn hp gm: STTP, mui, nc,
+ Cho dung dch vo bn, cho tip tm vo, khi ng motor trc quay vi tc
va phi trnh xy xt tm
Yu cu
+ Nhit nc ngm < 4c
+ T l tm: dung dch ngm l 1 : 1
Tch mu
i vi tm s cn tch mu nhiu nhm mu khc nhau: xanh, en v t nht n m.
Mc ch: to s ng u v mu sc
Thao tc: tm c thnh tng ng trn bn, cng nhn tin hnh phn loi da
vo mu sc ca tm
Yu cu:
+ Cng nhn phi lnh ngh
+ Nhit thn tm lun < 4c
Ra ln 4
Cng on ra cui cng ca quy trnh, tm c ra trong bn nc c lm lnh
xp v
Mc ch:
+ To hnh cho tm: cong t nhin
+ Chim c nhiu din tch, tit kim c thi gian hp
Thao tc: cng nhn xp tm theo th t trn mm, trong qu trnh xp mm c th loi
ra nhng con tm khng t yu cu ch bin cho quy trnh
Yu cu: xp tm sao cho tm c hnh dng cong t nhin
Hp, lm ngui
Mc ch: to ra sn phm c th s dng ngay khng cn ch bin li.
Thao tc: tm sau khi xp v c cng nhn cho vo l hp. Sau khi hp, tm c lm
lnh ngay bng cch cho bng chuyn chy qua h thng phun sng, sau chy qua
bn nc lnh.
Yu cu:
42
Trng i hc cn Th
+ Nhit hp: 90 - 100c

+ Nhit thn tm sau khi hp: 70 2c + Thi gian hp
tu thuc vo kch c ca tm + Nhit nc lm ngui < -
4c + Nhit thn tm sau khi lm ngui < 10c

Cp ng
Mc ch: h thp nhit sn phm xung i im ng bng c ch hot ng
ca vi sinh vt
Thao tc: tm c xp trn bng chuyn ca t cp ng IQF. xp tm cnh nhau
nhng khng c chng hoc chm vo nhau
Yu cu:
+ Nhit cp ng: -36 -r -40c + Nhit tm ca sn
phm < -18c
44
+ Thi gian cp ng tu thuc vo tng c tm

Cn
Tin hnh cn tm sau khi c cp ng. Trng lng ca tm tu theo yu cu ca
khch hng. Lng ph tri quy nh theo kch c t 1 -1.3%
M bng
Mc ch: to mt lp bng mng bao bc bn ngoi thn tm bo v sn phm. Ngn
cn c qu trnh bay hi nc v oxy ho trong thi gian bo qun. Mc khc m bng
cn lm bng b mt sn phm.
Thao tc: s dng nc sch c lm lnh. Bng chuyn tm chy qua vi phun sng
m bo t l m bng c ng u
C th m bng bng cch cho tm cn vo r, nhng vo bn nc c lm lnh.
Khi ly r tm ln khi mt nc m bng phi xc r cho vi bt nc lp m u v
tm khng dnh vo nhau.
Yu cu:
+ Nhit nc m bng: < -4c
+ T l m bng > 10%
Ti ng
Mc ch: lm kh mt bng n nh nhit thn tm
Thao tc: cho tm vo v, chuyn v tm ln bng chuyn ca t ti ng, thi gian ti ng
tu theo kch c ca sn phm.
Trng i hc cn Th
Yu cu: nhit ti ng < -27c

Bao gi
Sau khi ti ng, tin hnh cho tm vo ti PE, hn kn ming. Tu theo yu cu ca khch
hng m c th m bng sn phm ln th hai ri mi cho vo bao b
D kim loi (ging nh tm v b u ng block)
ng thng', xp 5 hoc 10 ti PE vo thng carton theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Ngoi thng phi ghi y thng tin .
Bo qun (ging nh tm v b u ng block)
3.4
3.4.1
QUY TRNH CH BIN TM PTO NG IQF

Quy trnh sn xut
Bn thnh phm HLSO (Headlees shell-on)
X l
Ra ln
2
Ngm
Tch
mu
Ra ln 4
Cp ng
Cn
J
M bng
Ti ng
Bao gi
46
Trng i hc cn Th
J
D kim loi i
ng thng
1
Bo qun
Hnh 11: Quy trnh ch bin tm PTO ng IQF
3.42 Gii thch quy trnh

Cc cng on ch bin tm PTO ng IQF tng t nh cc cng on ca quy trnh
ch bin tm PTO hp, ch b qua cng on hp v lm ngui. Sau khi ra ln 4, tin
hnh cp ng ngay.
47
Trng i hc cn Th
3.5 TRANG THIT B

3.5.1 T ng tip xc
Ch thch:
1. Thn ti
8 One dn in Lh:r:
2. Chn t
9.
3. Ca l
10. I p cii
4. Chi i
I 1. Ngn cha
5 Ong dn mi cluc vo
12. Ong dn mi chi
Nhit k
6. len thy lc
7. ln du
Hnh 12: S t ng tip xc

Nguyn tc hot ng:
Nguyn liu c xp trong khun cp ng bng vt liu nhm, pha trn c np y p

vo b mt sn phm tng din tch tip xc. t cc khun nhm ln cc tm panel, c
hai mt u tip xc vi tm panel. Mi cht lnh s trao i nhit vi nguyn liu thu sn
theo phng thc dn nhit. Mi cht lnh s thu nhit t b mt kim loi, cn nguyn liu
s tip xc b mt kim loi nhn c nhit lnh lm cho nhit ca nguyn liu gim
dn. Nhit ca nguyn liu cng
48
Trng i hc cn Th
gim th s chnh lch nhit ca qu trnh trao i nhit cng n trng thi cn bng
nhit. Khi nhit tm ca sn phm t -18c th cho my ngng hot ng v tin hnh
ra t.
Ngoi ra, kh nng lm lnh nhanh hay chm cn tu thuc vo din tch tip xc ca b
mt sn phm vi tm panel, din tch tip xc cng ln th qu trnh trao i nhit lm lnh
din ra cng nhanh.
35.2 T cp ng IQF
Hnh 13: S t cp ng IQF

a. Cc bc chun b trc khi chy my IQF
M ca bung my cp ng.
Kim tra khng c ngi bn trong my
Kim tra xem c bt k vt dng no cn st li bn trong my cp ng khng
49
Trng i hc cn Th
H thp tm phn phi gi impingenment ti v tr ng
ng tt c cc tm che h thng thng gi
Kim tra nc ng bng dc theo vch ca tm che h thng thng gi
ng tt c cc ca bung my
ng tt c cc np x nc ca my.
b. Trc khi khi ng my
Ht sch cc vn nguyn liu v tuyt bm cn st khi tt c cn ng bng
M tt c cc np x nc
ng van kho ng ng cp dch lnh
c. Chy my theo chng trnh ci t sn
Chn mn hnh lp trnh cc chc nng hot ng ca my.
Chn cc chc nng hot ng ca my theo mun.
Nhn nt chy my. Bng ti chy khi tn hiu cnh bo.
M cc van ca ng ng cp dch lnh
d. Trong qu trnh cp ng cn kim tra u n.
Nhit bung lnh
Nhit gin lnh
Thi gian cp hay tc ci t bng ti
e. Ngng my
Chy my cho n khi khng cn sn phm trn bng ti
Nhn nt dng my
Tt c cc chc nng s dng li. Tn hiu yu cu cp dch lnh vn duy tr sau 10 pht
Loi b vic chn ch cp ng
Tt c cc chc nng chn s b loi b. Tn hiu yu cu cp dch lnh b xo b
50
Trng i hc cn Th
3.5.3 My phn c
Hnh 14: So my phn c
Nguyn tc hot ng:

Tm sau khi x l c cho vo phu ca my phn c, ti y tm c ra vi nng
Chlorin 20-50 ppm nhm loi b cc tp cht cn st li trong qu trnh x l. Khi
ng bng chuyn chuyn tm ln dn rung, t dn rung tm ri xung cc con ln,
khong cch gia cc con ln s ln dn nhng con tm c kch thc nh ri xung
mng hng trc, nhng con tm c kch thc ln hn s ri xung mng hng sau
51
Trng i hc cn Th
3.54 L hp
Hnh 15 : S l hp
Nguyn tc hot ng:

Tm PTO dng ri xp vo khay c xch ti chuyn qua bung hp. Ti bung
hp di tc dng ca hi nc cp t h thng l hi s lm chin sn phm. Sn phm sau
khi ra khi bung hp s n bung lm ngui s cp, ti y di tc dng ca h thng
vi phun sng nc lnh h nhit . Sauk hi ra khi bung lm ngui s cp, sn
phm s c nhng chm hon ton trong nc lnh ti thng lm ngui th cp. Ton b
cc qu trnh ny c th ty bin v iu chnh d dng ph hp vi tng loi sn phm
khc nhau.
3.6
CC TIU CHUN C P DNG NH GI CHT LNG THNH
PHM
Vic kim tra cht lng thnh phm c thc hin quyt nh sn phm c c xut
xng hay khng
3.6.1 Kim tra cht lng sn phm trong ch bin thy sn ng lnh
52
Trng i hc cn Th
a. Ly mu
- Mi l hng l mt lng sn phm c cng mt tn gi, kch c, phm cht v
c bao gi cng mt loi bao b
- Trc khi ly mu, phi xc nh tnh ng nht ca l hng, i chiu vi giy t
km theo, kim tra bao b ca l hng.
- Ly cc thng sn phm v tr khc nhau trong l hng, mi thng ly mt mu
kim tra.
- Neu kt qu kim tra c nghi vn th phi ly mu li kim tra ln hai
b. Kim tra trng thi bn ngoi, nhit v khi lng ca sn phm
- Kim tra hnh dng, mu sc, b dy lp bng ph ngoi sn phm
- Xc nh khi lng sn phm (c bao b v bng)
- Kim tra nhit ng lnh ca sn phm bng cch dng khoan, khoan su t
ngoi vo n gia thn tm, t nhit k vo xc nh nhit tm ca sn phm.
c. Kim tra cm quan v l tnh
Xc nh khi lng
Cho sn phm vo bn (chu) nc r ng, ro nc, cn sn phm xem c

s lng hay khng
Kim tra trng thi bn ngoi: kim tra ui, vt ct v tp cht.
Kim tra s n hi: bng cch ly ngn tay n nh vo phn tht ca sn

phm
Xc nh kch c: bng cch m tng s con trong bao b
Kim tra mi ca sn phm
Phoug php nh gi
H thng ch tiu phn nh cht lng sn phm bao gm bn nhm ch tiu sau:
a. Ch tiu vt l
Nhit trung tm sn phm < -18c

Khi lng
Kch c: khi lng con ln nht khng ln hn 35% khi lng mt con
tm trong llb
b. Ch tiu cm quan
Lp bng trong v ph kn sn phm, mt bng c th b nt nh.
Tp cht: nh gi s con cn st tim, v, chn, ru < 1% so vi tng s con

trong mu kim tra.
53
Trng i hc cn Th
Mu sc: mu sc c trng ca tm
Mi v: khng c mi l, mi c trng ca sn phm
Trng thi bn ngoi: tm phi nguyn vn, khng mm v, h t, khng

t ui (tm v b u). Tm PTO hay tm tht: tm khng b gy ui,
khng t phn tht.
c. Ch tiu cht lng v bao b

Bao b PE: nguyn vn, th c t ng v tr, ghi cc phn quy nh v ph hp vi sn
phm.
Bao b giy: nguyn vn, thng tin ghi trn hp phi ng v r rng.
Bao b carton: nguyn vn, khng mp mo, ai np phi ng quy nh, thng tin ghi trn
bao b phi y v r rng.
d. Ch tiu cht lng v v sinh
i. Mc nhim khun
> Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh trong sn phm khng ln hn 500000

> E.coli khng cho php
> Staphylococus aureus khng cho php
> Samonella khng cho php
ii. Ch v sinh
> Kho bo qun khng c vt l v phi sch s

> Cng nhn thc hin phi khm bnh nh k.
(Ngun:Trn c Ba - Nguyn Vn Ti - 2004 - Cng Ngh Lnh Thy Sn)
54
Trng i hc cn Th
3.7 CC BIN I XY RA TRONG QU TRNH CH BIN V BO QUN

SN PHM
3.7.1 Bin i trong qu trnh lnh ng
a. Bin oi vi sinh vt
Khi h nhit thn tm xung n im ng bng, vi sinh vt hot ng chm li. Nhit
di -15c s ngn chn c vi trng ln nm mc v khong nhit ny lng
nc trong thn tm ch cn li khong 10%.
Ngoi ra, khong nhit -1 -=--5C gn nh a s nc t do ca t bo thy sn kt
tinh thnh . Neu lnh ng chm, cc tinh th nc to, sc lm v t bo vi trng mnh
nht giai on ny. Do phng php lnh ng chm tiu dit vi trng hn l phng
php lnh ng nhanh nhng li gy hi cho th cht ca sn phm.
b. Bin oi ho hc
> Bin oi cht m
-20c cht m b ng li, sau su thng bo qun c phn gii nh

khong nhit -1 -r -5c protein b bin tnh, c bit myosin b kt ta. Thi gian
lnh ng cng ko di th protein cng b bin tnh. Lm lnh ng nhanh s b bin
tnh protein. Di -20c th protein hu nh khng b bin tnh
Bin oi cht bo
Cht bo b thy phn v hm lng acid bo th t do ph thuc nhit v thi gian
bo qun. Nu nhit -12c sau 10 tun l ch s peroxit tng ln r rt, sau 30 tun ch s
ny vt qu quy nh v phm cht v sinh
Bin oi gluxt
Khi lnh ng chm, glycogen phn gii ra nhiu acid lactic nhit thp hn l trng
hp lnh nh nhanh.
Bin oi sinh to
Sinh t t b mt trong giai on lnh ng, a s b mt trong lc ch bin, ra

nhit lnh, sinh t A t ra bn vng. Sinh t B2, pp mt mt t. Sinh t c mt nhiu khi
sn phm mt nc, chy lnh.B hao ht ton b phi k n sinh t E, tm lm lnh ng
khng cn sinh t E na
Bin oi cht khong Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng nghip
& Sinh hc ng dng
54
Nhit lnh khng nh hng ln cht khong nhng do s bin i c cu sn phm khi
lm lnh ng khin hao ht mt lng ln khong cht trong dch t bo chy ra ngoi khi
r ng
Trng i hc cn Th
c. Bin oi l hc
S Tng th tch: nc trong thu sn ng bng lm tng th tch ln 10%
S Thay i mu sc:
Do mt nc, cc sac to hemoglobin, mioglobin v hemoxyanin chuyn thnh
mthmoglobin, motnioglobin v mthmoxyanin lm sc mu sm li. Trong qu trnh cp
ng nhanh (sn phm ng IQF) cht lng sn phm khng thay i ng k v mu sc,
c cu. Khi cp ng chm (ng block) s gim cht lng v mu sc, c cu tr nn r
rang hn. s S gim trng lng:
Sn phm ng lnh b gim trng lng do bc hi nc hoc do thit hi l hc trong qu
trnh lm lnh ng
Thit hi l hc c th do tc ng trong khi lnh ng khin cho nhiu mnh nh b v
vn, chng hn nh khi sn phm b ho lng bi lung khng kh mt. Hnh thc thit hi
khc l thu sn dn cht vo mm cp ng hoc ai chuyn, lm trc mt phn trng
lng khi tch khi mm. Neu xt nc di mt y tch s gim c thit hi ny.
Thit hi l hc trong mt my ng khng ng k v khng hn 1% nu thc hin lm
lnh ng ng cch.
Vic gim trng lng do bc hi tu vo cc yu t nh: loi my ng, thi gian lnh
ng, loi sn phm, c dng sn phm, tc khng kh v iu kin vn hnh my.
Mc gim trng lng thu sn nh cao hn thu sn ln. T sut hao ht t l thun vi
din tch b mt, thu sn nh c tng din tch b mt ln hn thu sn ln. Ngoi ra, thu
sn ng ri hao ht hn thu sn ng block.
Bao gi thu sn khi lnh ng cng lm gim hao ht rt nhiu nhng nu bao gi khng
cht trng lng vn b hao ht do bc hi b mt bn trong lp bao gi.
(Ngun:Trn c Ba - Nguyn Vn Ti - 2004 - Cng Ngh Lnh Thy Sn)
3.7.2 S thay i cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh tr ng

a. Cc bin oi ha l
55

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Cong Nghe Che Bien Tom Dong Lanh

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Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

TRNG I HC CN TH KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC

KHO ST CC QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH

LUN VN TT NGHIP K s Chuyn ngnh: CNG NGH THC PHM

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

Gio vin hug dn

Mc tiu ch yu ca qu trnh thc tp l kho st v tm hiu v cc qu trnh cng ngh ch

thit b sn xut nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm.

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

DANH SCH BNG ................................................................................................ vi

1.2. SO MT BNG TNG TH .................................................................... 6

1.3. SO T CHC V QUN L CA NH MY....................................... 10

1.4. AN TON LAO NG V V SINH CNG NGHIP ................................. 14

V ............................................................................................... sinh cng nghip

PHNG........................................................................ PHP TH MUA

Tiu chun nh gi nguyn liu

2.2.2 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca nguyn liu ..................................... 24

CHNG III QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT CC SN PHM

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

3.2. QUY TRNH CH BIN TM THT NG BLOCK ................................... 38

3.3. QUY TRNH CH BIN TM PTO HP NG IQF ................................... 41

.QUY TRNH CH BIN TM PTO NG IQF

3.4.1. Qu trnh sn xut......................................................................................... 46

3.5. TRANG THIT B .......................................................................................... 47

3.6. CC TIU CHUN c P DNG NH GI CHT LNG

3.7. CC BIN I XY RA TRONG QU TNH CH BIN V BO QUN SN

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

Bin i trong qu trnh lnh ng 54

3.7.2 S thay i cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh tr ng .............................. 54

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

Bng 2: Hm lng acid amin ................................................................................... 17

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

nhiu cng ng dn c cc vng duyn hi, ng thi ng gp mt phn ng k vo

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

CHNG I TNG QUAN V CNG TY STAPIMEX

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

Hin ti Stapimex cung cp cho khch hng cc mt hng nh sau:

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

Hnh 1 : Tm HLSO (Headless shell-on)

Tm x bm, tn thng mi l betterfly shrimp.

- Tm luc (hp), ng IQF cc loi (bao gm c tm sushi) tn thng mi l

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

- Tm o bt ng IQF tn thng mi l breaded shrimp.

- Tm o bt chin ng IQF tn thng mi l : Edi fry.. b. Th trng tiu th

- Th trng Nht chim 40%

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

Ch.thch: rgOTl 1 l thng my lnh 53 Cc t dng

- Dng di t nguycn liu n thnh phm

Hnh 5 : So mt bng phn xng sn xut

1.2.2 Mt bng tng th ca nh my

co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

Hnh 6 : So mt bng tng th nh my

1.2.3 Gii thch SO mt bng tng th

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

1.2.4 u nhc im ca SO mt bng

X nghip c xy dng tng i xa th v khu dn c, do con ngi t chu cc

Cha vn dng c ng thu mua v vn chuyn nguyn liu.

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008

1.3 S T CHC V QUN L CA NH MY

TIP NHN <

Bo co tt nghip kha 29 - nm 2008