Analog Guide

Raja Reddy P, Indian Institute of Science July 26, 2007

1. Calculate Vout(s)/Vin(s). plot Vo(t). calculate time constant and pole frequency.
Vi(t) V Vi(t) 0 R C Vout(t) R

2. In the following circuit plot iL(t), VL(t)

Vi(t) V Vi(t) 0 R Vout(t) R L

3. Find Vo(t) in the circuit below.

Vo(t) 8k 1k 0.6sin(wt) 2k 2k 1p 2k 4k 4k 3k 0.4sin(wt)

4. A system has an SNR of 60 dB. If an uncorrelated noise of 1 mV is added in a 1V of signal to it, then what is the SNR? 1

5. Both ckts are equivalent. Express Rp and Cp interms of Rs and Cs. Find range for which these both are equivalent. Assume high quality factor.

Rs Cs

Rp

Cp

6. Calculate the maximum clock frequency.

Tcq = 1ns
D Q

Clk

Tpd = 100ps

Tsetup = 200ps Thold = 300ps

7. Plot Vout.

10sin(wt)

Vout(t)

8. Plot Vout with respect to the given input waveforms.

Vin2 3V 0 Vin1 3V 0 t1 5V Vin1 t Vin2 5V t 1pF 1pF Vout

9. Design a divide-by-3 counter using D-ipops. The duty cycle of the divided clock should be 2/3. 10. What is the function of the following circuit?

A E

A E Y

A E

A E

11. Plot the output Vout.

R 10R Vin = 0.1sin(wt) Vout R R

12. Calculate the frequency of oscillation. What is the minimum required Gm for oscillation?

Gm R C

Gm R C

Gm R C

Gm R C

13. Calculate the output impedance.

1M Rout 500k 500k gm = 2uA/V Rds=1M

14. Both transistors are biased in saturation. Calculate VA/Vin. Neglect the body effect.

Rd

Vin A

15. Calculate the output if (i) gain Av = innity (ii) gain Av = 10

Vin Av 1k Vout

1k

1mA

16. If the following inverter biased in the middle of Vdd, what is the small signal gain? (Answer: gm ro )
Vdd

Vin

Vout

17. Crossection diagram of the inverter (be able to draw the contact of power supply and ground) 18. From the crossection of the diagram, be able to draw the parasitic BJT leads to latchup. 19. How to prevent latch-up (do not forget guard ring, clampping circuits!) 20. Draw the layout of an inverter or NOR/NAND gate. 21. For the following source follower, what is its -3dB bandwidth? How about it stability?

Vo Vi

22. For the following circuits, Vdd=5v, tell me what are Vo1 and Vo2 when Vin is 5V, 3V, 2.5V and 0V.

Vdd Vin Vin Vo1 Vo2

23. What are the effective resistance from source to drain of the following two transistors? (The value of the resistance is R). Answer: both of them are 1/gm.
R

(a)

(b)

24. In the following gure, if the two resisters are equal, what is its -3dB bandwidth? Compare its stability with that of a source follower.
R2 R1
Vi Vo

25. For the following circuit, if the input is a rail-to-rail square wave, plot the wave after the inverter and vo.
Vdd

Vi

Vo

26. For the following circuits, What is the gain? Using what technology to improve the matching of the input transistors? If the bias current increase, what happens to the gain? (Hit: Decrease!!!) What happens to the bandwidth? Replace the NMOS with npn BJT and PMOS with pnp BJT, answer the above questions.(Now gain remains constant with increasing biasing current!) 6

Vdd

Vb1 Vo Vin+ Vo+ Vin

Vb2

27. For the following circuits, answer the questions again. What are the advantages and disadvantages of these two ampliers?
Vdd

Vo Vin+

Vo+ Vin

Vb

28. You are porbing a square wave pulse in the lab that has a ris etime of 5 ns and fall time of 2 ns. What is the minimum bandwidth of the oscilloscope to view the signal? Answer: The time thay it takes an RC circuit to go from 10% to 90% of its nal value is t=ln9*RC. The bandwidth of the oscilloscope larger than BW = ln9/(2*pi*2ns) = 174MHz. Choose a 200MHz or faster oscilloscope. To reduce error, choose a oscolloscope 3 time faster than the calculated value, or 600MHz. 29. What is the low frequency gain of the following circuits? The input is the input current Iin. Where does the dominant pole locate? How about the pole at node 1?

Iin

1 Vo R C

30. For the following circuit, the threshold voltage of the transistor is 0.7V. Vb1=1v, Vb2=2v, When Vin change from 5V to 0V, draw the current ow through the transistors VS Vin. (This question was supplied by Wang Ge)
Vin Vb2 M2

Vb1

M1

31. For the following circuit, what is the gain of Vout/Vin? Where is the Feedback and what is the function of feedback?

Vin

Vout

Ib1

Ib2

32. For the following circuits, the small signal input is Iin, the small signal output is vout, what is the small signaloutput? What is the gain?

Vout

33. Plot the Vout wave form of the following circuits:

C Vin R Vout Vin

R Vout C

C1, 1u Vin R 1k Vout C2 9u Vin

R1, 9k C 1u Vout R2 1k

34. For the following circuit, at time 0, the switch switches from A to B, gure out the voltage wave form at B.

1V

C1

C2

35. For the following circuit, what is the voltage value at A and B? (The Vt of the transistor is 1V).
5V

5V

C1

C2

36. The capacitor of the following gure is connected with two ideal MOS switches. Switches T1 and T2 are alternately turned on with a frequency ffc. What is the average current owing from node 1 to node 2? What is the equivalent impedance from node 1 to node 2?

T1

T2

V1 C1

V2

37. Plot the output of the following RC circuit

Vin

Vout

10

38. How the following two circuits differ in their functionality and which one is a better reference?

M3

M4

M3

M4

M1

M2 R R

M1

M2

(a) bandgap1

(b) bandgap2

39. Draw Vo. Initially Vo is at +5V. Vosat = 5V

1k 1k Vin +4V t Vin 4V Vout

40. what is the output Y in the gure shown below.

1 1 Y 2 21

41. Draw the output waveform. 11

Vdd

Vout Vdd

42. what is the minimum value of V1.

V1

43. How the diode should be doped for faster electron-hole collection at terminals.

P N

12

44. In which region the capacitance Cgs is maximum.

45. How a pn-diode should be doped for maximum capacitance? 46. How to reduce the crowbar (short circuit current) in an inverter? 47. How the latchup and ESD robustness are affected with increased substrate doping? 48. I have not remembered this qestion exactly. Two different MOS structures are given and asked to nd about the sidewall and bottom capacitance.

49. How I1 and I 2 changes with temperature

I1

I2

50. Decreased drian doping results in (choose from the options below) (a) High gate oxide reliability 13

(b) Hot carrier reliability (c) Decreases drain contact resistance 51. what is the output voltage
3V 3V

3V

Vout

52. what is the slew rate of output voltage

Vout Vin 3V 2V 100 uA C= 1pF

53. For an NMOS in saturation, the drain current depends on (choose from the options below) (a) Surface mobility (b) Bulk mobility (c) Both (d) None

14

54. what is the output voltage after 5 seconds

Vdd

3V 0V Vout 5uA Vdd 0.1pF

55. plot the output voltage

I(t) I(t)

t Vo

R C 20C

56. what is Vout in the nal state?

Vout 2V 1V Initial State 2.5V Final State

Vout

15

57. Frequency spectrum of ideal squrewave (choose from the options below) (a) Only C0 = 0 (b) Odd terms are zero (c) Even terms are zero 58. Initially V1 = V2 = 1V and Vin = 0.7V. If Vin changes to 1.5V what are the nal states?
Vdd Vdd

Vin V1 1pF 10 uA

Vin V2 1pF

59. what is the steady state output voltage, Threshold voltage is 0.5V
6V Vout

2V

1V

3V

60. Plot the output voltage

3V Vin 3V Vin t Vout

61. If Vth of NMOS increases,for an inverter NML and NMH will (a) both increase 16

(b) both decrease (c) NML increase NMH decrease (d) NML decrease NMH increase 62. What is the equivalent value of resistance.
S1 Vin C S2 Vout

63. Impulse response of interpolation lter is.

Amp 1 1/2 T (a) +T f T /2 (b) +T/2 f T/2 +T/2 (c) f T (d) Amp Amp 1 1/2 f Amp

+T

64. plot the output voltage

2V 1V

Vin

Vin C R t

Vout

65. What is the transfer function

G1

G1

H1

H1

17

66. A planar metal is used for an interconnect.Neglecting the fringing capacitance the RC time constant will be
RC RC RC RC

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

67. Relationship between the time constants of gures 1,2,3

3R 3C (1) R C (3) R C R C 1.5R 1.5R 1.5C (2) 1.5C

68. In NMOS at weak inversion, the current is dominated by (a) drift current (b) diffusion current (c) both (d) none of the above 69. In MOS, channel is inverted when the surface potential reaches (a) (b) (c) (d) 70. Band-to-band tunneling occurs when 18

(a) both dopings are high (b) both dopings are low (c) one is high and other is low (d) independent of doping 71. One question on np = n2 i 72. Logic expression [(a + b )(a + b)] (a) XOR (b) NOR (c) XNOR (d) NAND 73. For real discrete signal magnitude will be even/odd?, Phase will be even/odd? 74. plot the ouput voltage
Vin Vin Vout R R

75. Logic of the gate shown is

b a c Y a

76. The following logic implements a (R is asynchronus reset) (a) MOD-15 counter 19

D R

D R

D R

D R

Clk

(b) MOD-8 counter (c) MOD-11 counter (d) None 77. Determine Vout. Give a possible application of the circuit.

Vdd

Vout

78. Plot Vout.

Vin

Vout t Vin

79. What is the equation of FIFO when it is empty? 80. Two clock domains 10MHz and 100MHz. One full period pulse is produced at 5th clock cycle of 100MHz of pulse width equal to 1/100MHz. The pulse should be received by 10MHz clock. Rig up the circuit. 20

81. There is a set of 5 bits a5, a4, a3, a2, a1. Set for mod 8 counter is (a) a1 (b) a2, a1 (c) a3, a2, a1 (d) a4, a3, a2, a1 (e) a5, a4, a3, a2, a1 82. Which of the following circuits has higher output impedance?
Rout1 Rout2

83. Determine ib , ic , ie and Vb with = 100 and Vbe = 0.7V for the circuit below.

Vdd

5k Vb

0.1k

5k

0.1k

21

84. Determine gain of following circuita. Assume n = 2 p

4/1 Vout Vin 2/1 Vin

4/1 Vout 2/1

85. Determine Vout

R Vin Vout

86. Determine the gain for the circuit below.

Vdd

Vb1 Vo Vin+ Vo+ Vin

Vb2

22

87. Frequency response for an Open loop Opamp was given and the opamp was operated as an inverting amplier with gain -2. Plot the closed loop frequency response. 88. Number of Boolean equation for an n input variable. 89. Find equation for the circuit below.

B A C

D E Y

D B

E C

90. Size the remaining 4 transistors for the circuit below so that Iout = In.

Iin Iin Iout

1/1

91. Calculate R. The network is fully resistive. 23

R1

R2

R=?

I1

I1

I1+I2

92. What is the time constant

10c Vin R R C Vout

93. Compute the gain at low and high frequency.

gmp

gmp

Iout
gmn gmn

Vin Ibias

94. The open-loop gain bandwidth product of an opamp is 200 MHz. If it is operating in negative feedback mode with a closed loop gain of 2, then what is the bandwidth? 95. A signal x(t) = 0.4sin(2. .75Hz.t) + 0.6sin(2. .25Hz.t) is sampled with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. What will be the frequency spectrum of sampled signal? 24

96. Calculate the current I through resistor.

1k I 1V

97. Calculate Iout(Vin, gmn, gmp, V)

Iout

Vin Ibias

98. What is the frquency of oscillation of output voltage?

R

C R1 R2

Vout

25

99. Calculate Vout.

Vs R C Vout C R

100. What is the minimum value of resistor Rmin?.

Rmin R

R C R

101. Two identical opamps having 3dB frequency fo are in cascade. Find the overall 3dB frequency.

102. Find the maximum frequency of operation of the following circuit. 26

Tcq = 0 D Clk D Q

Td = 1ns min 2ns max Combinational logic Td = 1ns min 2ns max Combinational logic

Tcq = 0 D Q

103. Maximum power is dissipated in an inverter when (a) Input is 1 (b) Input is 0 (c) Input is toggling 104. In a D Flip-Flop, Q bar is connected to D. Find its function. 105. In a ring oscillator frequency depends on

(a) No of stages n (b) Supply voltage (c)

W L

ratio of the inverters

106. Plot Vc (t ).
I(t) R Vc(t) C t to

I(t) Io

27

107. Draw the bode plots for gain and phase.

1k A=10db 1p A=10db 10p 10k

108. Plot the Gate Capacitance versus Gate voltage curves for MOSFETs at DC and high frequencies. 109. Which of these is equivalent to the given RC circuit.
R Vin C Vout

Ans:

A=10dB R Vin C

Vout

110. The following circuit is a

0 Q D 1 Clk

28

(a) level 0 transparent latch (b) level 1 transparent latch 111. Find Rin for the following circuit.

Rd

Vg

Rin

112. Find Vout.

Vin
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Vout t Vin

113. Find i1, i2, Va and Vb.

i1 1k Va 1k Vb i2 1mA 1k

2V

29

114. Derive the expression for gain of an inverter. 115. Plot Io Versus Vo for the following circuits.

Iin Vout Iout Iin Vout Iout

116. Find R such that Vo/Vin is constant.

1k Vin R

1u Vout 0.1u

117. How many distinct boolean expressions are possible with 3 input variables? (a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 256 118. Plot OUT for the following circuit. What is the function of the given circuit?
In Out In Clk Clk D Q

30