A Dynamic Approach to Foster Cognitive

Computing using the

Laws of Thought
Prof. Geeta Navalyal
KLE Dr.M.S.S CET, Udyambag, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Rahul Dasharath Gavas
KLE Dr.M.S.S CET, Udyambag, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Abstract- Cognitive computing is being used today in various fields like robotics, intelligent systems, big data analysis,
etc. The wide acceptance of cognitive computing is in order to instill human cognitive features in computers. The
generation and manipulation of human thoughts is governed by the three Laws of Thought. Verification of these laws in
the context of implementation of a software program can pave a new way in Cognitive Computing. This paper makes an
attempt to verify the first law of thought for efficient feature extraction of brain wave data to build intelligent Brain-
Computer Interface (BCI) applications.
The study makes a scrutinizing analysis on the brain waveforms present in time-domain and ascertains the maximum
approximation of the validation of the first law on the data sets. The technique can further be extended to various
branches of computer science to make computers more humane.
Keywords Cognitive Computing, BCI, Autocorrelation, Feature Extraction
I. INTRODUCTION
Cognition is a union of all the psychological units like reminiscence, attention, language understanding and
production, discerning, erudition, problem deciphering and verdict. This aspect is an unwavering part of linguistics,
psychology, philosophy and computer science. It has a diverse meaning in each field. For instance, it is attributed to
information processing in a subjects mind in Cognitive Engineering and the same is anticipated in terms of
computers in Cognitive Computing. It is used to explain attribution, assertiveness and groups dynamics in social
cognition field. This field also deals with intelligence which encompasses self-awareness, planning, intellectual
thought, communication, rationality, learning, emotions, retaining, unraveling, etc., but not confined only to these. It
is studied exclusively in humans but is also observed in plants and animals. Cognitive Computing deals with
facilitating the simulation of intelligence in computers. Efforts have been carried out to enhance the computing
power of computers. But the curtailment and dichotomy lies in the fact that computers cannot think, reason,
interrogate like human beings. Reasoning is unique to humans, as accuracy to computers.
A. Progress in instilling cognition to computers-
Determining human eyes in faces using feature extraction technique can be achieved through artificial
neural networks [1].
Character recognition is implemented using neural networks with the help of perceptron (a simplest
algorithm in neural networks) which has two inputs and outputs, 0 and 1[2].
Cognitive Computing also finds tremendous applications in medical fields for query translation [3],
automated surgery, database management systems [4], semantic web analysis and knowledge-base systems.
B. The laws of thought-
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In a broader sense, these laws govern and escort everyones thinking, contemplations, lexes, deliberations,
etc. These are basic manifestations on which the issues of cognition are based. Implementing these laws is crucial to
Cognitive Computing, because Cognitive Science is deep rooted in dialectology, neuroscience, psychology,
encapsulating all facets of brain.
Human cognition, functions with the schemas for the forecasted correct judgments which is a reasoning
program that gears these schematics [5].
The Law of Identity is the first law which states that everything is alike with itself and dissimilar from
other. A is A and not ~A.
The second law states that, No one thing can be simultaneously be in both A and ~A (Law of Non-
Contradiction).
And the third law states that, Everything must be a member of either A or ~A (Law of Excluded Middle).
Efforts to bridge the gap between human reasoning and cognitive computing was done by scrutinizing the
doctrine of mental logic. This hypothesis formulates the laws of logic, which in turn are the laws of thought. The
essence of this law ponders around how well mental logic explains reasoning cogently and whether it is innate or
assimilated.
Efforts to apply these laws to computer science are very vital to instill cognition at some extent. This paper focuses
on applying these laws in BCI technology, an evolving research area of computer science. This technology embeds
the extraction of brain generated impulses to drive computer applications [6-8]. The main hindrance inherent here is
feature extraction which has been a major issue over a century. The algorithms used in Electroencephalogram (EEG)
data feature extraction suffer from the high degree of their randomness. The study focuses on determining the
linearity of the EEG waveform which is itself the first phase of EEG data processing.
II. IMPLEMENTATION
Brain waves comprise of different types of waves like alpha1, alpha2, etc. The high degree of variations in these
waveforms causes major drawbacks in feature extraction. In this implementation, EEG data was collected from an
eighty years old subject who was asked to play a BCI game [9]. The subject was normal and was not suffering from
any ailments with respect to his age. The experimentation was carried under normal environmental conditions. The
EEG device used in this regard was Neurosky Mindwave Mobile [10].
A. Drawing closer instances towards the first law of thought in this context-
Nonlinear dynamics was used to study the deterministic behavior of EEG data with the subjects eyes closed
which was based on the calculation of autocorrelation of the waveforms [11]. Auto-correlation of each separate
waveform was taken from the spectrum of vivid waveforms in the subject.
Human thought is the core parameter used in the laws of thought. To draw a relation, the study replaces the
autocorrelation values of the waveforms with the human thoughts in the laws. The relation can be drawn in two
ways:
1. The auto-correlation test seems to violate the first law at a glance but rigorous analysis gives contradictory
results. At a few time lags, there exists some strong similar autocorrelation among the data sets which is evident
from the Figure1. X-axis depicts some of the waveforms, Y-axis shows the intervals in particular waveforms at
which the autocorrelation was calculated and the radii of the bubbles indicate the autocorrelation values. Along X-
axis, the values indicate alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 and delta waves, respectively. A closer visualization of each
waveform shows that there exists approximately closer autocorrelation which in turn can be mapped with the first
law of thought, i.e., everything is same in itself and dissimilar with other.
2. All the autocorrelation values are positive and not negative.
This is one case study where in the first law of thought can be applied to design efficient BCI software.
Similar attempts can be upheld to apply these laws in the design process of almost all software. These laws govern
all the thoughts in humans. If the working of all the software processes follows these laws, then software processes
can be considered to work based on human thought processes.
B. Algorithm involved in proving the law of identity-
Input: Set of brain waves.
Output: Approximate validation of first law of thought.
1. Obtain all the waveforms of a subject performing a certain task.
2. wave_no.Iirst waveIorm;
while(wave_no.<total number of waveforms taken)
International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET)
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{
counter10; //initialize counter with 10
//amplitude values of a wave
aautocorrelation(1 to counter);
bubble_graph_draw(wave_no,counter,a);
counter+=10; //increment the counter to include next 10 values
}
bubble_graph_draw(wave_no,counter,a)
{
X-axiswaveno;
Y-axiscounter;
Z-axisa;
}
3. Comparison based on the graph
4. Stop.
C. Algorithm to make the BCI software more humane using the first law of thought-
Input: Set of brain waves.
Output: Extraction of more features with limited input in a more humane manner.
1. Read the waveform.
2. ntotal number oI waveIorms
ttotal amplitude values in a waveIorm
struct data
{
float a[10]; //autocorrelation
}wave[n];
i=0;
j=0;
counter10;
for(i=0,i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<t; j++)
{//Suppose this algorithm extracts features using autocorrelation values
wave[i].a[j]computeautocorrelation(1 to counter);
counter+=10;
}
}
3. Feature extraction
//Software determines whether the wave is deterministic or not
flag=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0,j<t;j++)
{
if(wave[i].a[j]==wave[i].a[j++])
flag+=1;
}
}
if(flag value approximates n*t)
Conclude waveforms are linear and deterministic.
4. Stop.
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Figure1. Bubble graph showing the autocorrelation in the waveforms taken in time domain.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The autocorrelation values thus obtained is similar at certain time lags. The values obtained are positively
correlated. Therefore, the notion that A is A and not ~A holds well in this regard. This validates the first law of
thought. On similar lines, the experimentation was carried on the data taken from different subjects and the validity of
the law was tested. Based on this, an algorithm which implements this law is designed for BCI for efficient data
analysis of brain waves.
IV. CONCLUSION
As a summary, the paper draws a mapping between the Law of Identity of Thought and feature extraction in
brain waves. The law holds good at some specific intervals in the given waveforms which is evident from the
autocorrelation expressed in a 3D bubble graph. Based on this phenomenon, an algorithm is designed to enable the
BCI software to mimic the working of thoughts in human brain. The technique can be further applied in various
branches of computer science. If these laws hold well in this aspect, then it is easy to add cognition to computers
which can open a new dimension in Cognitive Computing.
V. FUTURE SCOPE
The technique of application of the laws of thought in various aspects of computer science can pave a way to
bequeath cognition to computers. This can make machine learning process faster, artificial intelligence can tend to
transform into natural intelligence, deciding and reasoning capabilities can be instilled in humanoid and autonomous
robots.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are immensely grateful to the valuable guidance provided by Dr.Nandini Sidnal, HOD, Department
of Computer Science& Engg, KLE Dr.M.S.S CET, Udyambag, Belgaum, and to the needful help provided by Prof.
Sanjeev Sannakki, Department of Computer Science& Engg, KLSS GIT, Belgaum.
REFERENCES
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