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CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V PH MAI ............................................................ 3
1.1. Khi nim v ph mai .......................................................................................... 3
2.1. Phn loi ph mai ................................................................................................ 3
CHNG 2. NH HNG CA IU KIN DINH DNG TRONG SA
N HIU SUT V CHT LNG PH MAI ............................................... 5
2.1. nh hng ca cc hp cht protein ................................................................... 5
2.1.1. Cc c tnh ng t sa ............................................................................. 6
2.1.2. nh hng n c tnh ng t sa v hiu sut ca ph mai .................. 6
2.2. nh hng ca CaCl2 i vi ph mai ................................................................ 8
2.2.1. nh hng ca clorua canxi n khi lng b hao ht v thnh phn ha
hc ca ph mai .......................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. nh hng n cc gi tr cm quan: ......................................................... 12
2.3. nh hng ca nng mui ............................................................................ 13
2.3.1. n mt s c im ca ph mai .............................................................. 13
2.3.2. n cht lng phomai ............................................................................... 16
CHNG 3. NH HNG CA CC IU KIN MI TRNG N
CHT LNG PH MAI ...................................................................................... 20
3.1. p sut cao........................................................................................................... 20
3.1.1. nh hng n mu sc ph mai ................................................................ 20
3.1.2. nh hng n mi v ph mai .................................................................. 20
3.1.3. nh hng n ch tiu ha l .................................................................... 21
3.1.3. nh hng n tc ng t .................................................................... 22
3.1.4. nh hng n gi tr dinh dng .............................................................. 22
MFFB
( )
( )
MFFB (%)
< 41
49 56
54 63
61 69
> 67
Loi ph mai
Rt cng
Cng
Bn cng
Bn mm
Mm
FDB =
( )
( )
FDB (%)
< 10
Loi ph mai
Ph mai
gy
10 25
25 45
45 60
> 60
Ph mai c
Ph mai c
Ph mai c
Ph mai c
hm lng
hm lng
hm lng
hm lng
bo thp
bo trung bnh
bo cao
bo rt cao
Loi ph mai
Ph mai ti
c im
Khng qua giai on chn
Da vo cu trc ca ph mai:
-
Loi c l hng hnh trn (round eyes texture) c to thnh trong qu trnh
chn do CO2.
2.1.1. Cc c tnh ng t sa
Cc mu sa c phn tch c chia thnh 4 nhm theo tnh cht ng t ,
l sa c lm ng tt, sa c t l ng t thp, sa km lm ng, v sa
khng ng. Mu sa bt u ng t trong vng 15 pht v c th ct khi sa ng
ti 30 pht c l tt lm ng sa. Cc mu sa c xem l tc ng t thp
nu n khng bt u ng t trong vng 15 pht, nhng hnh thnh sa ng ti
lc ct. Sa km lm ng l sa ng t yu ti lc ct. Sa m khng bt u ng
t trong vng 30 pht c gi l sa khng ng t.
Bng 2.1. Bng phn chia cc nhm sa sau qu trnh ng t
MCT (pht)
Sa ng tt
Kh nng to ng
S mu
T l %
<15
To khi ng
81
61
Sa ng t thp
15-30
To khi ng
11
Sa km ng
30
Khi ng yu
38
28
Sa khng ng
>30
Khng to khi ng
Sa ng tt
8.14
3.17
93.2
Sa km ng
7.69
3.03
92.44
CN AA
CN AB
-CN AE
Sa km ng v khng ng
46
29
33
Sa ng t tt
60
21
11
0.02
19.78a
19.64a
52.09a
49.39b
Cht bo (%)
27.12a
25.42b
Mui (%)
4.45b
4.90a
3.12a
3.33a
1.62a
1.47b
0.47a
0.42b
Sau khi khi tin hnh kim tra, cc nh khoa hc a ra nh hng ca nng
canxi clorua n mt s thng s trong ph mai nh bng trn.
Ph mai khng c canxi clorua (0%) b mt trng lng nhiu hn so vi ph
mai cha 0,02% canxi clorua nh hnh. Gii thch v iu ny, vic b sung canxi
clorua lm chc cc lin kt di-canxi tri- phosphate, t n nh h mixen trong cu
trc ph mai. Chnh iu ny dn n lng protein b ra tri gim nn khi lng
hao ht trong mu c canxi clorua t hn. iu ny ph hp vi cc bo co trc ca
cc nh khoa hc Bille v cc cng s (2001) v Solorza - Feria (2001).
35
30
25
20
15
CaCl2 (0%)
10
5
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Storage (days)
54
52
50
48
CaCl2 (0%)
46
CaCl2 (0.02%)
44
42
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Storage (days)
Fat (%)
25
20
15
CaCl2 (0%)
CaCl2 (0.02%)
10
5
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Storage (days)
10
tro cao hn (3,33%), tuy nhin, hm lng tro khng khc bit qu nhiu gia hai
mu. iu ny d thy do canxi l mt loi mui v c, do , khi b sung vo ph
mai, n lm tng lng mui v khong tro.
5.2
5
Salt (%)
4.8
4.6
4.4
CaCl2 (0%)
CaCl2 (0.02%)
4.2
4
3.8
0
15
30Storage
45(days)60
75
90
Ash (%)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
CaCl2 (0%)
CaCl2 (0.02%)
0.5
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Storage (days)
11
Tyrosine (mg/100g)
1.5
1
CaCl2 (0%)
0.5
CaCl2 (0.02%)
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Storage (days)
Tryptophan (mg/100g)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
CaCl2 (0%)
CaCl2 (0.02%)
0.1
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Storage (days)
12
0.02
Mu sc
6.12a
6.13a
Mi v
5.84a
5.75a
Cu trc
5.60a
5.69a
mn
5.67a
5.91a
13
trn tt c cc thng s tr protein, cht bo, tng s vi khun hiu kh (TAB), xut
hin v mu sc, trng thi v kt cu, hng v. Ngoi ra, nng mui c nh
hng ng k n cht kh, mui, chun axit, t cu khun, vi khun phn gii
protein, nm men v nm mc, mu sc, mn.
Mc ch ca vic thm mui vo trong ph mai l kim sot h vi sinh vt
bn a, c bit l tc nhn gy bnh. Tuy nhin, mui c nh hng ln n s pht
trin ca axit v men ng t. trnh s dng mui qu nhiu, thanh trng c
khuyn co loi b vi khun gy bnh (Guinee v Fox, 1993). Lm mn sa ng
l mt bc quan trng trong sn xut hu ht cc ging ph mai. Mui p ng
nhiu chc nng quan trng trong ph mai: n nh hng trc tip n hng v ph
mai, n iu khin s tng trng ca h vi khun, n iu chnh hot ng ca men
dch v v n thc y s lin kt ca cc sa ng (Morris cng cng s 1985).
Mu ph mai c phn tch v cht kh, protein (phng php Kjeldahl),
cht bo (phng php Gerber), mui (phng php Mohr) v nng axit chun
nh acid lactic (LA%) c xc nh theo phng php m t bi Case v cng s.
(1985). Nit trong cht lng (WSN) c xc nh theo phng php Kjeldahl c
m t nh sau, 10 g mu c ng nht vi 100 ml nc ct v lc. Hm lng
nit ca ph mai chit xut biu hin nh l mt t l phn trm ca tng s nit
(WSN/TN, %), c m t nh l mt ch s ca chn. Nit ha tan - axit
tricloaxetic (TCA-SN) c xc nh trong chit xut ph mai nh m t trn.
10 ml 24% TCA c thm vo 10 ml chit xut ph mai v sau khi trn c
4oC trong 2 gi. Sau , kt ta c lc qua giy lc Whatman 40. Dch lc ca nit
c xc nh theo phng php Kjeldahl v TCA-SN c biu hin nh l mt t
l phn trm ca tng s nit (TCA-SN/TN,%).
Chit xut ha tan trong nc (10 ml) c trn vi 7 ml 3,95 M H2SO4 v 3
ml 33% (w / v) axit phosphotungstic (PTA). Hn hp ny c gi 4oC trong 12
gi v sau lc qua giy lc Whatman 40. Dch lc ca nit c xc nh theo
phng php Kjeldahl v PTA-SN biu hin nh l mt t l phn trm ca tng s
nit (PTA-SN/TN,%) (Kamaly v cng s, 1989;.. Butikofer v cng s, 1993).
Lipolysis nh l gi tr acid (ADV) c o theo phng php m t bi Case v
14
15
Property
Dry
matter
(%)
Protein
(%)
Fat (%)
Salt (%)
Titratabl
e
acidity
(LA%)
WSN/T
N
(%)
0.740.01D
C2
C3
0.770.03C
0.760.01D
C1
C2
C3
0.880.01C,a 1.060.02B
0.850.01C,b 1.010.03B
0.830.01C,b 0.920.01B
23.580.07B
14.881.54D 21.640.36C
C
15.110.42E 19.520.58D 22.020.34C
16.010.69E 19.340.01D 21.100.43C
1.190.02A
1.090.02B,a
1.190.02A
1.170.03A
0.950.01B,b
0.960.02B,b
26.441.47B 30.960.59A
TCAC1
SN/TN
6.750.21C
(%)
C2
6.450.40D
C3
6.720.72C
26.460.63B 28.550.69A
24.850.70B 26.950.87A
12.900.50A
11.590.19B 12.050.58B
13.920.73A
B
11.780.78B
12.890.02A
10.960.43C
13.150.69A
C
B
10.500.25B 10.890.47B 11.920.13A 12.370.19A
2.080.50B
3.750.42A
4.250.55A
4.480.04A
4.480.33A
2.370.45C
2.240.24B
0.620.01E
0.620.04E
0.640.01E
3.260.26BC
3.290.54A
1.170.03D
1.120.04D
1.080.04D
4.370.36A
4.150.19A
1.740.03C
1.690.01C
1.700.01C
4.270.18AB
3.980.11A
2.230.04B
2.200.03B
2.170.06B
4.240.40AB
3.970.16A
2.620.06A
2.660.04A
2.600.04A
PTAC1
SN/TN
(%)
C2
C3
Lipolysis C1
(ADV) C2
C3
16
C1, C2, C3 vi 4, 5, 6%, mui tng ng. Ch ABCDE cho bit P <0,05 trong
thi gian chn. abc cho thy P <0,05 gia nng mui trong ph mai
2.3.2. n cht lng phomai
Bin i ha hc trong qu trnh chn trong cc mu ph mai c th hin
trong Bng 2.1. Hm lng cht kh, protein, cht bo v mui trong tt c cc mu
ph mai tng dn trong qu trnh chn. Tuy nhin, ch c cht kh v hm lng mui
tng ng k (P <0,05). Nng mui tng 4-6%, hm lng cht kh, protein, cht
bo v mui tng ln. Ch c hm lng mui t nhng thay i ny mi c ngha
(P <0,05) b nh hng. Nng axit chun (P <0,05) tng ln ng k cho n 60
ngy sau chn v sau gim (P <0,05). S gia tng u tin trong axit l do axit
lactic v hnh thnh hydro (Dervisoglu v Yazici, 2001). Nng axt sau gim c
th do hu qu ca s ng ha acid nm men v nm mc (Coskun, 1998). Tng
hm lng mui trong cc mu ph mai s gim nh nng axit. Gim axit ny
c th l do hot ng vi khun
T l WSN / TN, TCA-SN/TN, v PTA-SN/TN mu ph mai (P <0,05) tng
ng k trong qu trnh chn. Thi gian chn l yu t chi phi v tin trnh phn gii
protein. Nhng nng mui trong cc mu ph mai ng vai tr tiu cc trn cc
thng s c cp. Cc gi tr tng t nh bo co ca Dervisoglu v Yazici
(2001) cho ph mai Kulek.
Mc phn gii lipid trong tt c cc mu ph mai tng ln ng k (P <0,05)
t 0,62-2,66 trong qu trnh chn. nh hng ca nng mui ln s phn gii lipid
khng thy tng (P > 0,05).
Nhng thay i vi sinh trong thi gian chn vi cc nng mui trong cc mu
ph mai c th hin trong Bng 2.2. Thi gian chn khng c nh hng ng k
s lng TAB. Psychrotrophics tng ln cho n ngy th 15 v sau gim ng k
(P <0,05). Coliforms gim nhanh chng trong 30 ngy chn v sau n khng c
xc nh.
Bng 2.7. Tnh cht vi sinh ca cc mu ph mai trong qu trnh chn (log cfu/g)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Property
TAB
Cheese 2
C1
6.800.21
C2
6.570.04
C3
6.590.13
5.890.06
Psychrotrophics C1
B
5.720.08
C2
B
5.780.11
C3
B
3.040.62
Coliforms
C1
A
2.880.04
C2
A
2.850.05
C3
A
7.170.33
LAB
C1
B
C2
7.210.74
6.510.04
C3
B
Micrococci and C1
5.420.17
5.650.07
staphylococci C2
B
C3
5.790.55
5.050.44
Proteolytic
C1
C
4.370.04
Bacteria
C2
C
4.360.07
C3
D
5.710.24
Lipolytic
C1
C
Bacteria
C2
5.480.25
5.680.04
C3
C
5.970.05
Yeasts and
C1
a
5.640.02
Moulds
C2
b
4.870.12
C3
B,c
15
7.750.52
7.610.18
7.530.33
30
7.860.06
7.130.92
6.921.16
60
7.690.13
7.250.42
7.200.28
90
6.630.32
6.390.44
5.971.04
7.160.41A
7.570.04A
7.230.35A
5.640.34B 5.280.46B
4.700.22C
C
C
2.560.13AB 2.150.21B Nd
Nd
2.160.16A
1.091.54B Nd
Nd
2.370.11A
1.001.41B Nd
Nd
8.190.30A
7.610.41
7.390.62
7.790.16A
5.640.05b
5.570.04
6.280.60
5.100.28
5.750.63
5.570.23
6.170.33
6.630.21A
6.480.25A
6.200.28A
4.380.32
6.020.24A
B
6.150.35A
B
5.690.13B
C
6.380.61B
C
6.190.41
5.180.62
5.720.25B
C
5.630.21B
5.330.38C
6.510.46B
C
6.170.66
6.990.08
6.450.31
6.020.24B
6.130.28BC 7.310.17A 6.500.28B
C
6.700.22B
7.520.16A
6.630.67
7.340.11
6.300.91
6.560.21
6.330.68
7.180.32
6.300.42
5.430.67
6.170.33A
17
C1, C2, C3 vi 4, 5, 6%, mui tng ng. Nd khng pht hin. Ch ABCDE
cho bit P <0,05 trong thi gian chn. abc cho thy P <0,05 gia nng mui trong
ph mai
Coliform c sn trong pho mt nhn mnh tm quan trng ca nhim trong
Cheesemaking. Kt qu tng t c bo co bi cc nh nghin cu khc
(Coskun nm 1998; Prez Elortondo v cng s, 1999;.. Hatzikamari cng s, 1999).
S pht trin ca LAB trong C1 v C3 (P <0,05) c xc nh tng ng k trong
thi gian chn.. Tiu cu khun v s lng t cu tng ln cho n 15 ngy sau chn ,
gim cho n 60 ngy v s lng t s n nh t ngy 90. Nhng thay i ny ch
c mt (P <0,05) tc ng ng k trong mu C2. Phn gii protein v lipit bi vi
khun c quan st vi nhng thay i tng t trong thi gian chn. Nhng vi
khun c xc nh gim phn no trong qu trnh chn., 2001. S lng nm men
v nm mc tng ln cho n 30 ngy v sau gim (P <0,05). Ni chung n
c quan st thy rng nng mui khng c nh hng trn cc thng s vi sinh
vt.
im trung bnh ca bng kim sot nh gi cm gic ca cht lng ph
mai sau khi chn cho 30, 60 v 90 ngy c th hin trong Bng 2.3. Nhng d liu
ny cho thy rng tt c cc im cm gic ngoi tr im mn tng ln trong thi
gian chn. Cc mu ph mai thm mui cao hn nhn c im cao hn v hnh
dng v mu sc nhng nhng im s c ngha (P <0,05) c tm thy ch c
90 ngy. im mn trong thi gian chn c mt (P <0,05) tc ng ng k trong
cc mu C2.
Bng 2.8. Tnh cht cm quan ca mu ph mai trong qu trnh chn
Property
Appearance and colour
Cheese
30
60
90
C1
6.200.84
6.211.48
6.211.10b
C2
6.800.45
6.801.92
6.810.84ab
C3
7.000.71
7.001.58
7.200.84a
C1
6.001.23
6.201.30
7.001.00
C2
6.400.89
6.400.55
7.601.14
C3
6.700.71
6.801.30
7.201.64
18
Flavour
Saltiness
C1
5.801.79
6.401.52
7.001.23
C2
6.000.71
6.201.30
7.000.71
C3
5.601.82
5.601.14
5.800.84
C1
7.000.71
6.201.30
6.600.55a
C2
C3
5.601.14
5.000.71c
C1, C2, C3 vi 4, 5, 6%, mui tng ng. Ch ABCDE cho bit P <0,05 trong
thi gian chn. abc cho thy P <0,05 gia nng mui trong ph mai.
19
20
Ctrl
93.6 (d)
94.0 (d)
93.4 (d)
93.7 (d)
93.4 (d)
92.0 (b,c)
91.4 (a,b)
a
HHP
92.5 (c)
91.6 (a,b)
92.3 (c)
92.6 (c)
92.2 (c)
92.2 (c)
91.3 (a)
Ctrl
-0.84 (b)
-0.64 (d,e)
-0.60 (d,e)
-0.60 (d,e)
-0.42 (h)
-0.48 (g)
-0.40 (h)
b
HHP
-0.94 (a)
-0.90 (a)
-0.69 (d)
-0.78 (c)
-0.63 (d,e)
-0.66 (d)
-0.55 (f)
Ctrl
8.56 (c)
7.82 (a)
8.21 (b)
7.86 (a)
7.88 (a)
8.74 (c)
9.22 (a)
HHP
9.62 (d,e)
9.44 (d,e)
9.46 (d,e)
9.24 (d)
9.29 (d)
9.34 (d,e)
10.36 (f)
Chroma
Ctrl
HHP
8.61 (c) 9.67 (d,e)
7.85 (a) 9.48 (d,e)
8.23 (b) 9.48 (d,e)
7.89 (a)
9.27 (d)
7.89 (a)
9.32 (d)
8.76 (c) 9.37 (d,e)
9.23 (a)
10.38 (f)
acetate,
ethyl
21
22
23
24
25
trong sa, c l -lactoglobulin, c lin kt vi casein sau khi thanh trng sa.
Ngi ta kt lun rng bin tnh nhit ca whey protein do thanh trng HTST lm
nng sut l thuyt ph mai tng khong 0,01 - 0,04kg so vi sn lng ph mai l
thuyt ca 10kg/100kg sa. Nhit thanh trng cao hn hoc lu hn s gy ra
nhiu tc ng gy ra sc nng ca casein v whey protein [Lau cng cng s 1990].
X l sa nhit cao (>90C) lm bin tnh whey protein nhiu hn v kt
qu l mt s gia tng ln hn trong sn lng ph mai [Vakaleris 1962] so vi sa
thanh trng ch x l(72C/15s). Do , tht bt ng rng sa c x l nhit nh
(74 C/10s), c lu tr trong 7 ngy v sau thanh trng bnh thng s cho nng
sut cao hn. Nng sut tng khong 5% trong sn xut ph mai bng cch nung
nng sa n 74C trong 10 giy v lu tr ti 3 1C /7 ngy [Emmons v
Tuckey1967, Kosikowski 1977].
Nng sut ph mai lm t sa nng cao hn ph mai lm t sa khng qua x
l nhit. Vic lm nng sa khng bo ci thin cht lng ca ph mai c bit l
hnh thi v kt cu ca n [Abdou v Abou Dawood 1977]. Ph mai c sn xut
t sa tit trng (72C, 15 giy) hoc sa lm nng n 80C trong 3 pht hoc t
mt hn hp 30:70 ca sa nng (90C, 6 pht) v sa ti. Mt s gia tng ng k
nng sut, duy tr m, cht rn v phc hi protein c quan st thy trong cc
loi ph mai sn xut t sa nng v hn hp c hai vi tng mc bin tnh 30%
whey protein [Ghosh cng cng s 1999].
26
CHNG 4. KT LUN
27
28