CHNG 3 TRM PHT VOR MT T- THNG S TIU CHUN CA I VOR

I. Phn loi i VOR 1. i SVOR ( Standard VOR) L i VOR tiu chun, ra i sm nht, hot ng theo dung cc tiu chun ca ICAO. 2. i CVOR (Conventional VOR) L i VOR theo quy c. y l i VOR hot ng vi cc k thut hon thin hn so vi th h cc i SVOR. 2.1 Tn hiu pha chun trong i CVOR Trong i CVOR, u tin s dng mt tn hiu m tn c tn s l 30Hz mang i iu ch tn s vi mt tn hiu gi l sng mang ph, c tn s l 9960 Hz, c ch s iu tn l 16. di tn f ca tn hiu FM s l: f = fa *d fa l tn s ca tn hiu m tn d l ch s iu tn Vy f = 30*16 = 480HZ Nh vy, sau khi thc hin iu ch tn s, ngi ta c mt tn hiu FM l (9960 480)HZ. Hnh 3-1 trang 21 Tn hiu FM ny sau c mang i iu ch bin vi sng mang cao tn ca i VOR, vi su iu ch l 30% v sau c cho pht (bc x) ng hng ra khng gian. Hnh 3-2 trang 21

Nhc li: mt tn hiu c pht ng hng ra khng gian s c gin bc x l hnh trn trong mt phng ngang, mt cng trng c phn b ng u trong khng gian; v ngi ta s dng du (+) biu din cho s phn b ca cng trng ny. Hnh 3-3 trang 22 2.2 Tn hiu pha bin thin trong i CVOR to c mt gin bc x hnh s 8 quay trn nhm c mt tn hiu c pha lun thay i ty theo gc phng v xung quanh i, thc hin qua cc bc sau : S dng hai tnh hiu c cng tn s l 30Hz, c pha lun lch nhau mt gc l 90 . Hai tn hiu ny c t tn ln lc l tn hiu thnh phn SIN v tn hiu thnh phn COS. (hay cn c gi l tn hiu SIN hay tn hiu COS). Hnh 3-4 trang 22 C hai tn hiu SIN v COS c thc hin iu ch SBO ( Sideband only) vi sng mang cao tn ca i VOR. Ng ra ca 2 mch iu ch c dng sng nh hnh 3-5 trang 23. Cn ch trong hnh v trn, ti cc im tn hiu i qua im 0, lun lun c s i pha ca tn hiu cao tn (cc im c ghi 180 RF Phase Shift). y l im khc bit ln nht cn phi ch khi so snh gia dng sng ca mt tn hiu iu ch SBO (iu ch n bin) v mt tn hiu iu ch bin (AM), khi h s iu ch bng m =1. Sau , c hai tn hiu c iu ch SBO ny c cho qua hai mch chia cng sut c hai thnh phn ng bin ngc pha cho mi tn hiu. Hnh 3-6 trang 24

Ng vo: tn hiu SIN hoc COS iu ch SBO

Mch chia cng sut

Ng ra 1: ng bin, ngc pha vi ng ra 2 Ng ra 2: ng bin, ngc pha vi ng ra 1

Sauk hi qua mch chia, cc thnh phn ng bin ngc pha ca mi tn hiu s c cp cho hai anten pht. Cc anten trong mi cp anten c b tr i xng nhau v vung gc vi nhau gia hai cp anten. Gin bc x ca mi tn hiu s l hnh s 8. Ch : c hai tn hiu SIN v COS c cp cho hai cp anten mt cch ng thi m khng phi l ln lt. Hnh 3-8 trang 25 Qua vic phn tch chu k ca tn hiu thnh phn SIN v COS, ta c th thy r cch to ra mt gin bc x hnh s 8 quay trn c pha tn hiu thay i ty thuc vo gc phng v xung quanh i. Tn hiu pha chun vi gin bc x l hnh trn v tn hiu pha bin thin vi gin bc x l hnh s 8 s thc hin iu ch khng gian vi nhau, cho ra mt gin bc x mi gi l hnh LIMACON. Phn nhn ln ca hnh LIMACON l do pha (+) ca gin bc x tng hp hnh s 8 cng thm vo vi gin bc x hnh trn ca tn hiu pha chun. Ngc li, phn lm vo ca hnh LIMACON l do pha (-) ca gin bc x tng hp hnh s 8 tr bt i gin bc x hnh trn m ra. Hnh 3-10 trang 28

3. i DVOR (Doppler VOR) Trong loi i VOR ny, ngi ta ng dng hiu ng Doppler trong vic to ra cc tn hiu trong i. 3.1 Hiu ng Doppler: L mt hiu ng trong tn s ca tn hiu thu c s c khc bit i cht so vi tn s ca ngun pht nu nh c s thay i v khong cch gia ngun pht v im thu. iu ny c ngha rng nu khong cch gia hai u thu pht l c nh, gia tn s thu v tn s pht khng c chch lch. Nu im thu di chuyn n gn hn hoc i xa ra hn im pht, hoc ngc li, tn s ca tn hiu thu c lc ny c mt lng thay i so vi tn s pht l : frx = ftx fd

frx l tn s ca tn hiu thu ftx l tn s ca tn hiu pht fd l lng dch tn gy ra bi hiu ng Doppler, cn gi l tn s Doppler. Khi im thu tin v gn vi im pht, ngi ta c (+fd) Khi im thu i ra xa im pht, ngi ta c (-fd) 3.2 Tn hiu pha chun trong i DVOR Trong i DVOR, to ra tn hiu pha chun, ngi ta s dng mt tn s m tn 30Hz thc hin iu ch bin vi sng mang cao tn ca i ri pht ng hng ti anten trung tm. 3.3 Tn hiu pha bin thin trong i DVOR Tn hiu bin thin trong i DVOR thot u rt phc tp. Ngi ta lm nh sau: Hnh 3-11 trang 29 Dng mt cnh tay n c chiu di khong 7m, mt u gn vi c cu quay, u cn li ngi ta gn vi mt anten pht, pht i mt tn hiu bin tn l (fc 9960 Hz). Cnh tay n ny c cho quay ngc chiu kim ng h, vi tc quay l

30Hz. Nh vy, i vi mt im thu trong khng gian, ngun pht s di chuyn lc th ra xa, lc th tin n gn im thu. Nh vo hiu ng Doppler, ngi ta thu c mt tn hiu l (fc 9960 Hz) 480Hz. di tn fd ny l mt hm s c xc nh bi : fd = tc quay ca cnh tay n mang anten ng knh ca vng quay anten, theo bc sng. 3.14 V ch s iu tn c xc nh bi: d = fd / 30 Theo cng thc trn ta thy : di tn t l vi ng knh ca vng anten pht tn hiu bin tn, tc l tng ng vi bc sng ca tn s lm vic. d dng cho my thu trn my bay tch ra tn hiu iu tn (9960 480Hz), ngi ta s lp thm mt anten ti v tr trung tm ca vng anten pht bin tn v pht ch c sng mang m thi. Hai tn hiu sng mang ca anten ny v thnh phn sng mang trong tn hiu bin tn s trit tiu ln nhau, v my thu ca my bay s nhn c mt tn hiu iu tn thun l (9960 480)Hz. Trong phn loi ca i DVOR, ngi ta li phn bit cc trng hp i DVOR nh sau: a. i SSB DVOR (Single Sideband DVOR) Trong chng loi i ny, ngi ta ch pht i c mt bin tn m thi. iu ny gip cho gim gi thnh ca i DVOR. Cc th h i DVOR ra i trc tin c p dng k thut ny. Hnh 3-12 trang 31 Vi k thut ny, mt ph tn ca tn hiu DVOR cng c to ra nh mong mun trong khng gian. Tuy nhin, trn tn hiu bin tn li b mt nh hng bin iu bin ca tn hiu 30Hz gy ra sai s cho tn hiu pht ca i. Ti mt

im thu bt k trong khng gian, cng trng ca tn hiu bin tn l mt hm ph thuc vo v tr ca anten trn vng anten. Mt v tr anten nm gn im thu hn s c li ln hn so vi v tr ca anten nu nm xa hn. Chnh iu ny gy ra mt tn hiu bin tn b iu ch bin bi tn hiu 30Hz (Hnh 3-13 trang 32) b. i DSB-DVOR (Double Sideband DVOR) i DVOR pht c hai bin tn gim thiu c gn nh ti a nh hng ca vic iu ch bin tn hiu bin tn nh trong i SSB-DVOR. Trong chng loi i DSB-DVOR ny, c hai bin tn trn v bin tn di c pht mt cch ng thi trn hai anten i xng nhau trn vng anten. Hnh 3-14 trang 32 C hai anten i xng nhau ny c chuyn mch vi cng mt tc nh nhau (1/30 giy), theo cng mt hng. V c hai anten nm gn v anten nm xa im thu c chuyn mch ng thi bc x tn hiu nh vy nn nh hng ca vic iu ch bin tn hiu bin tn c gim thiu n mc ti a. c. i ASB-DVOR (Alternate Sideband DVOR) Hnh 3-15 trang 33 y l mt h thng n gin ca ch pht c hai bin tn DSB-DVOR, trong c hai bin tn trn v bin tn di cng u c cho bc x, nhng m lun phin nhau trn hai anten i xng nhau trn vng anten. H thng ny s dng mt s l cc anten. Tuy nhin, trong h thng ny, vng lp t anten phi c mt ng knh ln hn so vi thng l. II. Thng s tiu chun ca i VOR: 1. Bng tn s i VOR c cp pht tn s hot ng trong bng tn s t 111,975Mhz n 117,975Mhz. Cc tn s trong bng tn s t 108Mhz n 111,975Mhz nu c cp pht cho i VOR phi tun theo cc quy nh ti Annex 10. Tn s cao nht c cp pht cho i VOR l 117,950Mhz. 2. Gin cch gia cc knh

Gin cch tn s gia cc knh i VOR l 50Khz, tnh t tn s cao nht c pht cho i VOR. i vi nhng ni s dung gin cch gia cc knh tn s l 100Khz hoc 200Khz, dung sai tn s sng mang cho php l 0,005% 3. Cc tn s s dng Cc tn s s dng trong i VOR bao gm: 4. Tn s sng mang, trong bng tn t 108Mhz n 118Mhz Tn s sng mang ph : 9960Hz Cc tn s 30Hz Tn s i hiu : 1020Hz Knh thoi bao gm trong bng t 300Hz 3000Hz sau iu ch su iu ch bin sng mang cao tn :30%. Cho php thay i trong vng t 28% n 32%. Ch s iu tn : 16 1 sau iu ch bin sng mang cao tn ca i hiu: bnh thng l 10%. Ti nhng i khng s dng knh thoi: c th ln n 20%. Ti nhng i c s dng knh thoi: 5%. Ch : nu pht knh thoi, khng c lm nn knh i hiu. Dung sai Tn s sng mang 0,002% i vi cc knh tn s c gin cch 50Khz. Tn s sng mang 0,005% i vi cc knh tn s c gin cch 100Khz hoc 200Khz. Tn s sng mang ph : 1% Cc tn s 30Hz: 1% Tn s i hiu : 1020Hz 50Hz Sai s ca i

5. 6.

chnh xc ca thng tin v phng v trong mt gin bc x phn cc ngang do i VOR pht ra ti mt khong cch xp x bn ln bc sng v c gc ngng l 40 o t tm i VOR l 2 . 7. Tm ph

Tm ph hay bn knh hot ng ca mt i VOR thng thng phi cp km theo mc bay ca my bay v cc l do c gii thch trong cc mn hc c s ( tm nhn thng trong truyn sng v tuyn, nh hng ca mt t trong vic truyn sng v tuyn). Cc tm ph thng c k n nh sau Tm ph 342 km (185NM) 300 km (160NM) 166,5 km (90NM) Mc bay 12km (40000feet) 12km(40000feet) 6km(20000feet)

8. Cng sut Vi cc tm ph nu trn, cc cng sut pht x s ln lt l +23 dBW, +17dBW v +11dbW m bo cho cc tm bn knh hot ng l 342, 300 v 166,5km. Cc mc cng sut pht x ny cng l cc mc c s dng trong thc t d dng trong vic la chn tn s hot ng v thit k thit b. Cc gi tr ny cng c a ra p dng trong cc hot ng lp k hoch ca tng quc gia. Mt i VOR c mc cng sut pht x +23dBW tng ng vi mt i VOR phn loi theo Category A c cng sut pht my l 200W. Quan h gia cng sut pht x hiu dng (ERP) v cng sut pht ca thit b c cho nh v d di y: VD: Cng sut pht Suy hao ng truyn +18dBW - 1dB

li anten/anten ng hng + 6dB ERP = +23 dBW

Cng sut pht x +17 dBW, tc l i VOR theo Category B s c cng sut pht l 50W. 9. Cng trng Cng trng hoc mt cng sut ca tn hiu pht ca i VOR phi tha mn cho hot ng bay ca my bay ca mt mc bay thp nht v c bn knh hot ng xa nht l 90 uV/m hay -107 dBW/m2. Gi tr cng trng ny c c da trn cc tnh ton sau: nhp my thu ca my bay : -117dBW +7 dB

Tht thot trn ng truyn sng, mt phi hp tr khng, li anten.. Cng sut yu cu ti anten : =

-110 dBW

Mt cng sut yu cu l -100 dBW c c ti 118Mhz vi mt cng sut l 107 dBW/m2 tng ng vi 90 uV/m; tc l +39 dB tng ng vi 1uV/m.

Mt cng sut ca mt anten pht ng hng c tnh nh sau: Pd = Pa - 10log Pd mt cng sut (107 dBW/m2) Pa Cng sut ti im thu (dBW) bc sng (m) Cc gi tr danh nh ca cng sut pht hiu dng (ERP Effective Radiated Power) t c mt cng trng l 90uV/m, hay-107 dBW/m2 c cho trong biu hnh 3-16 trang 37 di y. i vi cc v tr lp i hoc a hnh phc tp, c th cn thit phi nng gi tr ERP ln v ngc li. 10.Phn cc tn hiu pht Phn cc tn hiu pht ca i VOR phi l phn cc ngang. Gi cho thnh phn phn cc ng ca tn hiu pht mc ti thiu c th c. Mc ti thiu ca thnh phn phn cc ng trong tn hiu pht ca i VOR khng th xc nh bng mt gi tr c th, do cn phi bay kim tra xc nh nh hng ca thnh phn ny n chnh xc trong ch bo thng tin phng v. Cc phng php bay kim tra xc nh nh hng ca thnh phn phn cc ng n chnh xc ca thng tin do i VOR pht ra c trnh by c th trong Annex 10. III. Ph tn hiu pht

Cn c vo nguyn l hot ng ca cc chng loi i VOR va trnh by trong cc phn trn, c th v ra c ph tn hiu ca i VOR nh sau: 1. Ph tn hiu i CVOR Hnh 3-17 trang 38 2. Ph tn hiu i DVOR Hnh 3-18 trang 39