Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A
1
1. Introduction
2. Basic Chemistry of IC Engine Emission
3. Emission From SI Engine
4. Emission From CI Engine
5. Emission Legislation, certification and Test Process
6. Legislation Classification
7. Homologation
8. Principles of Particulate Emission Measurements
9. Principles of measurement and analysis of the Gaseous
Emission
10 . Overview about Dynamometer , Chassis
Dynamometer and Gas Chromatography
2
A majority both vehicle and engine development and of routine
testing is concerned with Environmental Legislation directed
primarily towards the limitation and controls of the Engine Emission
1. HC
2. CO
3. CO2
4. NOx
3
4
1. HC – Hydrocarbons (THC) formed by the Unburnt
Fractions of the
liquid Fuels.
5
Relation between exhaust emissions and air/fuel ratio for gasoline engines 6
Three-way
2NOx → xO2 + N2
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
7
1. SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
3. NOx
8
Two-way
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
9
1. ECE – Economic Commission For Europe and the European
union (EU)
10
1. Test Cycles describes the operation of the tested
vehicle or Engine for light duty vehicles , it simulates the
actual driving on the road in that it defines a vehicle
velocity profile over the test time. For heavy duty and off-
road engines, where only the engine is tested on the
Engine dynamometer . The test cycles defines a speed
and torque profile over the test time .
3. Heavy Duty
12
• Category M: Motor vehicles with at least four wheels and used for the carriage of
passengers.
• Category M1: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than
eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat.
• Category M2: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than
eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat and a maximum mass not exceeding 5
tonnes.
• Category M3: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than
eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat and a maximum mass exceeding 5 tonnes.
• Category N: Motor vehicles with at least four wheels and used for the carriage of goods.
• Category N1: Vehicles used for the carriage of goods having a maximum mass not
exceeding 3.5 tonnes.
• Category N2: Vehicles used for the carriage of goods having a maximum mass exceeding
3.5 tonnes and not exceeding 12 tonnes.
• Category N3: Vehicles used for the carriage of goods having a maximum mass exceeding
12 tonnes.
Weight Classification
• Class I RW ≤1305 kg
• Class II 1305 < RW ≤ 1760
kg
13
• Class III 1760 kg < RW
1. Low Emission Vehicle (LEV)
14
The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which
became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon
replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel
(1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s.
Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel
regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles.
Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled
vehicles.
15
16
17
18
there is emission legislation covering the condition of cars in the
population as they age
Such tests are required annually and range from a single visual smoke
check, through a check at fast idle for levels of CO and HC, to a test under
light load on a rolling road that checks CO, CO2 and HC.
Engine warmed up
Fast idle 2500–3000 r.p.m., CO no more than 0.3 per cent, HC no more
than 200 p.p.m.
19
Homologation is a term widely thought to be exclusively involved with
certification to emission legislation; in fact it is another case of a word, having
originally no particular engineering associations, being taken over and given a
specialized meaning.
Homologation is the process of establishing and certifying this conformity, both for
whole vehicles and for components.
20
Particulates, when they appear to the human observer,
are called ‘smoke’. Smoke colors are indicative of the
dominant source of particulate:
• black=‘soot’ or more accurately carbon, which typically makes
up some 95 percent of diesel smoke either in elemental, the
majority, or organic form;
21
Opacimeters - that measure the opacity of the undiluted
exhaust by the degree of obscuration of a light beam. These
devices are able to detect particulate levels in gas flow at lower
levels than the human eye can detect. The value output is
normally in percentage of light blocked by the test flow. Zero
being clean purge air and 100 per cent being very thick black
smoke.
The CO2 molecule has a very marked and unique absorptance band of infrared (IR)
light that shows a dominant peak at the 4.26m wavelength which the instrument
sensor is tuned to detect and measure. By selecting filters sensitive to other
wavelengths of IR, it is possible to detect other compounds such as CO and other
hydrocarbons at around 3.4m (see Fourier transform infrared analyzer, below). Note
that the measurement of CO2 using an NDIR analyzer is cross-sensitive to the presence
of water vapour in the sample gas.
This operates on the same principle as the NDIR, but performs a Fourier analysis of
the complete infrared absorption spectrum of the gas sample. This permits the
measurement of the content of a large number of different components. The method is
particularly useful for dealing with emissions from engines burning alcohol-based
fuels, since methanol and formaldehyde may be detected.
23
Chemiluminescence detector (CLD)
NO+O3→NO2+O2 →NO2+O2+photon
24
Flame ionization detector (FID)
The FID has a very wide dynamic range and high sensitivity to all
substances that contain carbon. The operation of this instrument shown
schematically in Fig. depends on the production of free electrons and
positive ions that takes place during the combustion of hydrocarbons. If
the combustion is arranged to take place in an electric field, the current
flow between anode and cathode is closely proportional to the number of
carbon atoms taking part in the reaction. In the detector the sample is
mixed with hydrogen and helium and burned in a chamber which is
heated to prevent condensation of the water vapour formed. A typical,
sample to measurement, response time is 1–2 s.
25
Paramagnetic detection (PMD) analyzer
Mass spectrometer
26
27
28
29
30
31
In an advanced test facility such as those involved with SULEV
development, there will be three to five tapping points created in
the vehicle system, from which gas may be drawn for analysis
such as
32
Temperature soak areas for legislative testing
Temp -7deg soaking
12 hrs 95kmph(MIDC)
urban driving cycle (UDC)
6 h - 20–30C.
33
1. a cold-start (505-s) phase known as bag 1;
2. a hot-transient (870-s) phase known as bag 2;
3. a hot-start (505-s) phase known as bag 3.
34
Notation 1. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles:
Air to fuel ratio AFR Standards and Technologies for
Clean Air for Europe (EEC program) CAFÉ
Compression ignition (engine) CI
Controlling Emissions,
Compressed natural gas CNG World Bank (ISBN: 0821334441).
Critical flow orifice CFO
Continuously regenerating trap (diesel particle filter)
CTR
Constant volume sampling CVS
Direct injection DI
Reference fuel with a total aromatic content of × wt-%
DIR-x
Diesel particulate filter DPF
Diesel particulate matter DPM
Elemental carbon EC
Environmental Protection Agency (USA) EPA
Heavy duty HD
Indirect injection IDI
Light duty LD
Organic carbon (bound in hydrocarbon molecules) OC
Horiba analyser range trade name MEXA™
Polyaromatic compounds PAC
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAH
Particles in the size below 10m PM10
Soluble organic fraction SOF
Toxic equivalence factor TEF
35
Email : herbert_thiva@yahoo.co.in
36