Network Reconfiguration in a Power Distribution System under Fault Condition with the Presence of Distributed Generation.

Z.M. Yasin, T.K.A. Rahman

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik Universiti Teknologi Mara, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. yzuhaila@hotmail.com, takitik@streamix.com

Keywords: network reconfiguration, distributed generation, power losses, voltage profile improvement, service restoration

Abstract
This paper discusses on network reconfiguration in power distribution systems for loss reduction and voltage profile improvement under fault condition with the presence of two units distributed generation. The optimal location of the distributed generation was identified using the pre-determined sensitivity indices, while Evolutionary Programming was used to determine the size of the installed distributed generations. The simulation was conducted by applying threephase fault to an identified location. After the fault is isolated, the network is reconfigured by changing the open/closed states of the tie lines and sectionalising switches for service restoration while minimising the total power losses in the network. Network reconfiguration was implemented using the TOPO application in the power system simulation programme for planning, design and analysis of distribution system (PSS/Adept). The proposed study was conducted on the IEEE 69 bus distribution system. The results has shown that significant reduction in power losses and voltage profile improvement was obtained with the installation two units of distributed generators at the suitable location with appropriate sizing after the network is reconfigured under fault condition. The results also were compared to that obtained when the network was installed with compensating capacitor.

design and operation have necessitated the need to consider active distribution network by incorporating small generating sources [1]. The integration of distributed generations in a distribution system would lead to quality improvement such as voltage profile improvement, reliability improvement such as service restoration and uninterruptible power supply and also to the economic benefits such as energy efficiency, loss minimisation and load leveling [2]. In order to obtain maximum benefit from distributed generation installation, many approaches have been proposed to solve the problem of determining optimal location and sizing of distributed generation. Reference 3 to 5 present methods to determine the optimal location and sizing of distributed generation in order to minimize the total losses and improve voltage profile in the system. There are several operational schemes in power distribution systems. One of these operational schemes is network reconfiguration, which is defined as altering the topological structures of distribution feeders by changing the open/closed states of a sectionalizing and tie-lines switches. During normal operating condition, networks are reconfigured to reduce the system real power losses and to relieve overloads in the network (load balancing). Another configuration management operation involves the restoration of service to as many customers as possible during a restorative state following a fault [6]. Reference 6 to 10 present different technique in determining optimal configuration. Reference 10 shows that inclusion of distributed generation in a distribution system would reduce the system losses and hence improves system voltage further when the network is reconfigured. However, the location and sizing of the distributed generation were not optimally selected since it was assumed that the owners of distributed generation units determine the installation location and their capacity to improve their economic benefits. This paper studies implementation of network reconfiguration in the power distribution systems for loss reduction and

1 Introduction
The increasing demand in the power system has posed a challenging task to power system engineers in maintaining a reliable and secure system economically. In the heavily loaded network, the load current drawn from the source would increase. This may lead to an increase in voltage drop and system losses. The performance of distribution system becomes inefficient due to the reduction in voltage magnitude and increase in distribution losses. Therefore the operation cost also will increase. With this regards, changes in the economic and commercial environment of power systems

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voltage profile improvement under fault condition with the installation of two units distributed generation. The optimal sectionalizing tie switch pairs were determined by the TOPO application available in the power system simulation programme for planning, design and analysis of distribution system (PSS/Adept). This application determines optimal sectionalizing tie switch pairs based on minimum losses configuration and at the same time, all nodes are assured for the supply. The suitable location for distributed generator was determined using the pre-developed sensitivity indices derived from voltage stability improvement with respect to changes in injected active and reactive power at a bus [4]. The optimal capacity sizing of the distributed generation was determined using the Evolutionary Programming (EP) optimisation technique [4]. Various locations of fault were also tested in order to realize the effect of location and sizing of distributed generation in terms of loss minimisation and voltage improvement during network reconfiguration for service restoration. The results also were compared to that obtained when the network was installed with compensating capacitor. The study was implemented on the 69-bus distribution system [4].

Li Li V Li Li Li ...............(2) = + x x Pi V Li Pi Li Pi
Hence, the second sensitivity index was derived from the change in L with respect to the change in injected Q at bus i is given by
Li Li V Li Li Li ...............(3) = x + x Qi V Li Qi Li Qi

Expressing equations 2 and 3 into matrix form gives

Li Li = Pi V Li

V Li L Pi Li Li Pi V Li L Qi Li Li Qi

...............(4) ...............(5)

Li Li = Qi V Li

2 Optimal location of distributed generation

In order to obtain maximum benefit from the distributed generator, suitable location and sizing has to be determined before its installation. The technique developed in reference 4 identifies the suitable location for the distributed generator by studying the pre-developed voltage stability index [11] variations with respect to changes in reactive and active power injections at a bus. Two sensitivity indices were derived based on voltage stability index formulation. These sensitivity indices relate the changes in the voltage stability index with respect to changes in injected active and reactive power at a load bus. The sensitivity indices were computed for every load bus and those buses with highest sensitivity values were chosen for the distributed generation placement. The derivation of the sensitivity indices from the voltage stability index formulated in reference 4 as follows:The voltage stability index at a load bus i is given by [11]

The elements of the row matrices in equations (4) and (5) are derived from equation 1 as follows,

Vo 2V L Li = 4 i 2 i ...............(6) V Li Voi

Li 4 = 2 Voi V Li sin i + 2V L2i cos i sin i ......(7) Li Vo i

[
,

V Li Qi

Li Qi

V Li Qi

and

Li Qi

are obtained from the

inverse of loadflow jacobian matrix.

The sensitivity criterion was determined from the values of the sensitivity indices evaluated at each load bus in a system. Buses with highest sensitivity values are selected for the location of the distributed generators.

................(1) Li = 4[Voi V Li cos i V L2i cos i 2 ] / Vo2 i

V Li = load voltage at bus i Voi = no load voltage at bus i

3 Optimal sizing of distributed generation

The optimal size of the distributed generator is determined by having the kW output (Pg) of the distributed generator as the variable to be optimised in the EP optimisation technique [4]. The kVar output of the distributed generator was determined using equation (12) and the power factor of the system is set to be 0.85. Xi = Pg (11)

i = ( oi Li ) Li = load angle at bus i oi = no load angle at bus i

The first sensitivity index was formulated from the change in Li with respect to the change in injected Pi at bus i is given by

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Qg = Pg x tan -1 (12) Cos = 0.85, where is power factor angle The operation of the distributed generator is considered to be at steady state and therefore, the distributed generator is modelled as injected active and reactive power, Pg and Qg respectively. The objective of the optimisation is to minimise the network losses denoted by equation (13). Hence, the fitness for the EP was taken to be the total losses in the distribution system and evaluated by executing the load flow programme with the injected active and reactive power at the suitable location determined from the sensitivity analysis. The optimisation also took into consideration the voltage constraint of the system as shown in equation (14), so as to ensure that the maximum and minimum voltages would not be exceeded.

5 Results and discussions

A 69-bus radial distribution system is used in all simulation tests. The one-line diagram of the 69-bus test system is shown in figure 1. The tie line switches in the network are located as tabulated in Table 1. Various location of fault are simulated and studied for assessing the benefit of distributed generation (DG) to the voltage profile improvement and real power loss reduction in the event of fault. For each location, the fault is assumed to be isolated.

Minimise

P
j =1

loss

.....................................(13)

n = number of lines in the system Voltage constraints, Vimin < Vi < Vimax ..............(14)

Figure 1: A 69-bus test system

4 Network reconfiguration
The location and sizing of the distributed generation were identified using the techniques described in section 2 and 3. The distributed generation was represented as negative load and network reconfiguration was implemented for loss minimisation. Several fault locations were pre-identified and the faults were isolated before the network is reconfigured. The simulation was executed using a commercial load flow program called PSS/Adept. PSS/Adept or Power System Simulator and Advanced Distribution Engineering Productivity Tool, is a network simulation program for planning, designing and analyzing distribution system. PSS/Adept utilizes the Gauss-Seidel method for the solving load flow equations. In PSS/Adept, Tie Open Point Optimisation (TOPO) is used to determine the network configuration with lowest real power loss. TOPO algorithm uses a heuristic method based on optimum power flow. Starting with the initial radial system, TOPO closes one of the controllable switches to form a loop. An optimum power flow procedures is then done on the loop to determine the best switch to open to change the network back to radial. The process continues until the switch that is opened is always the one that was closed at which time TOPO has finished. The resulting network is the radial network with minimum real power loss.

switch connection

S1 8-43

S2 16-46

S3 12-21

S4 50-59

S5 27-65

Table 1: Tie line switches connection Bus No. 61 64 21 65 59 Li Pi 26.3958 7.7781 3.8323 2.5544 2.396 Bus No 61 64 50 49 21 Li Qi 10.2167 2.8583 1.2550 1.0333 1.0086

Table 2 : The first 5 buses with highest sensitivity index value From table 2, it could be observed that bus 61 has the highest sensitivity index value and therefore it is chosen as the suitable location for the first distributed generation (DG). The second location of the distributed generation is chosen from the other four locations from sensitivity analysis bus 21, bus 59, bus 64 and bus 65. The optimal output of the distributed generation was determined from the evolutionary programming technique at various loading condition. Similar study was conducted to analyse the effect of installing compensating capacitor at selected buses. Table 3 shows the optimal output of the distributed generator in order to minimise the system losses identified by the proposed EP optimisation technique. This table provides the optimal output of DG for various loading condition.

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Load (p.u)

Optimal output for two units of DG at each bus location (kW)

21 & 61 21 61 1050 1398 1741 2094 2447 59 & 61 59 188 241 327 397 466 61 947 1266 1568 1877 2185 61 & 64 61 942 904 1543 1805 2111 64 157 570 292 405 458 61 & 65 61 998 1362 1670 1999 2341 65 101 112 170 206 235

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

297 389 484 589 678

From the graph shown in figure 2(a) it can be observed that load increase at all buses has caused an increase in the total losses of the system significantly. However, with the installation of two units DG at bus 61 and bus 21 produced minimum losses in the system as compared to the other DG location. The graph in figure 2(b) also shows the improvement in voltage profile when the DGs were located at bus 21 and bus 61. Figure 3(a) and figure 3(b) illustrates the total power losses and minimum voltage after network reconfiguration for overall load increase respectively.
140 Without DG 120 DG at bus 21 & 61 DG at bus 59 & 61 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 DG at bus 61 & 64 DG at bus 61 & 65

Table 3: Optimal distributed generation output for loss minimisation in the system for overall load increase in the system. Figure 2(a) and figure 2(b) shows the total power losses and minimum voltage in the system before network reconfiguration for various loading condition respectively.
500 450 400 Without DG DG at bus 21 & 61 DG at bus 59 & 61 DG at bus 61 & 64 DG at bus 61 & 65

Real Power Loss (kW)

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0.6

Real Power Loss (kW)

Loading

Figure 3(a): Total power losses after network reconfiguration for overall load increase in the system
1.000 0.995
0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Loading

0.990

Figure 2(a): Total power losses before network reconfiguration for overall load increase in the system
1.000 0.980 0.960

Min Voltage (p.u)

0.985 0.980 0.975 0.970 0.965 w ithout DG DG at bus 21 & 61 DG at bus 59 & 61 DG at bus 61 & 64 DG at bus 61 & 65

Min Voltage (p.u)

0.940

0.960
0.920 0.900 w ithout DG 0.880 0.860 0.840 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 DG at bus 21 & 61 DG at bus 59 & 61 DG at bus 61 & 64 DG at bus 61 & 65

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

Loading

Figure 3(b): Minimum voltage after network reconfiguration for overall load increase in the system From figure 3, it could be observed that the total losses in the system reduced after the network is reconfigured with and without the presence of distributed generation (DG). The locations of DG at bus 21 and 61 produced minimum losses in the system before and after network reconfiguration. Therefore bus 21 and 61 are chosen as the optimal location of DG.

Loading

Figure 2(b): Minimum voltage before network reconfiguration for overall load increase in the system

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Real Power Loss (kW)

In order to study the effect of distributed generation (DG) to the system losses and voltage profile during network reconfiguration in the event of fault, various fault location were selected. The fault location selected including the fault near to the main source, fault near to the load and fault near to DG. The selected fault buses are as follows: (a) bus 6 (near to the main source) (b) bus 10 (near to the load) (c) bus 20 (near to the DG) (d) bus 40 (near to the load) (e) bus 62 (near to the DG) The fault was applied to the network individually with different location of DG. The fault is assumed to be isolated. Then, the minimum losses and minimum voltage were identified after the network is reconfigured by closing/ opening the corresponding tie-line/ sectionalizing switches for load restoration. The results before and after network reconfiguration were compared between the installation of two units distributed generation (DG) and two units compensating capacitor (C) at bus 61 and bus 21. Figure 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 illustrates the comparison of power losses between installation of two units DG and two units compensating capacitor (C) for overall load increase with fault occurs at bus 6, 10, 20, 40 and 62 respectively.

350
existing netw ork w ith 2 DG

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0.60

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

0.80

1.00 Loading

1.20

1.40

Figure 5: Comparison of power losses between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 10
350
existing netw ork w ith 2 DG

300

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C

Real Power Loss (kW)

250 200 150 100 50 0 0.60

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

350
existing netw ork w ith 2 DG

300

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C

Real Power Loss (kW)

250 200 150 100

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

0.80

1.00 Loading

1.20

1.40

Figure 6: Comparison of power losses between installation of DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 20
350

50

existing netw ork w ith 2 DG

300
0
Real Power Loss (kW)

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

0.60

0.80

1.00 Loading

1.20

1.40

250 200 150 100 50 0 0.60

Figure 4: Comparison of power losses between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 6

0.80

1.00 Loading

1.20

1.40

Figure 7: Comparison of power losses between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 40

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350
existing netw ork w ith 2 DG

1.000 0.980 0.960

300

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C

Real Power Loss (kW)

250 200 150 100 50 0 0.60

Min Voltage (p.u)

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

0.940 0.920 0.900 0.880 0.860

existing netw ork w ith 2 DG reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

0.80

1.00 Loading

1.20

1.40

0.60

0.80

1.00 Loading

1.20

1.40

Figure 8: Comparison of power losses between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 62 From figure 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, it could be observed that the combination of network reconfiguration and installation of two units distributed generation at bus 61 and 21 produced minimum total losses in the system for all fault location selected. The comparison of minimum losses between installation of two units DG and two units compensating capacitor (C) for overall load increase with fault occurs at bus 6, 10, 20, 40 and 62 are illustrate in figure 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 respectively.
1.000 0.980 0.960

Figure 10: Comparison of minimum voltage between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 10
1.000 0.980 0.960

Min Voltage (p.u)

0.940 0.920 0.900 0.880 0.860 0.60 0.80 1.00 Loading 1.20 1.40
existing netw ork w ith 2 DG reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

Min Voltage (p.u)

0.940 0.920

Figure 11: Comparison of minimum voltage between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 20
1.000

0.900 0.880 0.860 0.60

existing netw ork w ith 2 DG reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C

0.980 0.960

Min Voltage (p.u)

reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

0.940 0.920 0.900 0.880 0.860 0.60 0.80 1.00 Loading 1.20 1.40
existing netw ork w ith 2 DG reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

0.80

1.00 Loading

1.20

1.40

Figure 9: Comparison of minimum voltage between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 6

Figure 12: Comparison of minimum voltage between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 40

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1.000 0.980 0.960

References
[1] N.M.Ijumba, A.A.Jimoh and M.Nkabinde, Influence of Distributed Generation on Distribution Network Performance, Africon, IEEE, vol. 2, pp 961 964, SeptOct 1999. [2] Y. Mao, K.N Miu, Switch placement to improve system reliability for radial distribution systems with distributed generation, in IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 18, no. 4, Nov. 2003. [3] J.A. Greatbanks, D.H. Popovic, M.Begovic, A. Pregelj, T.C. Green, On Optimization for Security and Reliability of Power Systems with Distributed Generation, in IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, Jun 2003. [4] T.K.A. Rahman, S.R.A. Rahim, I. Musirin, Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Distributed Generation in Distribution System, in Malaysian Power and Energy Conference, Dec 2004. [5] G. Celi, E.Ghiani, S.Mocci, F.Pilo, A Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm for the Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generation, in IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol 20, no 2, May 2005. [6] H. Chiang, R.Jean-Jumeau, Optimal Network Reconfigurations in Distribution Systems: Part 2: Solution Algorithms and Numerical Results, in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, no. 3, July 1990. [7] D. Shirmohammadi, Service Restoration in Distribution Networks via Network Reconfiguration, in IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 1992. [8] S. Civanlar, J.J. Grainger, H. Yin, S.S.H. Lee, Distribution Feeder Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction, in IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol 3, no 3, July 1998. [9] M.E. Baran and F.F. Wu, Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems for Loss Reduction and Load Balancing, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery., vol.4, No.2, pp. 1401 1407, April 1989. [10] J.H. Choi, J.C.Kim, S.H.Moon, Integration of Dispersed Generations to Automated Distribution Networks for Network Reconfiguration, in IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, Jun 2003. [11] T.K.A. Rahman and G.B. Jasmon, A New Voltage Stability Index and Load flow Technique for Power System Analysis , International Journal of Power and Energy Systems., vol.17, no.1, pp. 28 37, 1997.

Min Voltage (p.u)

0.940 0.920 0.900 0.880 0.860 0.60 0.80 1.00 Loading 1.20 1.40
existing netw ork w ith 2 DG reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 DG existing netw ork w ith 2 C reconfigured netw ork w ith 2 C

Figure 13: Comparison of minimum voltage between DG and C for overall load increase with fault at bus 62 The graph in figure 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, illustrate that the increase in the load has also reduced the minimum voltage. However, for all locations of fault, the installation of distributed generation at bus 61 and 21 provides better improvement in terms of voltage profile after the network is reconfigured.

6 Conclusions
In this paper, the benefit of implementing Distributed Generation (DG) in terms of minimising the power loss and improving voltage profile during network reconfiguration under fault condition were analyzed. The location of DG determined by sensitivity indices based on voltage stability improvement with respect to changes in reactive and active power injections at a load bus has shown to be suitable. The optimal size of the DG was determined by having the kW output (Pg) of the DG as the variable to be optimised in the Evolutionary Programme (EP) optimisation. Network reconfiguration was implemented after the occurrence of fault for service restoration while minimising the total losses in the system. The simulation was carried out using software PSS/Adept with various location of fault. From the numerical simulation, the reconfigured network with the presence of two units distributed generation at the suitable location with optimal sizing are able to produce the best results in terms of voltage profile improvement and power loss minimisation at various fault location. The results also were compared to that obtained when the network was installed with compensating capacitor and it shows that network installed with DG gives better performance than the network installed with compensating capacitor.

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia under IRDC grant.

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