Peplaus Nursing Theory

Nursing Theory: Definition:

Nursing theory is an organized and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to questions in the discipline of Nursing.

A Nursing theory is a set of concepts definitions, relationships and assumptions or propositions derived from Nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter relationships among concepts for the purpose of describing, explaining predicting and or prescribing.

Characteristics of theory:
!heories are "nterrelating concepts in such a way as to create a different way of loo#ing at a particular phenomenon. $ogical in Nature %eneralizable &asic for hypotheses that can be tested "ncreasing the general body of #nowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them. 'sed by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice. (onsistent with other validated theories laws and principles but will leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated.

Importance of Nursing theory:

Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and explain the phenomenon of Nursing. "t should provide foundation of Nursing practice help to generate further #nowledge and indicate in which direction nursing should develop in the future. "t helps us to decide what we #now and what we need to #now. "t include better patient care, enhanced status of for nurses and guidance for research and education. !he main exponent of Nursing caring cannot be measured, it is vital to have the theory to analyze and explain what nurses do. !his can be seen as an attempt by the nursing profession to maintain it professional boundaries. Nursing continuous to strive to establish a unique body of #nowledge.

Purposes of theory in practice:

o Assist nurses to describe explain and predict everyday experiences o )erve to guide assessment, intervention and evaluation of Nursing care. o *rovide a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health status of client which are essential for effective decision ma#ing and implementation. o +elps to establish criteria to measure the quality of Nursing care.

o +elp build a common Nursing terminology to use in communicating with other health *rofessional o ,nhance autonomy of Nursing by defining its own independent functions.

Peplaus Nursing theory

Introduction:
*eplau-s began her nursing carriers in ./0. after receiving a diploma in Nursing from *ottstown hospital school of nursing. "n ./10 she received a &A in interpersonal psychology from &enningition college. "n ./12 she was awarded on 3A in *sychiatric Nursing in ./40 a cloctorate in nursing education from teachers college (olombia 'niversity, New 5or#. )he has held positions in the '.). Army, *rivate and general hospitals Nursing research teaching and private practice psychiatric Nursing.

Evolution of Peplaus theory:

*eplaus first published her model in ./46 in "nterpersonal relations in Nursing. "n developing her model peplau was committed to incorporating established #nowledge in to her wor#. )he borrowed from the behavioral sciences and draw from the wor#s of )igmund 7reud. Abraham 3aslow and Neal 3iller. )he integrated *sychoanalytical, social learning human motivational and personality development theories in to her model at a time when Nursing theory development was relatively new.

)he developed the first conceptual curriculum for the &achelor of science in Nursing program at 8utgers 'niversity.

Peplaus theory concept:

*eplau basis her model on psychodynamic Nursing. 9hich she defines as using an understanding of ones own behavior to help others identify their difficulties. *sychodynamic nursing applies principles of human relations to problems that wise at all levels of human experiences. "n peplaus model, the phases of the nurse:patient relationship reflect occurrences in personal interaction. Although separate these phases overlap ; occur over time.

Paradigm & peplaus theory :

Person : A developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs. Environment: ,xisting forces outside the organism and in the context of culture. Health : a word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other ongoing human process in the direction of creative, constructive, productive , personal and community living. Nursing : a significant therapeutic interpersonal process. "f functions co: operatively with other human process that ma#e health possible for individuals in communities.

Phase of the process<

!he nurse and patient interaction consists of four overlapping phases. =rientation, exploitation , identifications and resolution. 9hile these phases tend to occur in order. !hey do overlap. rientation : the nurse and patient must get to #now each other and deal with any differences in bac#ground including culture and level of education. Identification : the medical team focuses on discovering and understanding the health problem. E!ploitation : the team uses the resources of the nurse, and the facility in general to address the problem. "esolution : the team wor#s to resole the health problem for the patient.

#our phases in peplaus interpersonal relations model rientation phase:

(lient had a felt need and see#s professional assistance. Nurse and client meet. &ecome increasingly more comfortable with one another while defining the problem together. Nurse and client wor# together to understand their reactions to one another.

Identification phase:
(lient selectively determines who will after the help required. (lient-s involvement may differ according to individual. >evelopment of the nurse ?client relationship. (lient may begin to feel a sense of belonging and increasing in self confidence. )ense of helplessness and hope less ness replaced by an increasing optimistic attitude.

E!ploitation phase:

 Nurse assists the client to access and utilize available resources, while maintaining a therapeutic relationship. (lient benefits from what is offered to them through the nurse:client relationship. (lient becomes activity involved ; may gain control over some aspects of the situation.

"esolution phase:
(lient needs have been met through collaboration with the nurse. 8esolution is achieved when client no longer identifies with the nurse had dissolves the relationship.

Interpersonal theory and nursing process: Nursing process

$ssessment: >ata collection and analysis. 3ay not be a felt need Nursing diagnosis: )ummary statement bases on analysis. Planning: 3utually set goals E!ploitation : Implementation: *lans initial towards achievement of mutually *lant actively see#ing ; drawing help. *atient initiated. Identification: "nterdependent goal setting.

Interpersonal theory
rientation : Non continuous data collection. 7elt need. >efine needs.

set goals. 3ay be accomplished by patient, nurse or family. Evaluation : &ased on mutually expected behaviours. 3ay lead to termination and initiation of new plans. "esolution : =ccure after other phases are completed successfully. $eads to termination.

&oth are sequential and focus on therapeutic relationship. &oth use problem solving techniques for the nurse and patient to collaborate on, with the end purpose of meeting the patient needs. &oth use observation communication ; recording as basic tools utilized by nursing.

"oles of the nurse:

*eplau-s theory lists six primary nursing roles< )tranger !eacher 8esource person (ounsellor )urrogate $eader %tranger: 9hen the nurse first receiver the client. )he must overcome the distance between them.

Teacher : )he must transfer important #nowledge to the patient in reference to a need or interest. "esource person< Counsellor: +elps to understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstance, provides , guidance and encouragement to ma#e changes. %urrogate : +elps to clarify domains of dependence interdependence and independence and acts on client behalf as on advocate. &eader: +elps to client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way. =ne who provides a specific needed information that aids in the understanding of a problem or new situation.

$dditional roles include:

!echnical expert (onsultant +ealth teacher !utor 3ediator Administrator 8ecorder observer 8esearcher.

Conclusion :

7rom this topic we come to #now about the pelaus nry. ,volution concepts, interpersonal process, phases of the peplaus interpersonal relations model, interpersonal theory and nursing process, paradigm and 8ole of nurse.

'i(liography :
%eorge @&, Nry theories, the base for professional nry practice. 4th edition , new jersey 6AA6. 9ills 3. evelyn, 3c twen melunine B6AA6C. !heretical basis for nursing philacletphia , lippincott willians ; wil#ins. *olter ; perryB.//6C fundamentals of nry concepts process ; practice 0rd edition , $ondon 3osby.

)ournal references:
*eplar , +., B./4.C towards a new concept in Nry ; nry education. American journal of Nry 4 edition .6 volume per 266:261. "nterpersonal relationship in Nry, New yor#, %.*. putman D.//.E !he American journal of nry. !he psychiatric nurses family group 46th edition , .6 volume pa ? .124 ? .122. 'tilizing themes in nry situations, American journal of nry ? 41th edition , 0 volume pa. 064:06F.

.. Ann 8. *eden , 8NG >)N .. 'niversity of Hentuc#y, $exington , H5 $(stract < !he descriptive research design for this study was guided by peplau-s interpersonal theory of nursing. !he sample consisted of seven women who had at one time been hospitalized with a diagnosis of depression and who now considered themselves to be recovering. Audiotaped interviews were conducted in the women-s homes. Ierbatim transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. the analysis revealed that the process of recovering as described by the seven depressed women consisted of eight categories which comprised three phases. 8ecovering was initiated by a crisis or turning point experience. *hase " consists of the turning point and professional supportG phase "" consists of determination wor#:overtime support of family and friends, and successesG and phase m consists of self esteem and maintaining balance. !he process of recovering is internal and ongoing further research is suggested. Ann .8.*eden conduct the research with peplaus theory on the topic of recovering in depressed women. *urpose of this research was to describe the process of recovering in women who have been depressed. 3cNaughton >& conduct a study of a naturalistic test pf peplau-s theory in home visiting.

!ype < @ournal article >=" < .A..... @.A202:.6A/.6AA4.66A4AF.J Abstract< !his article reports a small study that tested the applicability of *eplau-s theory of interpersonal relations in nursing B*eplau, ./46 .//.C in the context of home visiting . five prenatal clients and public health nurses participated in the study. +ome visits were observed and audio recorded beginning with the first prenatal home visit and ending in the early postpartum period. Audiotapes were transcribed and analyzed using a start list of codes based on *eplau-s theory. (hanges in the percentage of interaction assigned to the relationship phases along with a rating from the relationship form were compared over time to determine whether relationships progressed as predicated by peplau. 7indings of this study supported *eplau-s theory . implications for nursing practice and research are discussed.

(hery. forchu# conduct a study on uniqueness with in the nurse client relationship !he uniqueness of individual nurse:client relationships was explored by comparing therapeutic relationships of two different clients with the same nurse, and two different nurses with the same client. !his secondary analysis included 0F nurses who had two different clients in the original study, and .0 clients who had two a different nurses. "nstruments included the wor#ing alliance inventory, semantic differential scales related to the nurses view of the client and the clients view of the nurse, and the relationship form. !he same nurse wor#ing with two different clients had different preconceptions, and a different relationship with respect to bond, tas#, and goals with each client. !here was a relationship between the time required to establish a therapeutic relationship with the two different clients. (lients wor#ing with two different nurses had no significant relationship on any of the relationship measures. 7indings suggest that the same individual, whether a nurse or a client, experiences very different therapeutic relationships with different people.