Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Measurement
How do people use measurements? People use measurements to help them: 1. Control a process 2. Assess the capability of a process 3. Improve a process 4. Classify a product or service 5. Settle customer/supplier disputes
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Not acceptable
Uncertainty
Uncertainty
?????
Not acceptable
?????
Acceptable
Not acceptable
LSL
USL
Quality
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Terminology
Accuracy Bias Trueness Precision Repeatability Reproducibility R&R Measurement systems analysis Measurement uncertainty
Lab B
Poor precision
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 Viscosity
Lab C
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0
Bias/Trueness
Viscosity
Lab D
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 Viscosity
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True value
For centuries scientists spoke of bias and precision. BS5497:1979 used the words bias and precision. BS5725:1994 uses the words trueness and precision.
Can the person producing the measurement repeat in the future what he/she did in the past?
Reproducibility: Can a second person reproduce the measurement made by the first person?
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(Repeatability = 2.82s) Reproducibility is a number that is unlikely to be exceeded by the difference between two measurements made under reproducibility conditions. (Reproducibility = 2.82s)
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Reproducibility
= 2.82(Reproducibility sd)
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Measurement uncertainty
Since about 1993 analytical chemists have increasingly used measurement uncertainty to assess measurement error. Measurement uncertainty is an interval within which the true value is believed to lie. Measurement uncertainty = x + ks x is the measured value, s is a standard deviation k is a coverage factor.
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Jones
Poor precision
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 Diameter
Brown
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0
Inaccuracy
Diameter
Lee
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 Diameter
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True value
Repeatability in engineering
Repeatability is the measurement variability found when the same item is measured repeatedly with a specific gauge by the same operator.
QS9000
Reproducibility in engineering
Reproducibility is the additional measurement variability found when the same item is measured repeatedly with a specific gauge by different operators.
QS9000
R&R
R&R is the total measurement variability found when the same item is measured repeatedly with a specific gauge by different operators. R & R depends on equipment variation and appraiser variation.
QS9000
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Measurement variability
Measurement variability is defined as the range within which 99% of the repeat measurements can be expected to lie.
99% of repeat measurements will lie within a band, which has a width of 5.15s.
99%
-2.575s Mean
2.575s
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Calculation of R&R
Repeatability = 5.15sE
QS9000
If the purpose of measuring is process improvement, we should express the R&R as a percentage of the product variation.
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LSL
R&R = 30%
USL
LSL
R&R = 10%
USL
LSL
R&R = 0%
USL
LSL
USL
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Repeatability differences
Engineering definition: Repeatability is the spread of measurements made under repeatability conditions. (Repeatability = 5.15s) Chemical definition: Repeatability is a number that is unlikely to be exceeded by the difference between two measurements made under repeatability conditions. (Repeatability = 2.82s)
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Reproducibility differences
Engineering definition:
Reproducibility is a number that is unlikely to be exceeded by the difference between two measurements made under reproducibility conditions.
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R&R
Engineering definition: The total spread of measurements made under reproducibility conditions.
The chemical industry does not use R&R. R&R(Engineering) is similar to Reproducibility(Chemical)
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Variability
To understand the usefulness of your measurement process you need to calculate the total variation and break this down as follows: Total variation Product variation Measurement system variation
Short term
Long term
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Operator
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Summary
Repeatability and reproducibility have different meanings in different industries. R&R should be less than 30% of tolerance, and preferably less than 10%. Using only 2 or 3 assessors can be a weakness of the recommended procedure in QS9000.
Graphing the results may tell you much more about the measurement system than you would learn from the analysis.
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Bibliography
QS 9000 Superseded by: PD ISO/TS 16949: 2009 Quality management systems. Particular requirements for the application of ISO 9001:2008 for automotive production and relevant service part organizations. (Section 8 - Measurement Analysis and Improvement) BS ISO 5725-2: 1994 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results. Basic methods for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. BS EN ISO 4259: 2006 Petroleum products. Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test. Quantifying uncertainty in analytical measurement , Second edition (2000) - Eurachem
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Jones
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 Diameter
Brown
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 Diameter
Lee
19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 Diameter