Document Reference No.

Document Title

RPP-05

Page No. Edition Revision No. Effective Date Amendment Date

1/6 1 2 7 July 2008 3 July 2008

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

COURSE DESCRIPTION COURSE TITLE: THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY TOPIC: BOYLES LAW

1 .0

OBJECTIVE To determine the relation between pressure and volume at a given constant temperature

2 .0

EQUIPMENT Gas thermometer, hand vacuum and pressure pump, stand base, stand rod and 2 units of clamp with jaw clamp

3 .0

INTRODUCTION Gases behave differently from the other two commonly studied states of matter, solids

and liquids, so we have different methods for treating and understanding how gases behave under certain conditions. Gases, unlike solids and liquids, have neither fixed volume nor shape. They are molded entirely by the container in which they are held. The gas laws are physical laws describing the behavior of a gas under various conditions of pressure, volume, and temperature.One of the earlier gas laws is Boyles law (advanced by Robert Boyle in 1662). He investigated the relationship between the volume of a dry ideal gas and its pressure.

Prepared by: Panel of Thermo-Fluid

Approved by: Head of Plant & Automotive Engineering Department Signature: Name: Dr. Ahmad Jais bin Alimin Date:

Signature: Name: Penyelaras Makmal Termodinamik Date:

Document Reference No. Document Title

RPP-05

Page No. Edition Revision No. Effective Date Amendment Date

2/6 1 2 7 July 2008 3 July 2008

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

Since there are four variables that can be altered in a gas sample, in order to investigate how one variable will affect another, all other variables must be held constant or fixed. Boyle fixed the amount of gas and its temperature during his investigation. He found that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to one another, or pV = k, where p is pressure, V is volume, and k is a constant of proportionality. A practical math expression of Boyles finding is as follows p1V1 = p2V2 where, 1 2 4.0 THEORY In this experiment, the Boyles law is confirmed by means of a gas thermometer. The gas thermometer consists of a glass capillary open at one end. A certain quantity of air is enclosed by means of a mercury seals. At an outside pressure, po, the enclosed air has a volume, Vo. By pumping off air at room temperature with a hand pump, an under pressure p with respect to the outside pressure is generated at the open end of the capillary. The mercury seal itself exerts a pressure on the enclosed air. pHg = Hg .g. hHg where, Hg g hHg = density of mercury = 13600 kg/m3 ; = initial value = final values

= acceleration of gravity = 9.82 m/s2 ; and = height of the mercury seal (m)

Document Reference No. Document Title

RPP-05

Page No. Edition Revision No. Effective Date Amendment Date

3/6 1 2 7 July 2008 3 July 2008

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

Therefore, the pressure of the enclosed air is, p = p0 + pHg + p where, p0 pHg p = atmosphere pressure = pressure of mercury = pressure differential (bar)

The volume, V of an enclosed air column is determined by the pressure, p. V can be calculated from the height, h of the air column and the cross-section of the capillary , where, V = A.h =

d 2 .h 4

(m3)

and d = inner diameter of the capillary = 2.7 mm 5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES a. Mount the gas thermometer in the stand device and ensure there is no mercury spilled. b. Ensure the reading of hand pump is 0 mbar, or push the ventilation valve of the hand pump to reduce the pressure differential, p to 0. c. Measure and record the ambient temperature , To and the atmosphere pressure, po. d. Measure the height of the mercury seal, hHg from the scale of the gas thermometer. e. Read and record the height of the air column, h at p = 0 (before apply the pressure differential). f. Generate the pressure differential, p = -50 mbar, read the height of the air column, h and record it together with p. g. Repeat step (f) and record the data for every increment of -50 mbar until it reaches the maximum value of h. h. Measure the reading of ambient temperature, To and atmospheric pressure, po again. (Note: Do not increase or decrease the pressure differential, p too quickly. This can cause the mercury to overshoot and cause a spill)

Document Reference No. Document Title

RPP-05

Page No. Edition Revision No. Effective Date Amendment Date

4/6 1 2 7 July 2008 3 July 2008

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

6.0 EXPERIMENT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

a. b. c.

Complete the Table 1: Pressure and Volume measurements. Plot pressure, p (bar) against volume, V (m3). Plot 1/p (bar) against volume, V (m3). Determine the slope of the graph which represents the value of constant C.

d. e.

Discuss the observation during the experiment and both of the graphs plotted. Discuss whether Boyles Law is true for the sample of gas used in this experiment (air). If yes, calculate the final value of pV and compare with the value of constant C obtained from the plot 1/p against V. Discuss about the error and the factors that will affect the result of this experiment.

7.0 QUESTIONS

a. Why the ambient temperature needs to be measured before and after the experiment? b. What is the effect if the mercury in the gas thermometer spilled? c. For a given fixed quantity of gas, the deviations of the ideal behaviour of Boyles Law will be smallest at large or small volume? Give the justification of your answer.

8.0 CONCLUSION

Give conclusions from the experiment.

Document Reference No. Document Title

RPP-05

Page No. Edition Revision No. Effective Date Amendment Date

5/6 1 2 7 July 2008 3 July 2008

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

Hand pump

Mercury seal

h (height of air column)

Ventilation valve

Figure 1: Boyles Law Apparatus

Document Reference No. Document Title

RPP-05

Page No. Edition Revision No. Effective Date Amendment Date

6/6 1 2 7 July 2008 3 July 2008

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

Data sheet: Atmosphere pressure, po (bar) = _______ (before experiment) _______ (after experiment) Ambient temperature, To (oC) = ______ (before experiment) ______ (after experiment) Height of mercury seal, hHg = ________ (mm)

Table 1: Pressure and Volume Measurements p (mbar) h (mm) p (bar) 1/p (bar) V (m3)