Chapter 8 Metal

Que - 1 Write a note on alloy and explain purity of gold. Ans 1 Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or metal and non metal is called an alloy. For ex. When nickel and chromium are added to iron, stainless steel is obtained which is an alloy In preparation of alloy, first the chief metal is melted & substance which is to be mixed is added in definite proportion and then melted again. This molten mixture is cooled. The electrical conductivity of an alloy is less than that of pure metal. Ex. If impurity is there in copper, its electrical conductivity is less than that of pure copper. The melting point of an alloy is less than those of component elements. Ex. The melting point of the alloy prepared from lead and tin, is less and so it is used in soldering the electric wires. Some of the imp alloys and their uses are as follows. Components Iron, carbon Properties Hard and strong Uses In construction of bridge, building, ships, spare parts of automobiles In preparation of utensils, blades, surgical instruments In preparation of cooking utensils, machine parts, musical instruments In preparation of statues, coins & medals In preparation of scientific balance & light instruments In preparation of aircraft & pressure cookers

Alloy Steel

Stainless steel Iron, chromium Brass Copper, zinc

Bronze Magnalium Duralumin

Copper, tin

Aluminium, magnesium Aluminium, copper, Light, strong & corrosion magnesium in trace resistant proportion

nickel, No effect of alkali, air & water Malleable, strong, corrosion resistant & easily shaped Stronger & more corrosion resistant Very light & hard

Purity of Gold : The purity of gold is expressed in carat unit. Pure gold is considered as 24 carat. As it is very soft, the shapes of ornaments prepared from gold get deformed in shapes, even if small pressure is applied. So in order to increase its strength copper or silver is added to it. In our country, generally ornaments are prepared of 22 carat gold. It means the alloy of 22 parts pure gold and 2 parts copper or silver.

Que 2 What is corrosion ? Explain methods to prevent corrosion. And 2 Corrosion : The erosion reaction of any metal with water or moisture when it comes in contact is called metallic corrosion. For ex. If the things of iron remain in presence of moist air for a longer period, then their surface becomes brown coloured because of formation of iron oxide ( rust ) which corrosion of iron. In the same manner copper when remain in air for a longer time then green coloured layer of copper carbonate forms on its surface. Sometimes metallic corrosion reaction is advantageous because the layer formed by corrosion prevents the metal below this layer and it is not corroded. Ex. When aluminium metal is kept open in air, the thin layer of aluminium oxide is formed on the surface of the metal. It prevents the corrosion of the metal layers below this corroded layer. Remedies for prevention of corrosion : The easy and cheap method to prevent corrosion of iron is to apply paint on the surface of iron which prevents the corrosion. Corrosion can be prevented by applying oil on the surface of things of iron, like hammer, scissors, cutting metal etc because the layer of oil does not allow the things of iron to come in contact with air or moisture. The corrosion of iron can be prevented by coating very fine layer of zinc metal on the surface of iron because zinc is more active than iron so first corrosion of zinc happens and then after iron starts to corrode. The iron sheets used in the roof of the house are galvanized sheets. To prevent corrosion to the iron plates of the steamer, metals like magnesium or zinc is used which is more active with the plates of iron with block of zinc, in sea water. By doing so, the plate of iron acts as anode. The corrosion of this zinc bloke takes place continuously in sea water. They are to be replaced at interval. This is called sacrificial anode. Suitable chemicals which are called inhibitors can also be used so that they combine with the surface of the metal by chemical bond and prevent corrosion. Corrosion can be prevented by applying enamel paints on iron. Metals can be converted into an alloy which can resist corrosion for ex. Stainless steel alloy is prepared from 70% iron, 20% chromium and 10% nickel had no effect of air, water or alkali and it does not get corroded.

(1) (2)

(3)

(4)

(5) (6) (7)

Que 3 Give physical and chemical properties of metals. Ans 3 Physical properties of metals : (1) Metals have shining surface and it can be polished. (2) Metals are in solid form and heavy in weight but metals like mercury and gallium ( at higher than normal temperature ) exist in the liquid form. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, aliminium etc are relatively lighter metals. (3) Most of the metals are hard, the hardness of various metals are different, metals like iron and copper can comparatively be cut with a knife, metals like sodium, potassium are relatively soft and can be easily cut with a knife. (4) Metals can be hammered and foils can be prepared as they are malleable. .ex gold, silver and aluminium. Some metals like copper are ductile so wire can be prepared from them. (5) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. The power of conduction of heat and electricity is very high for copper, silver and gold metals. Metals like lead and mercury are poor conductors of heat and electricity. (6) Melting point and boiling points of metals are high ex. Melting point of iron is 1812 K. (7) Metal can produce ringing sound by striking (8) Alloy can be prepared by adding one metal to the other. They possess properties different from the original metals. Brass, german silver, gold ornaments are the examples of alloys. Chemical properties of metals : (1) Reaction of metal with dioxygen : Metal elements can easily give electrons to oxygen atom and combine with oxygen and form the oxides. Metal + Dioxygen Metal oxides 2 Mg(S) + O2(g) 2 MgO (S) Metal oxides are generally basic. But oxides of Zn and Al possess both acidic and basic properties so they are known as amphoteric. Most of metal oxide are insoluble in water but some are dissolved and forms alkali. Na2O (S) + H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) K2O (S) + H2O (l) 2KOH (aq) (2) Reaction of metal with water : Metals on reaction with water form metal hydroxides or oxides and produce dihydrogen gas. Metals like Na and K react vigorously with cold water. The dihydrogen gas produced by vigorous reaction of Na or K with water explodes and burns speedily.

Metal + water 2K (S) + 2H2O (l) Mg (S) + 2H2O (l) Zn (S) + H2O (l)

Metal hydroxide or Metal oxide + dihydrogen gas. 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g) Mg (OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g) ZnO (S) + H2 (g)

(3) Reaction of metals with acid : All the metals do not react with dil. Acids but when the metal reacts with dil. Acid, salt corresponding to metal and dihydrogen gas are produced. Metal + dil. Acid salt corresponding to metal + dihydrogen gas Zn (S) + 2HCl (aq) Mg (S) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

(4) Reaction of metals with dichlorine : Metal reacts with dichlorine and forms metal chlorides. Metal + dichlorine gas Metal chloride

Ca (S) + Cl2 (g) Mg(S) + Cl2 (g)

CaCl2 (S) MgCl2 (S)

(5) Reaction of metals with dihydrogen : Generally metals do not give reaction with dihydrogen because metals have a tendency to lose the electron and so react with those element which can accept electron. But some active metals like Na, K, Ca combine with hydrogen and form hydrides of that metal. Active metal + Dihydrogen Metal Hydrides 2 Na (S) + H2 (g) 2NaH (S) 2 K (S) + H2 (g) 2KH (S)

Que 4 What is mineral and ores. Name minerals and chemical formulas of Fe, Al, Cu, Ca, Ag Ans 4 Minerals : The inorganic elements or compounds which are available naturally from earths crust are called minerals. Ores : If the proportion of a certain metal is more and if its extraction is advantageous, then the mineral is called ore. Metals and their chief minerals : Name of Metal Iron Name of mineral Haematite Magnetite Siderite Iron pyrites Bauxite Cuprite Copper pyrites Copper glance malachite Lime stone Dolomite Gypsum Horn silver Silver glance Chemical formula Fe O Fe O FeCO FeS Al O 2H O Cu O CuFeS Cu S Cu(OH) CaCO CaMg(CO ) CaSO 2H O AgCl Ag S

Aluminium Copper

Calcium

Soilver

Que 5 What is metallurgy. Explain five steps of metallurgy. Ans 5 Metallurgy : The process of separating metal from ore and purifying ( refining ) is known as metallurgy. The process of obtaining pure metal from ore is divided into five steps. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Power from ore Concentration of ore Roasting, calcination and smelting Reduction Refining of metal

Powdering from ore : ores are obtained by digging from the earths crust, in which minerals of other metals, clay, silica etc are present as impurities. The bigger pieces of this ore is powdered by grinding in big mills of special type.

Concentration of ore : The ores are concentrated based on type of impurities and their percentage proportions. Impurities are removed and the proportion of ore is increased. This process is called concentration of ore. For this, (i) concentration or centrifugation on the basis of difference in densities (ii) froth flotation and (iii) magnetic separation methods are used. (i) Concentration or centrifugation on the basis of difference in densities : - When there is large difference between densities of ores and the impurities in them, concentration of ore can be done by this method. - In this method, the fine powder of ore is placed on a moving table with slots and it is moved rapidly so that the light particles of metal remain in the slot in the table because of centrifugal force. - This process is known as centrifugation. (ii) Froth flotation : - It is used for concentration of the ores of the metals whose ores are in sulphide form like cupper, zinc and lead. - In this method fine powder of the ore and water are filled in a big vessel. The substances like pine or turpentine oil are added to it. The sulphide particles of metals get wet and stick to it, while clay, particle of sand, do not get wetted. - In this liquid mixture, air is passed with pressure through a tube as shown, Hence the froath is produced around the light particles of the sulphide ore and comes on the surface of the liquid mixture. - Heavy particles like clay, sand etc become wet by water and settled down at the bottom. - The sulphide ore of metal is removed with sieves in a second vessel and washed with water. By this method ores like copper pyrites are concentrated and clay, sand etc are removed. (iii) Magnetic separation : - In this method, impurities of iron are removed by magnet. The fine powder of the ore is allowed to fall on belt of leather. There is a magnet at one end of the belt which attracts the iron particles and fall nearer, the remaining particles fall away because of not being attracted. - Thus by this method impurity of iron is removed from the ore, In the same way other impurities of the ores of iron are removed by this method.

(3) Roasting, calcinations and smelting : This methods are used in conversion of concentrated ore into metal oxide. * Roasting : when sulphide containing ore is heated for a long time in presence of excess air, it is converted into metal oxide. This method of converting sulphide containing ore into metal oxide is called roasting. 2ZnS (S) 2HgS + + 3O2 (g) 3O 2ZnO (S) + 2SO + 2SO2 (g)

2HgO

Calcination : When carbonate containing ore is heated for a long time in absence of air it is converted into metal oxide. This method of converting carbonate containing ore into metal oxide is called calcinations. MgCO ZnCO MgO ZnO + CO + CO

Smelting : if the ore is in melted form then it is called smelting. (4) Reduction : It is carried out to obtain metal from metal oxide. Metal oxide is reacted with reducing agent like carbon or carbon monoxide. It is of 2 types (i) Chemical reduction : When metal oxide is heated in a blast furnace with carbon or carbon monoxide, metal is obtained. MnO ZnO + 2C + C Mn Zn + 2 CO + CO

When oxides of metals like chromium, iron and manganese are heated with aluminium powder, metal is obtained by reduction of metal oxide. Cr O Fe O 3 MnO + 2Al + 2Al + 4Al 2Cr 2Fe 3 Mn + Al O + Al O + 2 Al O

(ii) Electrochemical reduction : Some metals can not be obtained by reaction of carbon with oxide of active metal. Oxides of active metals like Na, Mg, Ca, Al cannot be reduced by carbon. E. metals cannot be obtained by carbon from their corresponding metal oxides, because these metals possess more attraction towards oxygen than carbon. Hence, other method electrochemical reduction is used to obtain metals from oxides of active metals. In this method, electrodes of inert metals like graphite or platinum are used in electrochemical cell. By electrochemical reduction of alumina ( Al O ) molten aluminium is obtained at cathode and oxygen gas at anode. Cathode ( Negative pole ) : Anode ( Positive pole ) : Hence cathode, works as a reducing agent.

(5) Refinig : The method to obtain about hundred percent pure metal by removing impurities present in very small amounts in metal, is called refining. Refining of metals is mainly carried out by 3 methods. (i) electrolysis (ii) liquefaction (iii) zone refining. (i) Electrolysis : - Metals like Cu, Zn, Au, Ag are refined by this method. In this method the rod of impure metal is taken as anode and rod of pure metal is taken as cathode. - The aqueous solution of salt of metal, is used as electrolyte. On passing electric current through electrolyte, anode dissolves in the electrolyte. - The metal in the proportion of being obtained by dissolution of anode, is added to the electrolyte, the same proportion of metal is being deposited at the cathode. - As there is no impurity in the metal deposited at the cathode, it is very pure. - Out of the impurities added to electrolyte by dissolution of anode, soluble impurities remain in the solution and insoluble impurities are collected at the bottom of the anode, It is called anodic mud. - When Cu is refined by this method, rod of impure Cu is arranged as anode and the rod of pure Cu as cathode. - The aqueous solution of CuSO is taken as electrolyte. A little dil. Sulphuric acid is added to it. When electric current is passed through the electrolyte the proportion in which Cu from anode is dissolved in aqueous solution of CuSO , Cu in the same proportion from

CuSO solution is deposited at the cathode. Thus the Cu deposited at the cathode in this way has almost 100% purity. Anode ( positive pole ) : Cu (S) Cu+2 (aq) Cathode ( negative pole ) Net reaction : (ii) Liquefaction : This method is used for refining of metals having low melting point i.e. tin, lead etc which melt easily. In this method, a furnace having a slope is used. The temperature of this furnace is kept slightly higher than the melting point of the metal, so that when impure metal is passed on the slope, the metal in it is melted and collected in the vessel kept below. The melting points of impurities are higher and so do not melt at this temperature and found in solid form on the slope. (iii) Zone refining : Trace impurities present in metal are removed by this method on the basis of the principle of fractional crystallization. These impurities remain more soluble in the form of molten metal. As the molten metal gets cooled, the solubility of impurities decreases and separates from the metal in the form of crystals. Semi metals like silicon, boron, germanium are used as semi conductors are refined by this method.

Que 6 Discuss the method to obtain alumina from bauxite ore. Or Bayers method Ans 6 In bauxite, in addition to aluminum oxide ( Al2 O3 ) impurities like iron oxide ( Fe2 O3 ) and sand ( SiO2 ) are also present. On refining bauxite by Bayers method, pure aluminum oxide is obtained which is also called alumina. In this method, bauxite powder is taken and concentrated ( 45 %) NaOH is added and then heated in closed vessel at 433K temp. and 5 to 6 bar pressure, for 6 to 8 hours, so that aluminum oxide present in bauxite is converted into sodium aluminate which is soluble in water. Al2O3 (S) + 2 NaOH (aq) 2 NaAlO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

Iron oxide does not dissolve in sodium hydroxide. Hence, it can be removed by filtration. Silica forms sodium silicate which is soluble in water. This sodium aluminate and sodium silicate are there in the filtrate.

Excess of water is added to it and continuously stirred so that hydrolysis of sodium aluminate takes place and precipitates of aluminium hydroxide are obtained and the sodium silicate remains as impurity in the solution. Some precepitates of aluminium hydroxide are added from outside in order to make reaction simple and fast. + 2H2O (l) Al(OH)3 (S) + NaOH (aq)

NaAlO2 (aq)

Sodium aluminate -

Aluminium hydroxide

The ppts. Are washed repeatedly with water, dried and on heating at 1473K temp. pure aluminum oxide ( alumina) is obtained. 2 Al(OH)3 (S) Al2O3 (S) Alumina + 3H2O (g)

About 99.5% pure alumina is obtained by this method.

Que 7 Discuss the Hall-Heroult method or discuss method to obtain aluminum from alumina by electrochemical method. Ans 7 Hall Heroult method : This method was invented by Charles Hall and Paul Heroult. Electric current can not pass through solid form of alumina. Melting point of alumina is very high 2348K. Electrolysis at such a high temp. is very expensive. Hence, cryolite is added so that electrolysis can be carried out easily. This mixture works as better electric conductor than molten alumina. The melting point can be brought still lower by addition of feldspar. As shown in figure, the mixture of alumina, cryolite and feldspar is electrolysed in a vessel of iron having inner surface layered with carbon. In this cell, the rods of carbon are joined by copper clamp as anode and carbon layered graphite is taken as cathode. On passing the electric current molten aluminum is deposited on cathode and dioxygen gas is produced at the anode. The molten aluminum collected at the bottom of the cell is taken out. Cathode : 2Al +3 (l) + 6 e 2Al (l) Anode : 6 O 2 (l) 3O2 (g) + 12 e

The dioxygen gas produced at the anode reacts with rod of carbon and forms carbon dioxide. As a result anode is corroded. Hence, they are frequently replaced. C (S) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)

Que 8 Explain extraction of iron by blast furnace. Ans 8 Iron is obtained from its oxide haematite, magnetite, siderite, and iron pyrite. It is generally obtained by reduction of haematite in blast furnace. The blast furnace is narrow on the upper part, wide in the middle part and narrow at the bottom part. Its inner walls are prepared of fireproof bricks. Hot air is blown from the lower part of blast furnace. Most of the impurities present in haematite are removed, and then the concentrated ore is added into the blast furnace with the help of Hooper as shown in figure with coke and lime stone. Because of high temp. in blast furnace, certain reactions take place and molten iron is obtained. (1) Coke combines with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide. This reaction being exothermic, the temp. of the furnace becomes 1773 K to 1973 K. C (S) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + Heat (2) Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are formed in the blast furnace by decomposition of lime stone due to high temp. in the blast furnace. CaCO3 (S) CaO (S) + CO2 (g) (3) Hot carbon dioxide when goes up in the furnace combines again with coke and forms carbon monoxide. As this reaction is endothermic, the temp. of the furnace comes down to 1173 K CO2 (g) + C (S) 2 CO(g) (4) When temp. of the furnace is 673 K to 973 K the iron oxide present in haematite is reduced to liquid iron. 3Fe 2O3 (S) + CO (g) 2Fe3O4 (S) + CO2 (g) Fe3O4 (S) + CO (g) 3FeO (S) + CO2 (g) FeO (S) + CO (g) Fe (l) + CO2 (g)

(5) Calcium oxide formed during reaction (ii) combines with the impurity silica present in haematite and forms calcium silicate. It is known as slug.

CaO (S) + 2SiO2 (g) -

CaSiO3 (l) Calcium silicate

As this slag is lighter in weight than iron, it floats in molten iron. The imp. Advantage of this is that molten iron is not converted into it oxide by oxygen. The molten iron and slag are removed out by different paths from the bottom of the furnace. The molten iron cools down in solid form and iron blocks are prepared, while liquid slag is changing into a solid form by cooling and useful in construction of roads. This is continuous process. Once it starts operating the blast furnace can continue for 10 years.

Acitivity series. K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au.

***************************** THE END ***************************************