1. cerebellum part of the brain dense, located in lower back near brain stem, part of CNS.

. Controls fine motor coordination. Denser in musicians than non musicians 2. lobes & major function for each 3. frontal lobe front of cortex, deals with higher cognitive functions, contains brochas area, syntax, some music skills, motor cortex 4. parietal lobe located in upper middle, contains somatas sensory cortex.. integrates sensory info from world 5. occipital lobe visual processing, located in back of the brain 6. temporal lobe side back of brain auditory cortex. Auditory processing. Winakis area? Speech perception 7. tonotopic mapping frequency map in the auditory cortex, corresponds to basilar membrane. Excited in the map according to frequency heard 8. corpus callosum white matter track connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Transmits synapses between hemispheres. Thicker in musically trained people 9. amygdala limbic system. Primitive brain, precognitive emotions such as fear and anxiety. Processing memory 10. auditory cortex in temporal lobe, speech and language 11. Brocas area in the frontal lobe. Language production, syntax, some musical skills, especially musical syntax 12. hemispheric lateralization division of the brain into hemispheres according to specific tasks. Oversimplification. Cognitively, both sides are involved. Right side = pitch, tibbre, emotion. Left- site reading, hierarchical relationships 13. plasticity Adjustment or adaptation of the brain, reacting to environmental stimuli. Compensation for some cerebral structure if another is impared. Structural adaptation. Physical change to brain structure. _____Change Schlaug experiment injury to left side, but retrained so language was interpreted through right side of brain 14. electrical/magnetic tests EEG, MEG measure electrical ativity in the brain in response to stimuli. More about positioning than timing 15. hemodynamic/metabolic tests measure flow of oxygenated blood in the brain. WHERE something is responding not when

16. fMRI hemodynamics. Oxygenating blood flow. Where activity. Drawback = noisy 17. PET radioactive solution injected into blood. Invasive procedure. Where in the brain activity is happening. Positron Emission Tomography 18. EEG Electro-ensepilography. Many electrodes on patients head. Measure through scalp. Always activity. Predictable patterns, always positive or negative. Number refers to time in milliseconds. Brain recognizes things before we process them.. Cheap process 19. Event-related potential Response for EEG or MEG MEG magnetic measurement, measures magnetic field, spikes (looks like a helmet) better indication of where events occur even though still measuring timing. Much more expensive, not used as often. EVENT, POTENTIAL IS ELECTRIC SPIKE. How long after the event does the spike happen 20. mismatch negativity component of the event related potential. Oddball stimulus. Produces negative spike, spike is (conscious?) 21. amusia (congenital, acquired) tone deafness. Specifically discerning betweens all intervals. Results in not beign able to tell a difference btwn consonance and dissonance. Congenital = from birth Acquired = developed from a stroke etc. Can no longer form a tonal heirarchy 22. aphasia (fluent, nonfluent) disturbance in comprehension vocalation of speech fluent= trouble understancing speech, nonfluent= can understand, have trouble articulating 23. stress-timed language has stressed parts equal times across sentence (English), syllables are at different lengths, more variability 24. syllable-timed language syllables equally timed across sentence (French) 25. nPVI variability index duration between stress or syllable. Stress = more variability, syllable have less variability. Patels experiment, variability in contour in musical pieces related to which type of language. More or less 26. syntax 27. double dissociation two processes occur in different places, music and speech are processed separately. Aphasia without amusia vice versa 28. prosogram raw fundamental frequency of the ontour of a sentence. Specific pitches,

not a continuous sequence of pitches. Used by Patel 29. tonal vs. sensory closeness tonal= closer on circle of fifths. Sensory = share overtones so they are close, (CEG, DFsharpA, EGsharpB.) first and thifd sensonry because share E. distant of beats 30. domain specific vs. general domain specific applicable to one fuction, generalmore than one function PATEL = unlike where people thought that music and language are processed separately in the brain, he thinks stored separately, but processed together. (Domain General) 31. synaesthesia one perception in modality elits a second perception. Color-pitch. Dark colors were lower pitch, light colors higher pitch. 32. basic emotionsinnate emotions, survival instincts, anger, fear, happy sad, discust, surprise 33. secondary emotionsnot cross cultural. Jealousy 34. pre-cognitive vs. post-cognitive emotion theories ---Pre= you have a feeling first tand then think about it and emotion has physiological rxn Post= realize you have some reaction, think about it, then realize what youre feeling 35. semantic differential pair two adj together and subject can rate between then. Saddness 12345 Happiness (testing) 36. circumplex model of emotion method of mapping emotions onto graph and has dimentions of valence, pleasentness and activation (action, lethargic) 37. valence 38. Kivy: contour vs. convention contour, natural connection (slow=sad) convention is a learned association (plagal cadence.. associated by church) 39. Meyer: designated vs. embodied meaning designated 40. implication-realization theory embodies meaning. Principles like a small step implying continuation. Leap implies stepwise in opposite direction. Low level connection to prediction 41. Berlynes inverted U-function There is an optimal level of complexity that leads to pleasure and arousal. complexity and pleasure. As complexity goes up, reach maximum pleasure. Medium complexity = most pleasure. X axis degree of complexity. Y axis

degree of stimulus or complexity. Too simple and too complex not good arousal. Musicians, curve peaks laterenjoy more complex music. have maybe why they have a higher ___ of atonal music 42. ITPRA theoryOne of Hurons expectation Ch.14 reading. 4 Categories: Imagination, Tension, Prediction, Response/reaction, Appraisal I = Emotional state where one is aware that something has not yet occurred T= psychiological state. Preparation for something to happen. Change in arousal level during this stage. P = limbic reward to accuracy of prediction, lack of accuracy, get flight or flight or freeze response R = rapid automatic reactions to what occurred. Bodily reaction, laughter, limbic reward A = Consciously assessing what you feel about what you just heard 43. multiple mechanisms theory HURON talks about it, but juslin and westfall when you are listening to a stimulus there are many mechanisms operating at once. 6 mechanisms that give rise to emotion: brain stem reflex primitive automatic response (loud fast sounds increase arousal) evaluative conditioning- association by repetition. Hear happy birthday in joyful context, so usually associate with happy feelings emotional contagion perceiving an emotion in speech or music can induce that emotion in the listener visual imagery- hear a slow ascending passage, can invoke sunrise image. Imagery that accompanies epithodic memory hear an emotion that reminds you of something that happened in your life. Past experiences reminded of musical expectancy expectation of what will happen next. Whether it is correct or not.

44. brain-stem reflex 45. emotional contagion 46. mood-congruent stimuli film/music studies. Happy film paired with happy music, etc. Mood congruency increases mood that you feel and increases memory of scenes. Emotion ratings higher when music congruent, lower when incongruent. (incongruent = clockwork orange, fighting scene with Beethoven) 47. chromatic medianrefers to harmonies related by a third, but non-diatonic. Not often found in western music. Dont comply with key signature lead to chills and schematic surprise. Violates predictions. Triads share one note, but have one note chromatically altered. C maj and A maj are chromatic mediants. CEG, Eflat, G, Bflat. Both share G, but E is altered

48. frisson French word for chills, hair raising physiological response to music. (fight response) (flight is laughter) 49. veridical surprise expect something but piece changes so youre surprised. Familiar with a piece, but when rehear it, hear errors or diff performance practices. PDQ Bach takes advantage of it. Makes rehearing a familiar piece interesting and pleasurable 50. schematic surprise music violates an existent scheme that listeners have. An event is replaced with a less expected thing coming in early for example (chromatic median does this) true of all music, not just a specific piece 51. dynamic surprisepiece sets up an expected event given what has happened, but then violated. Can be an issue of rhythm or pitch. Suddenly loud and boisterous from light repetitive sequence 52. techniques for musical humor (PDQ Bach) 1. Incongruent sound 2. Mixed Genres 3. Drifting Tonality 4. Metric Disruptions 5. Implausible Delays 6. Excessive repetition 7. Incompetence Ques 8. Incongruence Quotation 9. Misquotation all involve violating an expectancy. 53. Mozart effect Listening to Mozart makes you temporarily smarter. Better special relationsships (Rauscher et al. listened to Mozart, relaxation, or silence. Mozart had shortterm intelligence effect. Effect of enjoyment and arousal, not actually Mozart. (College Students) 54. Blur effect replication studies. Blurr, Mozart, No music. Blurr did much better on paper cutting test. British Band. On younger school children, because they were aroused by music they enjoyed. 55. PF&C test paper folding and cutting. Subtest of standard intelligence test. Shown image, predict what the unfolded paper will look like. Subjects in Mozart did better than silent or relaxation 56. POMS Profile of Mood States used by Thompson Et al. Trying to replicate Mozart effect in

comparison to albinoney (sp?) poor performance with Alb. Mozart was more upbeat 57. transfer training in one activity enhances ability to perform another activity music vs math 58. emotional synchronicity Dr. King guest lecture in autism studies, emotional connection btwn care giver and subject 59. improvisational therapy improvise music in a client directed way to improve speech, etc. 60. melodic intonation therapy trains speakers to speak by having them sing phrases in an exaggerated way and tap left hand at same time. Activate motor neurons in right brain, so form new pathways.