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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

5th INTERNATIONAL JUNIOR SCIENCE OLYMPIAD


THEORETICAL COMPETITION December 11, 2008

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

Re ! c re"#$$% the "&$$&'()* ()+tr#ct(&)+, 1. The time available is 3 hours.


2.

The total number of the problems is 3. Check that you have a complete set of the test problems and the answer sheets.

3. Use only the pen provided.


4.

Write down your name, code, country, and signature in the first page of your answer sheet. Write down your name and code in the other pages of your answer sheet.

5.

ead carefully each problem and write the correct answer in the answer sheet.

!. "ll competitors are not allowed to bring any stationary and tools provided from outside. "fter completing your answers, all of the #uestion and answer sheets should be put neatly on your desk.
7.

$oint rules % "ccording with each #uestion marking.

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

E-AMINATION RULES
1. "ll competitors must be present at the front of e&amination room ten minutes before the e&amination starts. '. (o competitors are allowed to bring any tools e&cept his)her personal medicine or any personal medical e#uipment. 3. *ach competitor has to sit according to his or her designated desk. +. ,efore the e&amination starts, each competitor has to check the stationary and any tools -pen, ruler, calculator. provided by the organi/er. 0. *ach competitor has to check the #uestion and answer sheets. aise your hand, if you find any missing sheets. 1tart after the bell. !. 2uring the e&amination, competitors are not allowed to leave the e&amination room e&cept for emergency case and for that the e&amination supervisor will accompany them. 3. The competitors are not allowed to bother other competitor and disturb the e&amination. 4n case any assistance is needed, a competitor may raise his)her hand and the nearest supervisor will come to help. 5. There will be no #uestion or discussion about the e&amination problems. The competitor must stay at their desk until the time allocated for the e&amination is over, although he)she has finished the e&amination earlier or does not want to continue working.
9.

"t the end of the e&amination time there will be a signal -the ringing of a bell.. 6ou are not allowed to write anything on the answer sheet, after the allocated time is over. "ll competitors must leave the room #uietly. The #uestion and answer sheets must be put neatly on your desk.

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

Pr&b$em I
Pre++#re 4n 1!+3, Torricelli created a 1 meter7long tube, sealed at the top end, filled it with mercury, and set it vertically into a basin of mercury. The column of mercury fell to about 3! cm above the level of the mercury basin, leaving a 8Torricellian9 vacuum above. "fter this discovery, it has been widely accepted that 1 atm -atmospheric pressure. is e#uivalent to 3!: mm;g or 3!: Torr. $ressure is defined as 8the force per unit area applied to an ob<ect in a direction perpendicular to the surface9. "ssume that the density of mercury is 13.! times density of water and g is =.5: m)s'. I.1/ E01re++ the #)(t &" the 1re++#re () term+ &" 2*, m, )! +3 -:.3 point. I.2/ H&' h(*h !&e+ tm4 -:.0 point. I.5/ 6h t (+ the 7 $#e &" 1 tm () SI #)(t+4 -:.0 point. 8$&&! Pre++#re ,lood pressure refers to the force e&erted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins> the term blood pressure generally refers to arterial pressure, i.e., the pressure in the larger arteries, the blood vessels that take blood away from the heart. "rterial pressure is most commonly measured via a 8sphygmomanometer9 -blood pressure meter., which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure. The oldest type of sphygmomanometer consists of a mercury manometer attached on one side of a closed bag, the cuff. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm at the level of the heart and is then pumped up with air. The manometer measures the gauge pressure of the air in the cuff. "t first the cuff pressure s#uee/es the artery. When the cuff pressure is above the systolic pressure, which is the ma&imum pressure in the artery, blood no longer flows into the forearm. When the cuff pressure decreases to <ust below the systolic pressure, a little s#uirt of blood starts to flow with each heartbeat. The sound of turbulent blood flow can be heard through the stethoscope. "s air continues to escape from the cuff, the sound of turbulent blood flow continues to be heard. When the cuff pressure reaches the diastolic pressure, which is the minimum pressure in the artery, the pulsing sounds cease. The gauge pressures for a healthy heart are around 1': mm;g -systolic. and 5: mm;g -diastolic..
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' ter c&$#m) *& #1 'he) %&# #+e ' ter ()+te ! &" merc#r% t 1

Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

I.9/ 4f a fighter pilot who has a healthy heart is accelerating upward -in the direction of the head., e+t(m te the m()(m#m cce$er t(&) "&r 'h(ch b$&&! +#11$% t& the 1($&t:+ br () +t&1+4 ;"ssume the followings% 1. The blood pressure does not change. '. The density of blood is the same as that of water. 3. The brain is located +' cm above the heart. +. The atmospheric pressure in the cockpit is 1 atm.. -1.' points. I.5/ The heart pumps blood into the aorta -main artery., which has an inner radius of 1.' cm. The aorta feeds 3' ma<or arteries. 4f blood in the aorta travels at a speed of '0 cm)s, t 11r&0(m te$% 'h t +1ee! !&e+ (t tr 7e$ () the rter(e+4 -"ssume that blood can be treated as an incompressible and nonviscous fluid and that each artery has an inner radius of :.' cm.. -1.: point. P&(+e#($$e:+ $ ' 4n fact, blood is a viscous fluid. The volume flow rate fluid through a hori/ontal, cylindrical pipe is known to be ?@)?t ?$ r+, where r and the pipe. I.</ " cardiologist reported to his patient that the radius of the left anterior descending artery of the heart decreased by 1:.:A. 6h t 1erce)t ()cre +e () the b$&&! 1re++#re !r&1 cr&++ the rter% (+ re=#(re! t& m ()t () the )&rm $ b$&&! "$&' thr&#*h th(+ rter%4 "ssume that the blood flow is streamline flow. -1.: point. A) $&*% t& e$ectr(c c(rc#(t+ The blood circulatory system is similar to an electric circuit in certain ways> below is a table of the corresponding elements in the analogy between the blood circulatory system and an electric circuit. I.>/ Ch&&+e point each.
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for streamline flow of a viscous

are the inner radius of the pipe and the pressure difference between the ends of

)#mber m&)* 1 t& 5 t& "(t + c&rrect ) $&*% () e ch b$ )2 ;A/ t& ;E/3 -:.'

Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

blood circulating system heart blood blood pressure blood vessel blood flow 1 ' 3 + 0 charge electric potential wire battery electric current

electric circuit -". -,. -C. -2. -*.

?(rchh&"":+ r#$e+ &" c(rc#(t+ ,y this analogy, we can easily understand Birchhoff9s rules of circuits. 1. The sum of the currents that flow into a <unction is e#ual to the sum of the currents that flow out of the same <unction. '. 4f a closed path is followed in a circuit, the algebraic sum of the potential changes must be /ero. Using Birchhoff9s rules, solve the following problems. The Wheatstone bridge is a circuit used to measure unknown resistances. The bridge in the figure is balanced% no current flows through the galvanometer. -"ssume the galvanometer is ideal%

internal resistance is negligible compared to other resistors. I.8/ 6h t (+ the 1&te)t( $ !(""ere)ce ;7&$t *e/ bet'ee) the 1&()t+ A )! 84 -:.0 point. I.@/ 6h t (+ the re+(+t )ce &" R04 -:.0 point.
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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

"fter changing the 5 galvanometer is :.' ". The current flows " to ,.

resistor to 3

resistor, the current through the

I.10/ 6h t (+ the 7&$t *e bet'ee) the 1&()t+ A )! 84 -:.0 point. I.11/ 6h t (+ the 7&$t *e &" the b tter%4 -1.0 points. I.12/ I" %&# !(+c&))ect the * $7 )&meter, 'h t (+ the 7&$t *e bet'ee) the 1&()t+ A )! 84 A)! 'h(ch 1&()t (+ h(*her4 -1.0 points.

Pr&b$em II A r(&#+ e)er*% +&#rce+


Casoline is the most commonly used hydrocarbon compound as a fuel of motor vehicles. The ma<or component of gasoline is octane. Di#uefied petroleum gas -D$C. is a mi&ture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons condensed into li#uid under high pressure. " variety of D$C mi&tures are being sold> a mi&ture that is primarily propane, a mi&ture that is primarily butane, and a mi&ture of propane and butane in different ratios. Di#uefied natural gas -D(C. is natural gas mainly consisting of methane. These compounds can be used as energy sources since they release large amount of heat by combustion reactions with o&ygen -E'.. The following table provides useful data about these fuels. -"ssume that all gases are ideal gases and the volume of the li#uid does not change with temperature.. Fuel Casoline D$C -li#uefied petroleum gas. D(C -li#uefied natural gas. Ga<or component Ectane $ropane ,utane Gethane Chemical formula C5;15 C3;5 C+;1: C;+ 2ensity of li#uid *nergy content -kH) -kg)D. :.3: :.0: :.03 :.+' kg. ++::: +!::: +!::: 0+:::

II.1/ 4n some countries, the engine efficiency is represented by the amount of fuel consumed for the vehicle to travel 1:: km, while in other countries by the distance for the vehicle to travel with 1 D of fuel. " car has a gasoline consumption of 13.: D)1:: km. 4f D$C can be used as an alternative fuel for this car, c $c#$ te the !(+t )ce th t the c r c ) tr 7e$ '(th 1 L &" $(=#(! LPB3 "ssume that D$C consists of pure propane, and the engine efficiency of the car is the same for both gasoline and D$C. -1.0 points.

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

II.2/ D(C is usually stored as a li#uid at about 71!3 I. 4f 1 mD of li#uid D(C is completely vapori/ed to a gaseous state at '0 I and 1 atm, 'h t (+ the 7&$#me &" the re+#$t()* * +e&#+ LNB4 "ssume that D(C is pure methane. -1.: point. II.5/ D$C is commonly prepared as a mi&ture of propane and butane in different proportions. " cylinder of D$C contains both propane and butane in the weight ratio of 3%'. 6h t '($$ be the !e)+(t% &" * + m(0t#re 'he) LPB () th(+ c%$()!er (+ c&m1$ete$% 7 1&r(Ce! t& * +e&#+ +t te t 25 D )! 1 tm4 ;135 1&()t+/ II.9/ ;ydrocarbon fuels produce carbon dio&ide -CE'. and water vapor when they undergo complete combustion. 6r(te the b $ )ce! chem(c $ e=# t(&) "&r the c&m1$ete c&mb#+t(&) &" &ct )e3 ;1 1&()t/ II.5/ CE' gas produced during combustion of fuels is one of the ma<or greenhouse gases. 4f the 1 kH of energy is obtained by burning octane or methane, 'h t (+ the 'e(*ht &" CO2 1r&!#ce! "r&m e ch "#e$4 "ssume that both fuels undergo complete combustion. -'.0 points. II.</ ,ecause fossil fuels will be e&hausted and cause environmental problems, a great deal of efforts has been made to utili/e solar energy as a new clean energy source. The solar cell is a device converting the light energy of the sun into electric energy. 1uppose that we want to obtain the same amount of energy from the solar cell in an hour as that produced from combustion of 1 D of li#uid gasoline. "ssume that 1::: W solar power reaches 1 m ' area of *arth surface. 4f the conversion efficiency of the solar cell is ': A, 'h t (+ the m()(m#m +#r" ce re &" the +&$ r ce$$4 -1.0 points. eference data% "tomic weight% ; J 1, C J 1', ( J 1+, E J 1! Cas constant J :.:5' D atm mol71 B71 J 5.3 H mol71 B71

Pr&b$em III
Ph&t&1er(&!(+m )! C&)tr&$ &" E$&'er()* The environmental stimulus that plants use most often to detect the time of year is the photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day in a '+7hour daily cycle. $lants whose flowering

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

is triggered by photoperiod fall into two groups. Ene group, the short7day plants, generally flowers during late summer, fall, or winter, when light periods are significantly shorter. 4n contrast, flowers of long7day plants usually bloom in late spring or early summer, when light periods are relatively longer. 4n the 1=+:s, researchers have discovered that photoperiodic response of flowering is actually controlled by the length of night -length of darkness., not the length of day -length of light.. 4n fact, the so7called 8short7day9 plants are actually 8long7night9 plants. To flower, short7day plants re#uire a certain night length which is longer than a critical length to flower. For instance, the common cocklebur - anthi!m "tr!mari!m., which is a typical short7day plant, will flower when the night length is at least critical length of light or more. Dong7day plants only flower when the night length is shorter than their specific night length. ;enbane -#yo"cyam!" niger., which is a e&ample of long7day plant, will flower by 1+ hours or shorter night. $lants detect the night length very precisely> some short7day plants will not flower if night is even 1: minutes shorter than the necessary critical length. 1ome plant species always flower on the same day each year. Flowers of some plants bloom after a single e&posure to the photoperiod re#uired for flowering. esearchers found that if the nighttime part of the photoperiod is interrupted by even a few minutes of dim light, short7day plant will not flower. Chrysanthemums are short7day plants that normally flower in the fall, but their blooming can be stalled until the following Gay by interrupting each long day with a flash of red light, thus, as a result, turning one long night into two short nights.

44471K3. -1 point each. Figure 1.

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

III.1/ 6he)

"$ +h &" $(*ht (+ *(7e) !#r()* the )(*ht 1&rt(&) &" the 1h&t&1er(&!
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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

+ () E(*#re 1, !&e+ he)b )e "$&'er4 III.2/ 6he) the "&$$&'()* c&)!(t(&) (+ *(7e), !&e+ c&c2$eb#r "$&'er4

III.5/ 6he) the "&$$&'()* c&)!(t(&) (+ *(7e), !&e+ he)b )e "$&'er4

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

4447+K!. -1 point each. ;ow does a plant actually measure photoperiodL $igments called phytochromes are part of the answer. $hytochrome is a photoreceptor that specifically detects red light. esearchers learned that red light is the most effective light for interrupting the critical night length. The chromophore of phytochrome is photoreversible, reverting back and forth between two isomers, depending on the color of light provided. The $r isomer form of phytochrome shows ma&imum absorption of red light -wavelength, !!: nm., whereas the $fr isomer mainly absorbs far7red light -wavelength, 33: nm.. This interconversion between two molecular isomers is a switching mechanism that controls various light7induced events in the life of the plant, including flowering in short7day and long7day plants.

Figure '. red light - . $r $fr far7red light -F.

4f a flash of red light - . during darkness is followed by a flash of far7red light -F., short7day plants will flower as in Figure '.

III.9/ I"

"$ +h &" re! $(*ht ;R/ !#r()* ! r2)e++ (+ "&$$&'e! b%

"$ +h &" " r.re! $(*ht ;E/, !&

%&# e01ect the $&)*.! % 1$ )t t& "$&'er () the + me c&)!(t(&) + () E(*#re 24 The se#uential 7F7 light treatment results in the same effect as in a single treatment. Thus,

short7day plant will not flower as in Figure '.

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

III.5/ 6he) the + me +e=#e)c( $ R.E.R $(*ht tre tme)t+ re *(7e) t& the $&)*.! % 1$ )t, !& %&# e01ect the $&)*.! % 1$ )t t& "$&'er () the + me c&)!(t(&) + () E(*#re 24

III.<, >3 E($$ () the "&$$&'()* b$ )2+ '(th e(ther Pr &r P"r3 -1 point each.

*ach day, the conversion of the $fr to the $r isoform mainly occurs during the continuous darkness that follows sunset, without any particular participation of far7red light. "fter sunrise, however, much of the phytochrome is rapidly converted from the $r isoform to the $fr isoform because sunlight is significantly richer in red light than far7red light. $hytochrome helps the plant distinguish daytime and nighttime because phytochromes are mainly in the -III-6. . isoform during the day and mainly in the -III-7. . isoform during the night.

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

44475K1: -1 point each. "lthough flowers are formed from apical or a&illary bud meristems, it is the plant9s leaves that detect changes in photoperiod and produce signaling molecules that cue buds to develop as flowers. 4t is reported that the signaling molecules are able to move through the stem. When grown individually under short7day conditions, a short7day plant will flower whereas a long7day plant will not. 4n the following classic e&periment, a long7day plant is grafted to the short7day plant as in Figure 3.

A)+'er the "&$$&'()* =#e+t(&)+3 Figure 3.


24 darkness 24

light

cut

Short-day plant (Flowering)

Grafted

Long-day plant (No flowering)

24

flowering

III.83 III.@3

4 4

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Theoretical Competition, 5th IJSO, Gyeongnam, Korea, December 11, 2008

III.8/, @/ D& %&# e01ect the *r "te! 1$ )t t& "$&'er #)!er the t'& c&)!(t(&)+ +h&') () III.8 )! III.@4 III.10/ I" c&7er*$ ++ +$(!e (+ 1$ ce! () bet'ee) the $&)*.! % +tem )! the +h&rt.! % +tem &"

the *r "te! 1$ )t () E(*#re 5, )! +h&rt.! % 1h&t&1er(&! (!e)t(c $ t& III.8 (+ *(7e) t& th(+ 1$ )t, !& %&# e01ect th(+ *r "te! 1$ )t '($$ "$&'er4 ;H()t, The +(Ce &" the +(*) $()* m&$ec#$e "&r "$&'er()* (+ t&& b(* t& 1 ++ thr&#*h *$ ++3/

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