CESB 493INTEGRATED CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Developing a Conceptual Design for IDP

13th Nov 2013

Seymour Papert
CLASS LECTURES LIMITATION

You cant teach people everything they need to know.

CAPSTONE DESIGN

The best you can do is position them where they can find what they need to know when they need to know it.

Chinese Proverb
CLASS LECTURES
CAPSTONE DESIGN

EAC Panel requires that we conduct a capstone design project as a compulsory course/subject and not as an elective. Hence, decision was made to make CESB 493 Integrated Civil Engineering Design Project as a compulsory course/subject effective Sem II 2008-2009. New 127CH Capstone Design is Core Subject AUTHENTIC REAL PROBLEMS IS BASED ON OPEN ENDED PROBLEMS WITH MULTIPLE CONSTRAINS AND SOLUTIONS

MODEL OF PROBLEM ORGANISED PROJECT WORK

TYPE PROBLEM / SOLUTION HYPOTHETICAL PROBLEM WELL DEFINE SOLUTION REAL LIFE PROBLEM OPEN ENDED SOLUTION INDUSTRIAL PROBLEM OPEN ENDED SOLUTION INDUSTRIAL PROBLEM OPEN ENDED SOLUTION ENVIRONMENT

PROBLEM BASED LEARNING

UNIVERSITY SET-UP

CASE STUDY

UNIVERSITY SET-UP

CAPSTONE DESIGN

INDUSTRIAL SIMULATION

WORK BASED LEARNING

INDUSTRIAL SET-UP

CAPSTONE DESIGN PROCESS

INPUT PROCESS Special Lectures Industrial Talks OUTPUT Company Profile & Bussiness Plan

Authorities

Industrial Consultancy Projects

Problem Analysis

Preliminary and Final Design Report

Authorities Guidelines Code of Practice Literature Review

Client Consultant Meeting

Schedule of Task Monitoring of Progress Evaluation by Industrial Panel

Tender Documents Conditions of Contract Bill of Quantities Specifications Drawings Design Calculations
6

MISSING LINK BETWEEN FUNDAMENTALS & DESIGN PROCESS

1
THEORY & FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

2
MISSING LINK?

3
DETAIL DESIGN PROCESS

SPREADSHEET
SOFTWARE CAD-CAM

RELATIONSHIP OF CONCEPTUAL DESIGN IN THE DESIGN PROCESS

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

1
THEORY & FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

2
DETAIL DESIGN PROCESS SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE CAD

Demands Criteria Technical

Cost
Time Sustainability & Env

Societal, Legal &Culture

Public Health & Safety

MISSING LINK

RELATIONSHIP OF CONCEPTUAL DESIGN IN THE DESIGN PROCESS

THEORY & FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS EVALUATION & JUSTIFICATION

DETAIL DESIGN PROCESS

4 3

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 6 Key Parameters

SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE

CAD

Technical
Cost Time PRELIMINARY DESIGN UBBL Guidelines Standard & Code

Sustainability & Env

Societal, Legal &Culture Public Health & Safety

DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL MODEL

AUTHENTIC INDUSTRIAL BASED PROBLEMS GIVEN

1
2 3

DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL DESIGN WITH ALTERNATIVES

4
1. Technical 2. Cost 3. Time

7
CHOOSING THE OPTIMAL SOLUTION BASED ON

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

MEETING PROJECT OBJECTIVES BASED ON PROJECT/CLIENT REQUIREMENTS

GENERATING AND ANALYZING ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS BY SYNTHESIZING & APPLYING APPROPRIATE CIVIL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

5 6

4. Sustainability & Env

5. Societal, Legal &Culture

6. Public Health & Safety

GATHERING AND COLLECTING RELEVANT DATA/BACKGROUND INFORMATION

8
JUSTIFICATION AND ITS FINAL SOLUTIONS

MODELLING AND DESIGN PROCESS

More time is spent for conceptual design,

better and more appropriate solutions would be found. The possibility to save money in the long perspective and creating additional value with little extra cost can be clearly found.

there are many solutions, good, bad and indifferent. The art is to arrive at a good solution. This is a creative activity, involving imagination, intuition and deliberate choice. ~Ove Arup

Engineering problems are under-defined;

Effect of time spent on conceptual design (Dekker 2000)

Conceptual design is probably the most inspiring part of engineers tasks but at the same time the most demanding of all. Indeed, the more experienced the bridge engineer is, the more easily he or she can see the solution in his or her head and does not need to start from scratch. The contradiction becomes obvious as conceptual design has to be the most creative part of the design. On one hand, engineers do not need to invent the wheel every time they approach a problem. On the other hand, if they already predefine the answer in their mind, they are already neglecting most of the other alternatives, which reduces the possibilities for new inventions and improvement of solutions.

Conceptual design Preliminary design Detailed design Tendering & Award. Site Possession Construction Handover Defect Liability Period.

Design Construction Cycle

Five-step approach for conceptual design

In this section the methodology by Niemeyer (2003) is explained shortly. The methodology in the next slide which presents an overview of the whole process of conceptual design from need definition to proposal of the best solution. It was developed by combining the methodologies of Kroll et al. (2001) and of Engstrm (2002). The methodology of Kroll et al (2001) is more theoretical and is useful for understanding of problem solving theory and creation of innovative solutions, while Engstrm proposed a practical approach to solve the problem and his methodology is suitable when used as a toolbox.

Five-step methodology proposed by Niemeyer (2003)

Location of building layout and its platform levels, cost estimate, what infrastructure services needed and the structural systems, materials with its construction methodology Technical aspects such as codes, legal issues, site constraints, authorities requirements etc
Identifying the most important points to the client, generation of ideas and solutions is made.

Proposed solutions with sketches, preliminary calculations and explanations is worked out. Configuration is a divergent process

Divergent and Convergent Thinking for Solving Problems

Proposed solutions in step 4 are evaluated and ranked according to key parameters. Evaluation is a convergent process.

Five-step methodology proposed by Niemeyer (2003)

1. Need definition the actual start of the project. The basic needs with regard to where the building layout and its platform level will be situated, cost estimate, what infrastructure services needed and the structural systems with its construction methodology required. This part makes all the parties familiar with the task and the main goals. It is very important to identify the actual needs without thinking about solutions. Need identification independent of solution space can lead to an innovative design. After identification of the needs, they have to be analysed, which helps to set the limitations of the project. If the needs are correctly identified then the risk of changing the whole design later during the design phase has been reduced or eliminated. One procedure to identify the real needs is to list all questions and issues systematically.
2. Design requirements at this stage the requirements are further clarified and all technical aspects such as codes, legal issues, site constraints and others are discussed. This step gives a summary of the minimum needed functions and constraints. Design requirements do not mean checking the performance and properties of the product, since this can lead towards predefined solutions, which again can be a hurdle for innovative design. Since design requirements guide the design process, the quality of the product is directly influenced by them.

Five-step methodology proposed by Niemeyer (2003)

3. Key parameter identification simplification of the task and transformation of it into a more abstract problem. By identifying the most important points to the client, generation of ideas and solutions is made. These solutions should try to satisfy the key parameters as much as possible. Simplification is done by depriving the less important factors or removing those factors, which are not important in the beginning or during the conceptual design phase but can be relevant in the later stages. Secondly, trying to solve the most critical problems first is the way to be able to continue developing the concept further. 4. Configuration more detailed information about the proposed solutions with sketches, preliminary calculations and explanations is worked out. For the evaluation of the physical configuration it is important to define some parameters like dimensions and material choice. Since this is a repeated process, several options will arise. Moreover, opposite to parameter identification, configuration is quite a divergent process.

5. Evaluation the proposed solutions in step 4 are evaluated and ranked according to different parameters. One of the most crucial steps is the Key parameter identification. The solutions that remain as promising must be further evaluated and compared. In order to do that the engineer must know which parameters and qualities of a specific buildings and its infrastructure are of greater importance for the client.

Dekker (2000) Proposed 4 Different Ways

1. Ranking matrix all the parameters are compared to each other.
For each comparison the parameter is given one of three possible values: + More important Less important 0 Equally important After this all the values are summed and the parameters ranked. This method gives logical outcome by comparing parameters to each other instead of randomly distributing a number of points between them. However, it requires more time and effort. Ranking matrix, from Dekker (2000)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Sum Ranking

Key Parameter Identification

1. Technical 2. Cost 3. Time 4. Sustainability & Env 5. Societal, Legal & Culture 6. Public Health & Safety

0 +

+ 0

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

5 5

1/2 1/2

+
+ + +

+
+ + +

0
+ +

+
0 -

0 -

+
+ 0

4
3 2 3

3/4
3/4 6 5

2. Discursive Ranking the different parameters are given a ranking on various scales (1 to 10, 1 to 100) depending on the designer. The choice follows the needed accuracy or preferences. The most important parameter receives the highest amount of points and vice versa. If two objectives are considered equally important, they should receive an equal score. Scale Key Parameters Identifications
1 2 3 4 Societal, Legal & Culture Public Health & Safety

Discursive Ranking from Dekker (2000)

Distribution of values using fixed number/scale

Sustainability & Env

6 7 8 9
10 Cost

Time Technical

Dekker (2000) proposed four different ways to achieve this:)

3. Distribution of Values Using Fixed Number of Points This approach distributes a limited amount of points among the parameters. It is up to the designer to decide how much importance is put on different parameters, while considering the project specific demands.

Distribution of values using a fixed number of points, from Dekker (2000).

Here 100 points are distributed between parameters A, B, C, D, E and F

Key Parameters Identifications

100%

A. Technical B. Cost C. Time

25 30 15

D. Sustainability & Env E. Societal, Legal & Culture

F. Public Health & Safety

15 7
8

100

Dekker (2000) proposed 4 different ways

4. Objective Tree The most analytical approach, which provides more consistency. Here different levels of parameters are present and only small groups of parameters are compared to each other. The relative weight of a parameter is related to the relative weight of the group of parameters to which it belongs. Objective tree, from Dekker (2000) General view of the objective tree

Choice of Methods
The choice of method depends on the decision of the designers and is not influencing substantially the final results. More important is to take into account that different parameters have different importance for a certain project.

For some cases quicker methods such as distribution of values using fixed number of points or discursive ranking are suitable, while when detailed analysis objective tree and ranking matrix give better results. According to Dekker (2000), the following factors may affect the choice of evaluation method: Available time for evaluation Required accuracy of the comparison Information available Complexity of the problem Preferences of the designer or the team of designers
Finally, it is very important to do an evaluation of the results subjectively and analyze the winning alternative. The highest score does not necessarily mean the best option.

Overview of Demands for Building Projects

Every structure has to meet a wide range of demands. Six main areas were outlined by Engstrm (2002) for buildings in general They are systemized below.

Life-cycle design philosophies have taken hold resulting in nearly zero net waste and great savings in energy consumed for waste disposal. Virtually everything is recycled and re-used

Overview of Demands for Building Projects

Every structure has to meet a wide range of demands. Modified 9 main key areas were outlined They are systemized below.

4
Societal, Legal & Culture
Disabled user, UBBL, Sensitivity

Technical
Resistance Loads Actions Serviceability Deflections, vibrations etc Guidelines Authorities Codes Clearance, protections

7
5

Safety & Public Health

Erection Methods, Mosquito Control

8
9
M&E Services
Loading , vibration, M&E floor envelope, opening in beams, floor, trenches etc

2 3 6

CRITERIA INFRA / STRUCTURAL

1.Project Management 2.Geotechnical 3.Water/Sewer/ Environment 4. Highway and Drainage 5. STRUCTURES
Choice of Materials Structural Systems Construction Methods

Technical Cost Time Societal Legal Public Health Feasibility PO2a PO2a & Cultural & Safety PO6b PO2a PO2b PO2b PO6a PO2b +/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/-

Sustainability & Environment PO7 +/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/-

+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/-

+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

+/0/-

Conceptual Design based on Ranking Matrix

PM & INFRA Cost, time, technically feasible, environmental and sustainability to be substantiate with data. Low/Medium/High
Technical Feasibility PO2a PO2b L/M/H Cost PO2a PO2b Time PO2a PO2b L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H Societal Legal & Cultural PO6a L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H Public Health & Safety PO6b L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H Sustainability & Env PO7

Layout Option 1 & Layout Option 2 Project Manager Water/Sewer /Env Road & Drainage

L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H

L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H

Geotechnical L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H

Conceptual Design based on Ranking Matrix

Structures Cost, time, technically feasible environmental and sustainability to be substantiate with data. Low/Medium/High
Technical Feasibility PO2a PO2b L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H Cost PO2a PO2b L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H Time PO2a PO2b L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H Societal Legal & Cultural PO6a Public Health & Safety PO6b Sustainability & Env PO7

Options based on the followings:

Material Construction Methods Structural Systems

L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H

L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H

L/M/H L/M/H L/M/H

Bukit Jalil Site : Location

Bukit Jalil Site Analysis get details from Topographical Map, Geology Map, SI Reports, Site Visits and Meeting & Letters to relevant Authorities

FEDERAL TERRITORY HILL

Contour in m

1
Contour in ft

SWAMP

HILL

Conceptual Toolbox on Infrastructure Demands To propose 2 Layouts

Project Management
Gantt Chart/ Microsoft Project Preliminary Costing Bill of Quantities Specifications Condition of Contract Project Conceptual Development

Geotechnical Earthwork Platform

Authorities guideline Balance cut and fill Lot boundary Soil Profile Rock level Soft ground Unsuitable Material Ground water table SI Design parameter Factor of safety Loading SI Design parameter Shallow Deep Settlement Bearing Soil improvement

Highway
Arahan Teknik/REALM Access Road Gradient Cut and balance earthwork Lane & Kerb requirement Traffic & Pavement requirement

Drainage
Qpre vs Qpost On site detention Flood level Discharge point Drainage on slope Drainage culvert

Economical
Cost Efficiency Construction Cost Maintenance Cost Time Efficiency Construction Time Prefabrication time

Slope

Foundation

Water Supply
Available Pressure Head Syabas Guideline MWA Manual Water demand Network design concept Tapping point Max and residual pressure Elevated Water Tank ?

Environmental
Sustainability Produced waste Effect on habitat and nature Efficient use of resources & materials Temporary works Environmental management plan

Safety & Public Health

Site safety Erection Methods Health Control Workers Accommodation Site Sanitation

Societal, Legal & Culture

Disabled user, Law suit Culture sensitivity

Conceptual Toolbox on Infrastructure Demands Related to Earthwork Platform Based on 2 Layouts

Highway
Access Road Gradient Requirements Traffic Safety Balance Cut and Fill with general E/Works Traffic flow and circulation Lane design

Drainage
Geotechnical Earthwork Platform
Authorities guideline Balance cut and fill Lot boundary Soil Profile Rock level Soft ground Unsuitable Material Ground water table SI Design parameter Factor of safety Qpre vs Qpost On site detention Lined or unlined channel Types of material/drains Flood level Discharge point Drainage on slope berm, cut off, cascade, energy dissipators, toe drain, catch pit etc Drainage culvert Size,class,shape,construction types etc Silt trap

Project Manager Economical

Cost Efficiency Construction Cost Maintenance Cost Time Efficiency Construction Time Prefabrication time

Slope

Safety & Public Health (All)

Site safety Erection Methods Health Control Workers Accommodation Site Sanitation

Water Supply
Supply level/ Available Pressure Head Materials used Water demand Network design concept Tapping point Max and residual pressure Sunction and storage tank Pumping requirements Type of valves used Elevated Water Tank ? River crossing ?

Environmental & Sustainability (All)

Produced waste Effect on habitat and nature Efficient use of resources & materials Temporary works Environmental management plan

Societal, Legal & Culture

User friendly Litigation Law suit Culture sensitivity

Conceptual Toolbox for Structural Demands

Project Management
Gantt Chart/ Microsoft Project Preliminary Costing Bill of Quantities Specifications Condition of Contract Project Conceptual Development

STRUCTURE DEMANDS
Code of Practice

Economical
Cost Efficiency Construction Cost Maintenance Cost Time Efficiency Construction Time Prefabrication time

Choice of Materials
Steel Concrete Composite Timber

Structural System Safety & Public Health

Site safety Erection Methods Health Control Workers Accommodation Site Sanitation
Gravity System Slab Systems Beams Systems Column /Wall System Lateral Load System Bracing Frame action Shear Wall

Environmental & Sustainability

Produced waste Effect on habitat and nature Efficient use of resources & materials Temporary works EMP Formwork Requirements?

Societal, Legal & Culture

Disabled user, Law suit Culture sensitivity

Production & Construction Methods

Cast in situ Prefabricated systems

TO

BE REVIEWED AT LATER STAGE Service Life Design Architectural Requirements M&E Services Value Engineering Design Audit

Students are expected to spend about 9 hours a week on this course.

Week 2 to submit company profile and a business plan. Submission of Conceptual & Preliminary report will be in week 7 Submission of the final written report and detailed design will be due in Week 14. The Final Project Presentations will be organized in Week 13.

CONCEPTUAL TASK FOR INFRA & STRUCTURES

1.0 2.0 3.0

FIVE STEP METHODOLOGY RANKING CRITERIA USED CONCEPTUAL TOOLBOX BASED ON 6 KEY PARAMETERS

4.0 Preliminary Costing 5.0 Preliminary Calculation 6.0 Schematic Drawings

Technical Cost Time Sustainability and environment. Societal, legal, culture, Public health and safety

Assessment of the Preliminary Report & Conceptual Design will be based on the following:

A brief scene setting introduction to the context of the design project. A clear statement of the project objectives and design parameters Collection of information about the constraints and the requirements to be embodied in the design solution To develop conceptual design of the capstone projects in

terms of cost, time, technical feasibility, environmental, sustainability , societal, legal, culture, public health and safety requirements within the site constraints for the purpose of

developing the most optimum solutions for the given civil engineering design project. This is the most critical elements for the conceptual capstone design project. Proposing design solution based on the matrix ranking for the best infrastructure layout solutions, minimum cut and balance earthwork with the optimum foundation, structural optimization for the structural systems, material types and construction methods. Key plan, shapes, initial sizes etc of all design components with preliminary design calculations. A project schedule in Gantt Chart form to provide an estimated timeline of the project deliverables and important milestones

Conceptual & Detailed Design: Each student shall develop and produced a conceptual design based on cost, time, technical

feasibility, sustainability societal, culture, public health and safety requirements and detailed final design report with complete Tender Documents for
construction purposes and construction cost estimates for the integrated design project. Students are required to conduct their own weekly technical meeting with recorded minutes of meeting and maintain a design project blog/facebook/Whatapps, which will serve as a diary of activities and accomplishments involving the student which may help the instructors to

monitor the overall progress.

Entrepreneurship skills (PO12b) - Company Profile & Business Plan (due in week 2) Conceptual Design Report Conceptual Design with cost estimate due in week 7 (PO2a&2b)

5% 20%

The weighting of these evaluative measures for determining final grade distributions will be:

Detailed Design Report & Tender Documents

Detailed Design inclusive of Tender Documents & BQ (due in week 14) (PO2a & PO2b)

35% 40% 5% 2.5%

Tender Drawings (due in week 14) ( PO2a and PO2b) Societal , Legal & Cultural Week 7 & 14 ( PO6a)

Public Health & Safety Week 7 & 14 (PO6b)

Project Presentation, Teamwork & Life Long Learning (Rubrics Assessment) Environmental & Sustainability (PO7) Week 7 Preliminary (5%) Week 14 Final (5%) Complex Oral & Writing Communication (PO9c) Life Long Learning (PO11) Project Management (PO12a) Teamwork TOTAL

2.5%

10% 35% 5% 2.5% 2.5% 5% 100%