Experiment No.

7 Physical and Chemical Changes Objectives: - To learn the difference between each chemical change and physical change. - To acquire and understanding of what constitutes a chemical reaction. - To learn the meaning and significance of chemical equations. - To develop and awareness of the bond breaking, bond making and energy effects in chemical reactions. Procedure: 1. Iron and Sulfur A. Physical Properties 1. Obtain a pinch of solid iron and sulfur. 2. Place each sample in a piece of paper. 3. Note the physical properties of each element. 4. Get a magnet and move it under the piece of paper containing iron and sulfur. 5. Observe which sample is attracted to the magnet. B. Chemical Properties 1. Transfer the iron and sulfur samples to a comboplate. Place iron in large well E1 and sulfur in E2. 2. Add sufficient 6M HCl to cover the solids. Note whether a chemical reaction takes place with either iron or sulfur. 3. Weigh separately 0.5 g of iron and 0.5 g of sulfur. 4. Mix them thoroughly by grinding them together using mortar and pestle. Observe if a reaction occurred. 5. Transfer the mixture to a small disposable test tube. 6. Strongly heat the mixture for 3 minutes. 7. Let the test tube cool and break it. 8. Collect the heated substance and transfer to well F2 of the comboplate. 9. Show the product to the instructor for inspection. 10. Fill well F3 of the comboplate halfway with dilute CuSO4 solution. 11. Cover well F2 with a blue lid having 2 tube connectors (lid1). 12. Put the blue lid with 1 tube connector (lid 2) on the adjacent well F3. 13. Get a piece of silicon tube and insert each end to the tube connector of lid 1 and 2. Adjust your set-up so that the silicon tube will form an inverted letter U. Make sure that the two lids are fitted tightly. 14. Fill the plastic syringe with 0.5 mL dilute 6M HCl. Fit the syringe tightly at the syringe inlet of tube 1 taking care not to push the plunger.

15. Add dilute HCl slowly to the heated iron/sulfur mixture via the syringe. Observe whether a reaction occurs and take note of the color of CuSO4 solution before and after addition of dilute HCl. 2. Other Chemical Reactions A. Iron and CuSO4 1. Place a shiny iron nail into large well F5 of the comboplate and add enough dilute CuSO4 to cover the nail. 2. After 15 minutes, remove the nail and examine it. B. Na2CO3 and CuCl2 1. Add 2 drops of Na2CO3 to small well A1. 2. Add 2 drops of CuCl2. 3. Stir using a small glass rod and record your observations. C. CH3COOH and CaCO3 1. Half-fill a plastic microspatula with powdered CaCO3 and transfer the white solid to well A2. 2. Add 3 drops of water. 3. Note the solubility of CaCO3 in water. 4. Add 10 drops of dilute CH3COOH to the mixture and observe if a reaction is occurring. D. KOH and phenolphthalein 1. Add 4 drops of dilute KOH solution to well A3. 2. Add 1 drop of phenolphthalein. Record observations. E. Mg Ribbon 1. Wear safety goggles and dont look directly at the burning piece of Mg. 2. Place a Mg ribbon in the hottest part of the Bunsen burner flame. F. CuSO4 5 H2O 1. Place 0.1 g CuSO4 5 H2O in a small test tube. 2. Heat for a few minutes and observe for any color changes. G. H2SO4 and K2CO3 1. Place 0.5 mL of H2SO4 in a small test tube. 2. Add 0.5 mL of dilute K2CO3. 3. Take note of the changes in the temperature of the test tube. 4. Record observations. Data: I. Iron and Sulfur A. Physical Properties of Iron and Sulfur Physical Properties Iron

Observations Sulfur

color shape texture attraction to magnet

brown grain-like hard and rough positive

yellow powdery soft and smooth negative

B. Chemical Properties of Iron and Sulfur Tests Observations 1. addition of dilute HCl to bubbles formed iron dusts 2. addition of dilute HCl to sulfur did not dissolve in dilute HCl sulfur powder 3. grinding iron an sulfur in sulfr and iron mixed by were not dissolved and can still be mortar and pestle distinguished 4. heating a mixture of iron and some of the sulfur stuck onto the walls of the test tube; a black sulfur substance was formed 5. addition of dilute HCl to the color of the copper sulfate changed from clear blue to heated iron/sulfur mixture purple-black II. Other Chemical Reactions Activity A. Fe + CuSO4 (aq) B. Na2CO3 (aq) + CuCl2 (aq) C. HC2H3O2 (aq) + CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) D. KOH(aq) + phenolphthalein (C20H14O4) E. Mg + O2(g) F. CuSO4 . 5 H2O + heat G. H3SO4(aq) + K2CO3(aq)

Observations the color of the nail turned rusty brown bubbles formed and a bluegreen precipitate was formed bubbles formed and a white precipitate settled at the bottom the solution turned pink the Mg ribbon turned white (from black to dark gray) the color changed from blue to dirty white bubbles formed in the solution

Product/s formed FeSO4 + Cu NaCl + CuCO3 Ca(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O

KC20H13O4 + H2O 2 MgO CuSO4 + 5 H2O K2SO4 + H2CO3

Answers to Questions: 1. Did either iron or sulfur react chemically with hydrochloric acid? Write the chemical equation if there is any chemical reaction. Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2 Iron reacted chemically with HCl. S + HCl no reaction Sulfur didnt react chemically with HCl. 2. Suggest two simple tests that you could use to establish whether a reaction occurred or not between iron and sulfur prior to heating.

To establish whether a reaction occurred, one should check if gas was produced and if a precipitate or a new compound was formed. To check whether the gas produced is hydrogen or oxygen, one should collect the gas using a test tube and put a burnt splint near the test tube opening or drop it inside the test tube. If a popping sound is produced, the gas is hydrogen. If the light of the splint kept on igniting, the gas is oxygen. 3. What observations suggest that iron and sulfur react when they are heated? Write the complete chemical equation indicating the reactants and the product. When iron and sulfur are heated, the compound will have different properties from either sulfur or iron. A chemical equation occurred because a new compound with different chemical and physical properties from the mixture ingredients was formed. Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)

4. Reaction of the heated iron/sulfur mixture with dilute HCl produces a foul-smelling gas called hydrogen sulfide. Write the complete chemical equation indicating the reactants and the product. FeS(s) + HCl(aq) FeCl2(s) + H2S(g)

5. Hydrogen sulfide reacts with copper sulfate solution to produce a black precipitate. Write the chemical formula of the black product as well as the complete chemical equation. H2S(g) + CuSO4(aq) CuS(s) + H2SO4(aq)

Chemical formula of black precipitate: CuS Discussion: Physical and Chemical Change The changes that substances undergo can be classified as either physical or chemical change. During a physical change, a substance changes its appearance but not its composition. That is, it is the same substance before and after the change. A physical change does not destroy the original substance. If the substance is still recoverable, only physical change occurred. All changes of state are physical changes. E.g. 1. Evaporation of water - When water evaporates, it changes from the liquid state to the gas state. But, it is still composed of water molecules. The liquid water can still be recovered through condensation of the water vapor. 2. Dissolving salt in water

- When salt is dissolved in water, powdered salt can be recovered through evaporation of water. The evaporated water can be collected and then condensed back to liquid water. 3. Grinding - The powdered solid can still be compacted. In a chemical change (also called chemical reaction), a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance. The formed substance has properties that are completely different from the original starting materials. Evidences of chemical change are: (1) color change; (2) gas formation; and (3) insoluble product formation or precipitation. E.g. 1. Burning of paper 2. Cooking of food 3. Rusting of metals Chemical Reactions and Equations A chemical reaction is a process that is usually characterized by a chemical change in which the starting materials (reactants) are different form the products. So when we say a chemical change occurred, it also means that a chemical reaction occurred. Every chemical reaction is graphically represented by a chemical equation. They consist of chemical or structural formulas of the reactants, written on the left side of the equation, and products, written on the right side. They are separated by and arrow ( ), read as the word yields, that indicates which way the reaction proceeds. A double arrow ( ) pointing in opposite directions is used for equilibrium reactions. Chemical reactions tend to involve the motion of electrons, leading to the formation and breaking of chemical bonds. Chemical Bonds Molecules are formed when an atom combines with another or other atoms. Atoms in molecules are held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds. In a chemical reaction, the reactants disappear as a result of the taking apart of the original molecules. The bonds in the reactants are broken and the atoms are reassembled and new bonds are made to form new molecules, causing the appearance of a new substance. Energy and Chemical Reactions All chemical reactions are characterized by a gain or loss of energy. Reactions that give off heat are called exothermic while those that require energy are called endothermic. Chemical reactions involve the breaking and formation of bonds. Energy is supplied for bond breaking and energy is released when new bonds are formed. The strength and the number of

bonds involved determine whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic. A reaction is said to be exothermic if the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants is less than the energy released in the formation of the products. A reaction is said to be endothermic if more energy is required to break the bonds than the energy released after the products were formed. Conclusion: - Physical change is a change in a substances appearance but not its composition. Chemical change involves the formation of a chemically different product whose properties are completely different from the original substances (reactants). - A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Reactants and products constitute a chemical reaction. The substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are the reactants. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change and they yield on or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual substeps, also called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism. - A chemical equation is significant because they give us information in three major areas. First, they tell us what substances are reacting and what substances are products and at the same time, the symbols and formula of all substances involved in the reaction. Second, the coefficient of a balanced chemical equation tells us in what ratio the substances reacted or produced. Lastly, chemical equation conveys the physical state of reactants and dummies. - In chemical reactions, breaking and formation of bonds are involved. Bonds between the atoms of the molecules that make up the reactants are broken. To form the products, new bonds are formed between the rearranged atoms, forming new molecules. Loss or gain of energy is also involved in chemical reactions. Energy is lost when bonds are broken while energy is gained when bonds are formed. A reaction that releases more energy after the formation of the products than the energy used during the breaking of bonds is called exothermic. On the other hand, a reaction that requires more energy during bond breaking than the amount of energy formed during bond formation is called an endothermic reaction.