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Prepared by P.

Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore





EE2254
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND
APPLICATIONS

QUESTION BANK






Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore


EE2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT I IC FABRICATION

SYLLABUS: IC classification, fundamental of monolithic IC technology, epitaxial growth,
masking and etching, diffusion of impurities. Realisation of monolithic ICs and packaging.
Fabrication of diodes,capacitance, resistance and FETs.

TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Define an Integrated circuit.
An integrated circuit(IC) is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and
passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. The active components are
transistors and diodes and passive components are resistors and capacitors.

2. Mention the advantages of integrated circuits.
*Miniaturisation and hence increased equipment density.
*Cost reduction due to batch processing.
*Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.
*Improved functional performance.
*Matched devices.
*Increased operating speeds.
*Reduction in power consumption.

3. Write down the various processes used to fabricate ICs using silicon planar technology.
*Silicon wafer preparation.
* Epitaxial growth
*Oxidation.
*Photolithography.
*Diffusion.
*Ion implantation.
*Isolation.
*Metallisation.
*Assembly processing and packaging.

4. List out the steps used in the preparation of Si wafers.
Crystal growth &doping
Ingot trimming & grinding
Ingot slicing
Wafer policing & etching
Wafer cleaning

5. What is the purpose of oxidation?
*SiO2 is an extremely hard protective coating and is unaffected by almost all
reagents.
*By selective etching of SiO2, diffusion of impurities through carefully defined

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windows can be accomplished to fabricate various components.

6. Why aluminum is preferred for metallization?
It is a good conductor.
It is easy to deposit aluminum films using vacuum deposition.
It makes good mechanical bonds with silicon.
It forms a low resistance contact.
7. What are the popular IC packages available?
Metal can package.
Dual-in-line package.
Ceramic flat package.

8. Write the basic chemical reaction in the epitaxial growth process of pure silicon.
The basic chemical reaction in the epitaxial growth process of pure silicon is the
hydrogen reduction of silicon tetrachloride.
1200
0
C
SiCl
4
+2H
2
<-------> Si + 4 HCl

9. Explain the process of oxidation.
The silicon wafers are stacked up in a quartz boat & then inserted into quartz furnace tube. The
Si wafers are raised to a high temperature in the range of 950 to 1150oC & at the same time,
exposed to a gas containing O2 or H2O or both.The chemical action is
Si + 2H2O --> Si O2+ 2H2

10. What is meant by molecular beam epitaxy(MBE)?
In the molecular beam epitaxy, silicon along with dopants is evaporated.The evaporated species
are transported at a relatively high velocity in a vacuum to the substrate.The relatively low
vapour pressure of silicon & the dopants ensures condensation on a low temperature
substrate.Usually, silicon MBE is performed under ultra high vacuum (UHV) condition of 10
-8
to
10
-10
Torr.

11. Enumerate the advantages of Molecular Beam Epitaxy( MBE )?
( i ) It is a low temperature process, useful for VLSI. This minimizes auto diffusion & auto
doping.
( ii ) It allows precise control of doping& permits complicated profiles to be generated.
( iii )Linear doping profile desirable for varactor diode in FM , can be obtained with MBE.
( iv )Wider choice of dopants can be used.

12. Explain the term parasitic capacitance.
In electrical circuits, parasitic capacitance or stray capacitance or, when relevant, self-
capacitance (of an inductor), is an unavoidable and usually unwanted capacitance that exists

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between the parts of an electronic component or circuit simply because of their proximity to each
other. All actual circuit elements such as inductors, diodes, and transistors have internal
capacitance, which can cause their behavior to depart from that of 'ideal' circuit elements.

13. What are oxidation induced defects in semi conductor?
1.Stacking faults
2.Oxide isolation defects
Stacking faults:
Structural defects in the silicon lattice is called oxidation induced stacking faults.The growth of
stacking faults is a strong function of substrate orientation , conductivity type & defect nuclei
present.The
stacking faults formation can be suppressed by the addition of HCl.
Oxide isolation defects :
The stress along the edges of an oxidised area produce severe damage in the silicon. Such
defects results in increased leakage in nearby devices.High temperatures (around 950oC ) will
prevent
stress induced defect formation.

14. Elaborate on birds beak.
In local oxidation process, the oxidation of silicon proceeds slightly under the nitride as well.
Also, a large mismatch in the thermal expansion co-efficients of Si3N4 & Silicon results in
damage to the semi conductor during local oxidation.This damage can be graetly reduced
by growing a thin layer of SiO2 prior to placement of the Si3N4 mask. Typically 100 to 200Ao
is used for this puspose. Unfortunately, this greatly enhances the penetration of oxide under the
nitride masked regions , resulting in oxide configurations called birds beak.

15. What is lithography?
Lithography is a process bywhich the pattern appearing on the mask is transfered to the wafer.It
involves two steps: the first step requires applying a few drops of photoresist to the surface of the
wafer &
the second step is spinning the surface to get an even coating of the photoresist across the surface
of the
wafer.

16. What are the different types of lithography? What is optical lithography?
The different types of lithography are :
1.Photolithography
2.Electron beam lithography
3.X ray beam lithography
4.Ion beam lithography
Optical lithography:
Optical lithography comprises the formation images with visible or UV radiation in a photoresist
using contact, proximity or projection printing.

17. List down the two processes involved in photolithography?
a) Making a photographic mask

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b) Photo etching
The development of photographic mask involves the preparation of initial artwork and its
reduction ,
decomposition of initial artwork or layout into several mask layers.
Photo etching is used for the removal of SiO2 from desired regions so that the desired impurities
can be
diffused.

18. Distinguish between dry etching & wet etching.
S.No Dry etching Wet etching
1. Gaseous mixture is used as the chemical
reagent.
Chemical reagents used are in the
liquid form.
2. Smaller line openings(1m) possible with dry
etching
Line openings are larger (>1m)
3. It produces straight walled etching process It produces patterns with undercutting.

19. Give an account of reactive plasma etching?
The term reactive plasma is meant to describe a discharge in which ionization & fragmentation
of gases takes place& produce chemically active plasma species, frequently oxidizers and
reducing agents. Such plasmas are reactive both in the gas phase & with solid surfaces exposed
to them. When these interactions are used to form volatile products so that material is removed
or etching of material form surfaces that are not masked to form lithographic patterns, the
technique is known as reactive plasma etching.

20. What makes isotropic etching process different from that of anisotropic etching
process?
Isotropic etching is a wet etching process which involves undercutting. Anisotropic etching is a
dry etching process which provides straight walled patterns.

21. Define diffusion.
The process of introducing impurities into selected regions of a silicon wafer is called diffusion.
The rate at which various impurities diffuse into the silicon will be of the order of 1 m/hr range
of 900oC to 1100oC .The impurity atoms have the tendency to move from regions of higher
concentrations to lower concentrations.

22. What is the significance of using buried layer?
The buried layer is for increasing the conductivity of the path the charges take to reach the
collector terminal.Buried layers are used in bipolar devices to lower collector resistance in bulk
silicon and SOI (silicon-on-insulator) technologies.

23. Describe about dielectric isolation.
In dielectric isolation, a layer of solid dielectric such as SiO2 or ruby completely surrounds each
components thereby producing isolation, both electrical & physical. This isolating dielectric
layer is thick enough so that its associated capacitance is negligible. Also, it is possible to
fabricate both pnp & npn transistors within the same silicon substrate.


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24.What is metallization?
The process of producing a thin metal film layer that will serve to make interconnection of the
various components on the chip is called metallization.

25. Bring out the advantages of ion implantation technique.
1. It is performed at low temperature. Therefore, previously diffused regions have a lesser
tendency for lateral spreading.
2. In diffusion process, temperature has to be controlled over a large area inside the oven,
whereas in ion implantation process, accelerating potential & beam content are dielectrically
controlled from outside.

26. Compare monolithic and hybrid ICs

S.No Monolithic ICs Hybrid ICs
1. All circuit components, (both active and
passive) and their interconnections are formed
into or on the top of a single chip of silicon.

In hybrid circuits, separate component
parts are attached to a ceramic substrate
and interconnected by means of either
metallization pattern or wire bonds.
2. The components are mounted on the surface of
a single piece crystal semiconductor material,
which is usually silicon based.
Here the components are bonded to a
substrate or printed circuit board
3. No possibility of fabrication of inductors. Inductors can be included in hybrid ICs
4. Small range of values of passive components
used in the ICs.
Any range of components can be
included
5. No encapsulation Encapsulated by epoxy
6. Smaller in size Comparitively larger in size
7. The monolithic circuit is ideal for applications
where identical circuits are required in very
large quantities and hence provides lowest
per-unit cost and highest order of reliability.

This technology is more adaptable
to small quantity custom circuits.



27. What is meant by ion implantation?
Ion implantation is the dominant technique to introduce dopant impurities into crystalline silicon.
This is performed with an electric field which accelerates the ionized atoms or molecules so that
these particles penetrate into the target material until they come to rest because of interactions
with the silicon atoms. Ion implantation is able to control exactly the distribution and dose of the
dopants in silicon, because the penetration depth depends on the kinetic energy of the ions which
is proportional to the electric field. The dopant dose can be controlled by varying the ion source.

28. What are the advantages of polysilicon gate MOSFET over aluminium gate?
When aluminum gate is used excess surface state charges and mobile ion contamination results
in threshold variation. Excessive overlap capacitance is created and parasitic capacitance reduces
the switching speed. When Aluminum is used as gate material it can erode completely causing
contact spiking.

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Poly-silicon reduces surface state density and improve threshold voltage control. Polysilicon-
gate can be doped with phosphorus to minimize mobile ion contamination, resulting in faster
switching speeds and better control of threshold voltage


16 MARKS
1.Explain in detail the fabrication of ICs using silicon planar technology.
2.Explain the various methods of fabricating transistor in monolithic integrated circuit.
3.Describe the process involved in the fabrication of capacitor and transistor with suitable figures
4. Discuss the various methods of fabricating IC resistors and compare their performance.
5. (i) Briefly explain the various types of IC packages. Mention the criteria for selecting an IC
package.
(ii) Write short notes on classification of integrated circuits.
6. (i) Explain the process of epitaxial growth with neat diagrams
(ii) With neat sketches explain the fabrication of diodes
7. (i)Explain the different isolation techniques.
(ii) Describe in detail about the diffusion process in IC fabrication
8. With neat sketches describe the process of epitaxial growth and photolithography.
9. (i) Explain the process of masking and etching in the IC fabrication with neat sketches.
(ii) Explain how monolithic IC is different from Hybrid IC.
10. Explain in detail the fabrication process of passive component in integrated circuits.
11. With necessary diagrams explain the fabrication of MOSFET.


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UNIT II CHARACTERISTICS OF OPAMP


SYLLABUS: Ideal OP-AMP characteristics, DC characteristics, AC characteristics, offset
voltage and current:voltage series feedback and shunt feedback amplifiers, differential amplifier;
frequency response of OP-AMP; Basic applications of op-amp summer, differentiator and
integrator.

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is OPAMP?
An operational amplifier is a direct coupled high gain amplifier consisting of one or more
differential amplifiers , followed by a level translator and an output stage.It is a versatile device
that can be used to amplify ac as well as dc input signals & designed for computing
mathamatical functions such as addition, subtraction , multiplication, integration &
differentiation

2. Draw the pin configuration of IC741.

3. List out the ideal characteristics of OPAMP?
1. Open loop voltage gain is infinity.
2. Input impedance is infinity.
3. Output impedance is zero.
4. Bandwidth is infinity.
5. Zero offset.
6. Infinite bandwidth
7. Infinite CMRR
8. Infinite slew rate
9. Infinite PSRR

4. What do you infer from ideal opamp characteristics?
i)The current drawn by either of the input terminals(non- inverting/inverting) is negligible.
ii)The potential difference between the inverting & non-inverting input terminals is zero.

5. Draw the equivalent circuit of op-amp and its voltage transfer characteristics.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore


Equivalent circuit of op-amp

Voltage transfer curve of op-amp


6. Why open loop op-amp configurations is not used in linear applications?
a. The open loop gain of the op-amp is very high. Hence a very small input signal will drive the
output to saturation. This results in distortion. Therefore only the smaller signals having low
frequency may be amplified accurately without distortion.
b. Open loop Voltage gain of the op-amp is not a constant voltage gain varies with changes in
temperature and power supply as well as mass production techniques. This makes op-amp
unsuitable for many linear applications

7. Why negative feedback is used in op-amp?
The open loop gain of op-amp is close to infinity. Hence even a small signal at the input is able
to drive the output to saturation. When negative feedback is used, the gain is reduced and hence
the op-amp operates in linear region without saturation. Negative feedback is the key to having a
self-stabilizing system. This stability gives the op-amp the capacity to work in its linear (active)
mode, as opposed to merely being saturated fully "on" or "off" as it was when used as a
comparator, with no feedback at all.

8. With respect to op-amp explain what is virtual ground.
A virtual ground is a ground which acts like a ground. It may not have physical connection to
ground. For an ideal op-amp the inverting and non-inverting terminals are at the same potentials.

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The non-inverting input is grounded for the inverting amplifier circuit. This means that the
inverting input of the op-amp is also at ground potential.


9.Mention some of the linear applications of op amps :
Adder, subtractor, voltage to- current converter, current to- voltage converters, instrumentation
amplifier, analog computation ,power amplifier, etc are some of the linear op-amp circuits.

10. Mention some of the non linear applications of op-amps:-
Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier, anti log
amplifier, multiplier are some of the non linear op-amp circuits.

11.What happens when the common terminal of V+ and V- sources is not grounded?
If the common point of the two supplies is not grounded, twice the supply voltage will get
applied and it may damage the op-amp.

12.Define input offset voltage.
A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the two
input terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.

13.Define input offset current. State the reasons for the offset currents at the input of the
op-amp.
The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op-amp is called as input
offset current. The input terminals conduct a small value of dc current to bias the input
transistors. Since the input transistors cannot be made identical, there exists a difference in bias
currents.

14.Define thermal drift.
The bias current , offset current & offset voltage is dependent on changes in temperature. A
circuit carefully nulled at 25
o
C may not remain so when the temperature raises to 35
o
C.This is
called thermal drift. Often, offset current drift is expressed in nA/
o
C and offset voltage drift in
mV/
o
C.

15.Define supply voltage rejection ratio(SVRR)
The change in OPAMPs input offset voltage due to variations in supply voltage is called the
supply voltage rejection ratio. It is also called Power Supply Rejection Ratio(PSRR) or Power
Supply Sensitivity(PSS).

16.Define i) Input bias current iii) Input offset current of an op-amp
i) Input bias current
Input bias current IB is the average of the currents that flow into the inverting and non-inverting
input erminals of the op-amp.
i.e. IB = (IB1+IB2)/2
ii) Input offset current
The algebraic difference between the current into the inverting and non-inverting terminals is
referred to as input offset current Iio. Mathematically it is represented as I
io
= |I
B
- I
B
|

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Where
I
B
+is the current into the non-inverting input terminals.
I
B
- is the current into the inverting input terminals.

17.Define CMRR of an op-amp.
The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal as compared to a common mode
signal is called the common mode rejection ratio. It is expressed in decibels. CMRR= Ad/Ac

18. Define slew rate. What causes slew rate?
The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused by a step input
voltage. An ideal slew rate is infinite which means that op-amps output voltage should change
instantaneously in response to input step voltage.
There is a capacitor with-in or outside of an op-amp to prevent oscillation. It is this capacitor
which prevents the output voltage from responding immediately to a fast changing input.

19. Define Unity Gain Bandwidth of Op-amp.
For a certain frequency of the input signal, the gain of the Op-amp reduces to 0 dB. Thismeans
20 log |AOL(f) | is 0dB i.e. |AOL(f) | = 1. Such a frequency is called gain cross overfrequency or
unity gain bandwidth (UGB).

20.Why IC 741 is not used for high frequency applications?
IC741 has a low slew rate because of the predominance of capacitance present in the circuit at
higher frequencies. As frequency increases the output gets distorted due to limited slew rate.

21.In practical op-amps, what is the effect of high frequency on its performance?
The open-loop gain of op-amp decreases at higher frequencies due to the presence of parasitic
capacitance. The closed-loop gain increases at higher frequencies and leads to instability.

22.What is the need for frequency compensation in practical op-amps?
Frequency compensation is needed when large bandwidth and lower closed loop gain is desired.
Compensating networks are used to control the phase shift and hence to improve the stability.

23.Mention the frequency compensation methods.
*Dominant-pole compensation
*Pole-zero compensation.

24.What are the merits and demerits of Dominant-pole compensation?
*noise immunity of the system is improved.
*Open-loop bandwidth is reduced.

25. Draw the voltage follower circuit of an OP-AMP

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26. What are the limitations of an ideal active differentiator?
At high frequency, differentiators may become unstable and break into oscillation. The input
impedance i.e. (1/C1) decreases with increase in frequency, thereby making the circuit
sensitive to high frequency noise.


27. Draw a subtractor using op-amp.

If all the resistors in the above circuit are equal, the circuit functions as a subtractor.

28. Design an amplifier with a gain of -10 and input resistance of 10k.
Since negative gain is required, an inverting amplifier should be used
Gain of inverting amplifier = -Rf/R1.= -10 (Given)
Given R1=10k
10. Rf =1k



29. Draw the circuit diagram of an integrator and give its output equation.

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30. Classify the negative feedback configuration and draw the corresponding block
diagram.
A closed loop amplifier can be represented by two blocks one for an OPAMP and other for a
feedback circuits. There are four following ways to connect these blocks. These connections are
classified according to whether the voltage or current is feedback to the input in series or in
parallel:
Voltage series feedback
Voltage shunt feedback
Current series feedback
Current shunt feedback
These connections are shown in figure below:






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16 MARK QUESTIONS

1. (i) Explain the functions of all the basic building blocks of Op-amp
(ii) Explain the application of op-amp as (i) Integrator (ii) Differentiator
2. Discuss about the methods of frequency compensation in opamp
3. Explain the operation of a basic differential amplifier
4. Obtain the frequency response of an open-loop op-amp
5. (i) With neat diagrams explain the types of feedback configurations available
(ii) Briefly explain summing amplifier and draw an adder circuit for the given expression:
V0= V1+V2-V3-(V4+2)
6. (i) Explain the DC characteristics of op-amp with the help of neat diagrams
(ii)With neat circuit diagram and equations, discuss the operation of summer and differentiator
using opamp
7. (i) Explain the AC characteristics of an operational amplifier.
(ii) Sketch the basic circuit using op-amp to perform the mathematical operation of
differentiation and explain. What are the limitations of an ordinary OP-AMP differentiator?
Draw and explain the circuit of a practical differentiators that will eliminate these limitations
8. (i) Explain in detail the characteristic of an ideal opamp. (8)
(ii) Draw the block diagram and equivalent circuit of op-amp.Explain them. (10)
9. (i) Explain the application of op amp as (1)summer (2)integrator. (8)
(ii) Define and explain (1) slew rate (2) SVRR. (4)
(iii) Explain the frequency response of op-amp. (4)
10. What are the different open-loop configurations of op-amp? Explain the differential amplifier
configuration.
11. With the help of circuit diagram, explain the operation of non-inverting and inverting
configuration of op-amp and derive expressions for voltage gain for each configuration.
12. (i) Draw and explain the closed loop frequency response of op-amp
(ii) Elaborate on pole-zero compensation technique.
13. Find the output voltage of the above circuit.


14.(i) Define and explain slew rate. What is full power bandwidth. Describe methods to improve
slewrate.
(ii) Define output offset voltage. Explain methods to nullify offset voltage.
15. (i) With neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of the following circuits:
(a) Voltage follower (b)Integrator.
(ii) For the non inverting opamp shown in fig, find the output voltage:

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Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

UNIT III APPLICATIONS OF OPAMP

SYLLABUS: Instrumentation amplifier, first and second order active filters, V/I & I/V converters,
comparators,multivibrators, waveform generators, clippers, clampers, peak detector, S/H circuit,
D/A converter (R-2R ladder and weighted resistor types), A/D converter - Dual slope,
successive approximation and flash types.

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1.What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?
In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of physical quantities is
usually done with the help of transducers. The output of transducer has to be amplified So that it
can drive the indicator or display system. This function is performed by an instrumentation
amplifier.

2.List the features of instrumentation amplifier:
o high gain accuracy
o high CMRR
o high gain stability with low temperature co-efficient
o low dc offset
o low output impedance

3. What is a comparator?
A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an opamp with
a known reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop op - amp with output + Vsat or -
Vsat

4. What are the applications of comparator?
. Zero crossing detectors
. Window detector
. Time marker generator
. Phase detector

5. What is a Schmitt trigger?
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave
output. The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which
are the reference voltages of the input waveform.

6. What is a multivibrator?
Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used extensively in timing
applications. It is a wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or asymmetric square output. It
has two states either stable or quasi- stable depending on the type of multivibrator.

7. What do you mean by monostable multivibrator?
Monostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified duration in

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response to each external trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger
causes a change to the quasi-stable state.An external trigger signal generated due to charging and
discharging of the capacitor produces the transition to the original stable state.

8. Write a brief note on astable multivibrator?
Astable multivibrator is a free running oscillator having two quasi-stable states. Thus, there are
oscillations between these two states and no external signal is required to produce the change in
state.

9. What is a bistable multivibrator?
Bistable multivibrator is one that maintains a given output voltage level unless an external
trigger is applied . Application of an external trigger signal causes a change of state, and this
output level is maintained indefinitely until an second trigger is applied . Thus, it requires two
external triggers before it returns to its initial state

10. What are the requirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedback circuits?
For sustained oscillations,
. The total phase shift around the loop must be zero at the desired frequency of oscillation, fo.
ie,L AB=0
0
or 360
0

. At fo, the magnitu

11.Draw the circuit diagram of positive clipper.


12. What is hysteresis with reference to Schmitt trigger circuit?
In the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a certain chosen threshold, the
output is high. When the input is below a different (lower) chosen threshold, the output is low,
and when the input is between the two levels, the output retains its value. This dual threshold
action is called hysteresis and implies that the Schmitt trigger possesses memory and can act as a
bistable circuit (latch).

13. Differentiate between Schmitt trigger and comparator.

S.No Comparator Schmitt trigger
1 Feedback is not used that is Op-amp is used
in open loop mode
Feedback is used that is Op-ampis used in
closed loop mode

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2 False triggering due to noise voltages is
possible
False triggering due to noise voltages is
not possible.
3 A single reference voltage exists. Two different threshold voltages exists as
V
UT
and V
LT

4 No hysteresis exists Hysteresis exists with a width H=V
UT
-
V
LT


14. What is a filter?
Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of frequencies
andattenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band

15. What are the demerits of passive filters?
Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies, the inductorsbecome
problematic, as they become large, heavy and expensive. For low frequencyapplications, more
number of turns of wire must be used which in turn adds to the seriesresistance degrading
inductors performance ie, low Q, resulting in high power dissipation.

16. What are the advantages of active filters?
Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as
passiveelements.
By enclosing a capacitor in the feed back loop , inductor less active filters can be obtained
Op-amp used in non inverting configuration offers high input impedance and low output
impedance, thus improving the load drive capacity.

17.What are the different types of filters?
Based on the components used: Active filters and passive filters
Based on frequency responses: Low pass filter,High pass filter,Band pass filter,Band reject filter
Based on order of transfer function : first, second, third higher order filters.
Based on configuration: Bessel, Chebyshev, Butterworth filters.

18.What is frequency scaling?
Once the filter is designed, sometimes it is necessary to change the value of cut-off frequency.
The method used to change the original cut-off frequency to new cut-off frequency is called
frequency scaling.

19.Briefly describe a voltage follower?
A circuit in which the output voltage follows the input voltage is called voltage followercircuit.
In Op-amp if the inverting input and the output terminals are shorted and if any signal isapplied
at the non-inverting terminal, it appears at the output without any change.
It is also called as source follower, unity gain amplifier, buffer amplifier or isolationamplifier.

20. Describe about a bandpass filter.
A bandpass filter is basically a frequency selector. It allows one particular band of frequencies to
pass. Thus, the pass band is between the two cut-off frequencies fH and fL where fH > fL. Any
frequency outside this band gets attenuated.


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21.Sketch the circuit diagram of first order active low pass filter.

22. What is a notch filter and what is its application.
A narrow band reject filter is called a notch filter and is used for rejection of a single frequency
such as 50Hz power line frequency.

23. Classify the ADCs broadly.
1. Direct type ADC.
2. Integrating type ADC.

24. Differentiate between direct ADC and integrating type ADC.
a) The integrating type of ADCs do not need a sample/Hold circuit at the input.
b) It is possible to transmit frequency even in noisy environment or in an isolated form.

25. List out some integrating type converters.
1. Charge balancing ADC
2. Dual slope ADC

26. What is integrating type converter?
An ADC converter that perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing the
analog I/P signal to a linear function of time or frequency and then to a digital code is known as
integrating type A/D converter.

27.List the main advantages of integrating type ADCs?
i. The integrating type of ADCs doing not need a sample/Hold circuit at the input.
ii. It is possible to transmit frequency even in noisy environment or in an isolated form.
28. What are the types of ADC and DAC.
Types of ADC: 1. Flash (comparator) type converter
2. Counter type converter
3. Tracking or servo converter
4. Successive approximation type converter
Types of DAC: 1. Weighted resistor DAC
2. R-2R Ladder
3. Inverted R-2R Ladder

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore


29. Explain in brief the principle of operation of successive Approximation ADC.
The circuit of successive approximation ADC consists of a successive approximation
register (SAR), to find the required value of each bit by trial & error. With the arrival of START
command, SAR sets the MSB bit to 1. The O/P is converted into an analog signal & it is
compared with I/P signal. This O/P is low or High. This process continues until all bits are
checked.
30. Provide the advantages and disadvantages of flash type ADC?
Flash type ADC is the fastest as well as the most expensive.
The disadvantage is the number of comparators needed almost doubles for each added bit (For a
n-bit convertor 2(n-1) comparators, 2n resistors are required).

31.Define conversion time.
It is defined as the total time required converting an analog signal into its digital output. It
depends on the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit components.
The conversion time of a successive approximation type ADC is given by T(n+1) Where T---
clock period Tc---conversion time n- no. of bits

32. Define resolution of a data converter.
The resolution of a converter is the smallest change in voltage which may be produced at the
output or input of the converter. Resolution (in volts)= VFS/2n-1=1 LSB increment. The
resolution of an ADC is defined as the smallest change in analog input for a one-bit change at the
output.

33. Explain in brief stability of a converter:
The performance of converter changes with temperature age & power supply variation. So all the
relevant parameters such as offset, gain, linearity error & monotonicity must be specified over
the full temperature & power supply ranges to have better stability performances.

34. What is meant by linearity?
The linearity of an ADC/DAC is an important measure of its accuracy & tells us how close the
converter output is to its ideal transfer characteristics. The linearity error is usually expressed as
a fraction of LSB increment or percentage of full-scale voltage. A good converter exhibits a
linearity error of less than LSB.

35. What is a sample and hold circuit? Where it is used?
A sample and hold circuit is one which samples an input signal and holds on to its last sampled
value until the input is sampled again. This circuit is mainly used in digital interfacing, analog to
digital systems, and pulse code modulation systems.

36. Explain the operation of basic sample and hold circuit.
A typical sample and hold circuit stores electric charge in a capacitor and contains at least one
fast FET switch and at least one operational amplifier. To sample the input signal the switch
connects the capacitor to the output of a buffer amplifier. The buffer amplifier charges or
discharges the capacitor so that the voltage across the capacitor is practically equal, or
proportional to, input voltage. In hold mode the switch disconnects the capacitor from the buffer.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

The capacitor is invariably discharged by its own leakage currents and useful load currents,
which makes the circuit inherently volatile, but the loss of voltage (voltage droop) within a
specified hold time remains within an acceptable error margin.

37. Define start of conversion and end of conversion.
Start of Conversion in ADC (SOC): This is the control signal for start of conversion which
initiates A/D conversion process.
End of Conversion in ADC (EOC): This is the control signal which is activated when the
conversion is completed.

38. Define sample period and hold period.
The time during which the voltage across the capacitor in sample and hold circuit is equal to
the input voltage is called sample period. The time period during which the voltage across the
capacitor is held constant is called hold period.

39. Define the following performance parameters of D/A converters:
(a) Resolution (b)Accuracy (c) Monotonicity d) Conversion time
a) Resolution
The resolution of a converter is the smallest change in voltage which may be produced at the
output or input of the converter.
Resolution (in volts)= VFS/2
n
-1=1 LSB increment.
Example: 8 bit DAC has 28-1 =255 equal intervals. Hence the smallest change in output voltage
is (1/255) of full scale output range.
The resolution of an ADC is defined as the smallest change in analog input for a one bit change
at the output.
Example: The input range of 8 bit A/D converter is divided into 255 intervals. So the resolution
for 10V input range = 10V/255 = 39.22mV
b) Accuracy
Absolute accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation between the actual converter output & the ideal converter output.
Relative accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation after gain & offset errors have been removed.
The accuracy of a converter is also specified in form of LSB increments or % of full scale
voltage.
c) Monotonicity
A monotonic DAC is one whose analog output increases for an increase in digital input. A
monotonic characteristic is essential in control applications, otherwise oscillations result.
d) Conversion time
It is defined as the total time required to convert an analog signal into its digital output. It
depends on the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit components.The
conversion time of a successive approximation type ADC is given by T*(n+1)
where T---clock period
Tc---conversion time n----no. of bits
What is settling time?
It represents the time it takes for the output to settle within a specified band LSB of itsfinal
value following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends uponthe

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

switching time of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance & inductances.Settling
time ranges from 100ns to 10s depending on word length & type circuit used.

40. List the drawbacks of binary weighted resistor technique of D/A conversion.
a) Wide range of resistor values needed
b) Difficulty in achieving and maintaining accurate ratios over a wide range of variations

41. The basic step of a 9 bit DAC is 10.3 mV. If 000000000 represents 0Volts, what is the
output for an input of 101101111?
The output voltage for input of 101101111 is
= 10.3 mV (1*28+0*27+1*26+1*25+0*24+1*23+1*22+1*21+1*20)
= 10.3 * 10-3 * 367 = 3.78 V

42. What are the advantages and disadvantages of R-2R ladder DAC.
Advantages:
a) Easier to build accurately as only two precision metal films are required.
b) Number of bits can be expanded by adding more sections of same R/2R values.
Disadvantage:
In this type of DAC, when there is a change in the input, changes the current flow in the resistor
which causes more power dissipation which creates non-linearity in DAC.

43. Which is the fastest A/D converter and why?
Flash type A/D converter is the fastest ADC, because the fast conversion speed isaccomplished
by providing 2
n
-1 comparators and simultaneously comparing the input signal with unique
reference levels spaced 1 LSB apart.

44. What are the applications of V-I converter?
Low voltage dc and ac voltmeter
L E D
Zener diode tester

45. What do you mean by a precision diode?
The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the cut involtage
of the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedback loop of an op ampis called
the precision diode and it is capable of rectifying input signals of the order of millivolt.

46. Write down the applications of precision diode.
Half - wave rectifier
Full - Wave rectifier
Peak value detector
Clipper
Clamper

47. Draw the circuit diagram of sample and hold circuit.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore



16 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Design and explain triangular wave generator using Schmitt trigger and integrator circuit
2. (i) Explain the operation of dual slope ADC
(ii)Explain the following characteristics of ADC:
(i)Resolution (ii) Accuracy (iii)Settling time (iv) Linearity
3. (i) Describe the first order lowpass butterworth filter. Derive its frequency response and plot
the same.
(ii) Design a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency if 1kHz and with a passband gain of 2.
4. What is an instrumentation amplifier? List its features. Explain the operation of three op-amp
instrumentation amplifier and give its application
5. Explain the following applications of opamp (i)voltage to current converter (ii)Clamper
6. Explain the working of (i) Weighted resistor type DAC (ii) Dual slope type ADC
7. Discuss the operation of ladder network DAC with relevant circuit diagram and waveforms.
8. Draw and explain the circuit of a voltage to current converter if the load is
(1) Floating
(2) Grounded.
9. (i) Explain the working of OP-AMP based Schmitt trigger circuit. (8)
(ii) Design an OP-AMP based second order active low pass filter with cut offfrequency 2 kHz.
10. (i)draw an instrumentation amplifier using op amp and explain. (6)
(ii) Explain the following op amp circuits.
(1) Peak detector (2) Clamper. (10)
11.(i)draw a neat R-2R ladder DAC and explain its principle.(6)
(ii) draw a flash type ADC and explain its working.(10)
12.(i) Explain how to measure phase difference between two signals
(ii) Explain the operation of square wave generator by drawing the capacitor and output voltage
waveforms.
13. (i) Draw a sample and hold circuit. Explain its operation and indicate its uses.
(ii) Describe a circuit which will clip the input signal below a reference voltage.
14. (i) Describe the operation of current to voltage converter with appropriate diagrams
(ii) Draw and explain the operation of the following
(i) Triangle wave generator (ii) monostable multivibrator
15. Elaborate on the operation of comparator and describe its applications
16.Explain the working principle of RC phase shift sine wave generator using op-amp and derive
expression for f.
17. (i) Explain the important specifications of DAC.
(ii) With diagrams and example, explain the working principle of successive approximation type
ADC.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

UNIT IV SPECIAL ICs

SYLLABUS: 555 Timer circuit Functional block, characteristics & applications; 566-voltage
controlled oscillator circuit; 565-phase lock loop circuit functioning and applications, Analog
multiplier ICs.

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. Mention some applications of 555 timer:
Oscillator
pulse generator
ramp and square wave generator
burglar alarm
traffic light control
Missing pulse detector
Linear ramp generator
Frequency divider
Pulse width modulation
FSK generator
Pulse position modulator
Schmitt trigger

2. List the applications of 555 timer in monostable mode of operation:
Missing pulse detector
Linear ramp generator
Frequency divider
Pulse width modulation.

3. List the applications of 555 timer in Astable mode of operation:
*FSK generator
*Pulse-position modulator

4. Enumerate the basic blocks of IC 555 timer.





5. Highlight the features of 555 Timer.

available in three packages. 8 pin metal can , 8 pin dip, 14 pin dip.


6. What is the use of reset pin of 555 timer

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

This is an interrupt for the timing device when pin 4 is grounded, it stops the working of device
and turns it off.

7. What is the purpose of control voltage pin (5) of 555 timer?
This pin is the inverting input terminal of comparator. This is reference level for comparator with
which threshold is compared. If reference level is other than 2/3 VCC, then external input is to
be given to pin 5. Pulse width modulation is possible due to pin 5.

8.Write the expression for pulse width of 555 timer in monostable mode?
Pulse width W = 1.1 RC seconds
R resistor in ohms, C capacitor in farads

9.Write the expression for total time period of 555 timer in astable mode?
T = 0.693 (RA + 2 RB) C seconds

10. Define duty cycle.
The ratio of high output and low output period is given by a mathematical parameter called duty
cycle. It is defined as the ratio of ON Time to total time.

11. What is a voltage controlled oscillator?
Vol t age cont r ol l ed os ci l l at or i s a f r ee r unni ng mul t i vi br at or oper at i ng at a
s et frequency called the free running frequency. This frequency can be shifted to
either side by applying a dc control voltage and the frequency deviation is
proportional to the dc control voltage.

12. On what parameters does the free running frequency of VCO depend on?
External timing resistor, R
T
External timing capacitor, C
T
The dc control voltage Vc.

13. Give the expression for the VCO free running frequency.
f o= 0.25 / R
T
C
T

14. Define Voltage to Frequency conversion factor.
Voltage to Frequency conversion factor is defined as,
Kv = fo / Vc = Vcc
Where, Vc is the modulation voltage required to produce the frequency shift fo

15. List the features of 566 VCO.
-24V)

temperature stability

16. State the function of a PLL
A PLL is a basically a closed loop system designed to lock output frequency and phase to the
frequency and phase of an input signal.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore


17. Define lock range, capture range and pull in time
Lock range
When PLL is in lock, it can trap freq changes in the incoming signal. The range of frequencies
over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is called as lock range. Lock in
range fL = +/- 7.8 fo / V. fo is free running frequency
Capture range.
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with the input signal is called as
capture range. Capture range = +/- = [fL / (2**R*C)] 1/2
Define pull-in time.
The total time taken by the PLL to establish lock is called pull-in time.


18. List out the blocks of PLL.
a. Frequency multiplication/division
b. Frequency translation c. AM detection
d. FM demodulation
e. FSK demodulation.

19. What is the purpose of having a low pass filter in PLL?
It removes the high frequency components and noise.
Controls the dynamic characteristics of the PLL such as capture range, lock -in
range, band-width and transient response.
The charge on the filter capacitor gives a short- time memory to the PLL.

20. Discuss the effect of having large capture range.
The PLL cannot acquire a signal outside the capture range, but once captured, it will hold on till
the frequency goes beyond the lock-in range. Thus, to increase the ability of lock range, large
capture range is required. But, a large capture range will make the PLL more
susceptible to noise and undesirable signal.

21. List the applications of 565 PLL.




22. What is a switch type phase detector?
An electronic switch is opened and closed by signal coming from VCO and the input signal is
chopped at a repetition rate determined by the VCO frequency. This type of Phase detector is
called a half wave detector since the phase information for only one half of the input signal is
detected and averaged.

23. What are the problems associated with switch type phase detector?
The output voltage Ve is proportional to the input signal amplitude. This is undesirable because
it makes phase detector gain and loop gain dependent on the input signal amplitude. The output
is proportional to cos making it non linear.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore



24. What is analog multiplier?
An analog multiplier is a circuit in which the output is proportional to the multiplication of two
input voltages. It is used in modulation, frequency converters and to solve non-linear equations

25. Mention any two analog multiplier Ics.
a) IC AD 533
b) IC AD 534

26. What is ICAD 533?
It is a multiplier IC by analog devices. It is a low cost IC comprising a transconductance
multiplying element, stable reference and an output amplifier.

27. List the features of ICAD533.




28. What is ICAD 534?List its features.
It is a multiplier IC by analog devices. It is the first general purpose multiplier capable of
providing gain upto X100.
Features:
Adjustable scale factor
Low noise
Excellent long time stability

29. Mention the applications of analog multipliers.
1. Voltage squarer
2. Frequency doubler
3. Voltage divider
4. Square rooter
5. Phase angle detector
6. Rectifier

30. Explain how a frequency doubler can be realized using analog multiplier.
The multiplication of two sine waves of the same frequency, but of possibly different amplitudes
and phase allows doubling a frequency using an analog multiplier.

16 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Explain the functional block diagram of 555timer.
2. Explain working of PLL using appropriate block diagram and explain any one application of
the same.
3. Draw the block diagram of an Astable multivibrator using 555timer and derive an expression
for its frequency of oscillation.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

4. Draw the block diagram of monostable multivibrator using 555timer and derive an expression
for its frequency of oscillation. Discuss some applications of 555 timer in monostable mode.
5. write short notes on
i) capture range
ii) Lock in range
iii) Pull in time
6. Briefly explain the block diagram of PLL and derive the expression for Lock range and
capture range.
7. With a neat functional diagram, explain the operation of VCO. Also derive an expression for
fo.discuss the applications of PLL:
8. What is 555 timer? What are the features of 555 timer? Explain the monostable mode in detail.
With neat block diagram, explain IC566 VCO operation and discuss any 2 applications.
9. What are the modes of operation of IC555? Derive the expression of time delay of monostable
multivibrator.
10. (i)Explain the VCO with neat block diagram. Give its typical connection diagram and output
waveforms.
(ii)Derive the expression for capture range for PLL where a simple RC network is used as a LPF.
11. (i)Explain the working of VCO
(ii)What is PLL. Explain its operation as frequency multiplier.
12. Explain the astable and bistable operation of IC555 with necessary waveforms.
13. With the help of schematic circuit, explain the operation of 566 VCO. Also derive the
expression for output frequenct.
14. (i) List and define the various performance parameters of a Multiplier IC. (6)
(ii) How the multiplier is used as voltage divider? (5)
(iii) How the multiplier is used as frequency doubler? (5)
15. Explain, with neat block diagrams, how PLL is used as
(i) AM Detector . (5)
(ii) FM Detector . (5)
(iii) Frequency Synthesizer. (6)
16.(i) describe in details the characteristics and applications of 555 timer. (6)
(ii) Draw a neat block diagram of VCO and explain. (10)
17.(i) Draw the 565 PLL and explain its functioning in detail. (8)
(ii) Give an account on Analog multiplier IC. (8)
18. (i)How is an astable multivibrator connected into a pulse position modulator?
(ii) Draw the circuit of Schmitt trigger using 555 timer and explain its operation
19.Design and draw the waveforms of a 1KHz square wave generator using 555 timer for duty
cycle (i) D=25% (ii) D=50%
20.(i) Perform the closed loop analysis of PLL
(ii) Explain any two applications of PLL


Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

UNIT V APPLICATION ICs

SYLLABUS: IC voltage regulators - LM317, 723 regulators, switching regulator, MA 7840, LM
380 power amplifier, ICL 8038 function generator IC, isolation amplifiers, opto coupler, opto
electronic ICs.

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is a voltage regulator?
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage independent of the
load current, temperature, and ac line voltage variations.

2. Give the classification of voltage regulators:
*Series / Linear regulators
*Switching regulators.

3. Write about a linear voltage regulator.
Series or linear regulator uses a power transistor connected in series between the unregulated dc
input and the load and it conducts in the linear region .The output voltage is controlled by the
continuous voltage drop taking place across the series pass transistor.

4. What is a switching regulator?
Switching regulators are those which operate the power transistor as a high frequency on/off
switch,so that the power transistor does not conduct current continously.This give improved
efficiency over series regulators.

5. List the advantages of IC voltage regulators.
Low cost., high reliability, reduction in size and excellent performance.

6. Give some examples of monolithic IC voltage regulators:
78XX series fixed output, positive voltage regulators
79XX series fixed output, negative voltage regulators
723 general purpose regulator.

7. What is the purpose of having input and output capacitors in three terminal IC
regulators?
A capacitor connected between the input terminal and ground cancels the inductive effects due to
long distribution leads. The output capacitor improves the transient response.

8. Define line regulation.
Line regulation is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a change in the
input voltage.It is expressed in millivolts or as a percentage of the output voltage.

9. Define load regulation.
Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current. It is
expressed in mill volts or as a percentage of the output voltage.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore


10. What is meant by current limiting?
Current limiting refers to the ability of a regulator to prevent the load current from increasing
above a preset value.

11. Give the drawbacks of linear regulators:
The input step down transformer is bulky and expensive because of low line frequency. Because
of low line frequency, large values of filter capacitors are required to decrease the ripple.
Efficiency is reduced due to the continuous power dissipation by the transistor as it operates in
the linear region.

12. What is the advantage of switching regulators?
Greater efficiency is achieved as the power transistor is made to operate as low impedance
switch. Power transmitted across the transistor is in discrete pulses rather than as a steady current
flow.By using suitable switching loss reduction technique, the switching frequency can be
increased so as to reduce the size and weight of the inductors and capacitors.

13. Why do switching regulators have better efficiency than series regulators?
The transistor in linear regulator will operate in linear area at all times. Considerable power is
dissipated in linear operation since the transistor has voltage across it and current flowing
through it.Since the series element in a switching regulator is either fully conducting(V=0 hence
power=0), or switched off(I=0, hence power=0), it dissipates almost no power; this is what gives
the switching design its efficiency.

14. What are the advantages of adjustable voltage regulators over the fixed voltage
regulators?
i) Improved line and load regulation by a factor of 10 or more.
ii) Because of the improved overload protection, greater load current can be drawn.
iii) Improved reliability.
15. List out the parameters related to the fixed voltage regulators?
1) Line regulation
2) Load regulation
3) Ripple rejection
4) Output impedance
5) Maximum power dissipation
6) Rated output current

16. Define dropout voltage of a fixed voltage regulator?
It is the minimum voltage that must exist between input and output terminals. For most of
regulators, it is 2 to 3 volts.

17. What is an opto-coupler IC?
Opto-coupler IC is a combined package of a photo-emitting device and a photo-sensing device.

14. What are the types of opto couplers?
LED and a photo diode,

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

LED and photo transistor,
LED and Darlington.

15. Give two examples of IC optocouplers?
Examples for opto-coupler IC
MCT 2F


16. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers:
Better isolation between the two stages.
Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated.
Wide frequency response.
Easily interfaced with digital circuit.
Compact and light weight.
Problems such as noise, transients, contact bounce are eliminated.

17. Specify the need for isolation amplifier.
Isolation amplifiers provide electrical isolation and an electrical safety barrier. They protect data
acquisition components from common mode voltages, which are potential differences between
instrument ground and signal ground. Instruments that are applied in the presence of a common
mode voltage without an isolation barrier allow ground currents to circulate, leading in the best
case to a noisy representation of the signal under investigation. In the worst case, assuming that
the magnitude of common mode voltage or current is sufficient, instrument destruction is likely.
Isolation amplifiers are used in medical instruments to ensure isolation of a patient from power
supply leakage current.

18.What are the features of MA78s40?
Step up,step down or inverting operation
Operation from 2.5 to 40 V.
80Db line and load regulation.

19.List the important parts of a regulated power supply.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore


(i) Transformer (ii) Rectifier (iii) Filter (iv)Regulator

20. Using LM380 draw the circuit for audio power amplifier


21. What are one,two and four quadrant multipliers?
A four-quadrant multiplier is one where inputs and outputs may swing positive and negative.
Many multipliers only work in 2 quadrants (one input may only have one polarity), or single
quadrant (inputs and outputs have only one polarity, usually all positive).

22. List the parameters of optocoupler:
a. Current transfer ratio
b. Isolation voltage
c. Response time
d. Common mode rejection

23.Why current boosting is done in 723 regulator?
The maximum current capability of 723 regulator is 140mA. In certain applications this value of
current is not sufficient. Hence current boosting is done using series pass transistor.

24. What are the limitations of three terminal regulator?
1. For fixed output regulators, the output voltage is not precise.
2. Only selected values of output voltages are available.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

3. Current boosting by external series pass transistor is required if load current beyond the
capability of basic regulator is required.

25. Draw the typical connection diagram of IC LM317.


26. What is the function od a series pass transistor in voltage regulator?
The series pass transistor acsts as a control element. The value of VcE gets adjusted in such a
way that the output voltage of the regulator always remains constant. In addition, the series pass
transistor supplies the load current

16 MARK QUESTIONS
1.Draw and explain the functional block diagram of 723 voltage regulator and how this IC can be
used as high voltage regulator.
2.Write an explanatory note on
(i) Power amplifier (ii) Isolation amplifier
3. With neat diagrams explain the working of switched mode power supply

4. Write brief notes on
(i)IC MA 7840
(ii) Optocoupler
5. (i)Explain the working of series voltage regulator
(ii)Write notes on optocoupler
6. What is a switching regulator? With neat block diagram explain the internals of MA7840
7. Draw the functional block diagram of IC 723 and explain
8. Explain with the help of functional block diagram, the working of voltage regulator IC723.
Clearly explain how current limit and foldback type current limiting facility can be provided with
723 circuits.
9. Draw the circuit of series voltage regulator. Design this circuit to operate from a supply of 20v
and to provide an output of 12V with maximum load current of 40mA
10. Draw the functional diagram of ICL 8038 Function generator IC and explain its operation.
Give its frequency of oscillation at the output
11. (i) With neat diagram, explain the working principle of isolation amplifier. (8)
(ii) With neat diagram, explain the principle of operation of optocouplers. (8)
12. With the help of neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of an adjustable regulator using
LM317.
13. State the features and applications of IC LM 380 and explain them.

Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore

14. Design a waveform generator using IC8038. The frequency of oscillation is 5kHz and duty
cycle is 50%. From data sheet, Vcc=5V, VoH=3.6V, VoL=0.2V, ILL=1.6mA, ILH=409uA
15. (i) Design low voltage regulator using IC 723 for 5V and explain its characteristics
(ii) Describe the features of function generator IC
(iii)Write short notes on optocoupler ICs

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