Comparative Study on RCC Structure with and Without Shear Wall at different locations

Abstract
Earthquake resistant structures are the need of time. Today the billion dollar construction industry has a made a landmark in the history with super high rise buildings viz. Burj Khalifa (829.8m). Such tall structures need a high resistance to the horizontal loads of wind forces and seismic forces. To construct these modern mammothic structures Structural engineers have laid great efforts in the development of techniques for the anti-seismic design of structures. One such method is the use of RCC Shear wall. Shear walls have proved to be a very useful, reliable and effective method for earthquake resistance.

1. INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete shear wall structures wide space in many earthquake regions, Such as India, Canada, Turkey and Chile. Shear walls are vertical elements of horizontal force resisting system. They are usually provided in tall buildings to avoid the total collapse of buildings under seismic forces. Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and elevation. Shear walls are usually provided between columns, stairwells, lift wells, toilets, and utility shafts. When shear walls are situated in advantageous positions in a building, they can be very efficient in restating lateral loads originating from wind or earthquakes. Huge lateral loads acting on structural elements results in shear; in order to overcome shear for a building shear wall is provided. RC buildings with shear wall also have columns; these columns primarily carry gravity loads. RCC shear walls classifications are bar bell type shear wall, coupled shear wall, rigid frame shear wall, column supported shear wall sand core type shear wall. Out of this shear walls rectangle type shear wall, core type shear wall, and coupled type shear walls are used for analysis. Rectangular type shear wall are formed by columns and walls in between. Core type shear walls have good resistance to torsion. So many Literatures are available for design of RCC shear walls. However less discussion about the location of shear wall and suitable type of shear wall for RCC buildings. More shear walls are uneconomical in low earthquake intensity areas. Shear wall should be provided suitable position to resist the lateral forces. Some times more number of shear walls is not economic. Shear walls are provided proper location in the building and reduce the collapse of structure.

2. Definition
Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. In residential construction, shear walls are straight external walls that typically form a box which provides all of the lateral support for the building. When shear walls are designed and constructed properly, and they will have the strength and stiffness to resist the horizontal forces. In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes. Examples are the reinforced-concrete wall or vertical truss. Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven settlement loads, in addition to the weight of structure and occupants; create powerful twisting (torsion) forces. These forces can literally tear (shear) a building apart. Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a rigid wall inside it maintains the shape of the frame and prevents rotation at the joints. Shear walls are especially important in high-rise buildings subjected to lateral wind and seismic forces. In the last two decades, shear walls became an important part of mid and high-rise residential buildings. As part of an earthquake resistant building design, these walls are placed in building plans reducing lateral displacements under earthquake loads. So shear-wall frame structures are obtained. Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in elevation. However, in some buildings, lower floors are used for commercial purposes and the buildings are characterized with larger plan dimensions at those floors. In other cases, there are setbacks at higher floor levels. Shear wall buildings are commonly used for residential purposes and can house from 100 to 500 inhabitants per building

3. Scope of the work

The aim of the shear wall is to investigate the different ways in which the tall structures can be stabilized against the effects of strong horizontal wind loading and seismic loading. Some other reasons why we use shear walls are tall structures can be constructed which reduces the area used and we can accommodate a large population in that particular area. Other objective is to construct a cost effective structure in less period of time. This study helps in the investigation of strength and ductility of walls. The scope is to analyze the constructed shear wall that is to be constructed. Firstly the model is implemented into known computer software and then it is analyzed based on the investigation of strength and ductility. The strength of shear walls tested are compared with the calculated strengths based on design codes. Shear walls in high seismic regions require special detailing. However, in past earthquakes, even buildings with sufficient amount of walls that were not specially detailed for seismic performance (but had enough welldistributed reinforcement) were saved from collapse. Shear wall buildings are a popular choice in many earthquake prone countries, like Chile, New Zealand and USA. Shear walls are easy to construct, because reinforcement detailing of walls is relatively straight-forward and therefore easily implemented at site. Shear walls are efficient, both in terms of construction cost and effectiveness in minimizing earthquake damage in structural and non- structural elements (like glass windows and building contents). Most RC buildings with shear walls also have columns. These columns primarily carry gravity loads (i.e., those due to self-weight and contents of building).Shear walls provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of their orientation, which significantly reduces lateral sway of the building and thereby reduces damage to structure and its contents.

4. Types of Structures
1 Braced structures 2 Unbraced structures 3 Dual structures As shown in in all the three cases , the resistance to gravity loads (DL+LL) is provided invariably by beam column and space frames. However, they differ in carrying horizontal loads. Braced, unbraced and dual structures are briefly described as follows:

4.1 Braced structures

A typical braced frame is shown in figure. In braced frames the lateral loads like wind earthquake etc, are resisted by special arrangements like shear walls, shear trusses, bracing or special supports. Thus the beam column frames are not subjected to horizontal loads. In other words the sidesway or joint translation is not possible in column. The structure is called a braced structure and columns occurring in such structure are called the braced column. The shear walls, shear trusses or bracing provided in the building must have stiffness to act as effective bracings. According to SP: 24 the bracing system must provide a total stiffness equal to at least six times the sum of stiffness of all the columns, within the storey. They may become uneconomical for larger height as shear walls are designed as vertical cantilevers from the ground.

4.2 Unbraced structures

A typical unbraced frame is shown in figure, where resistance to horizontal loads is provided by bending in the beam and column in that plane. In other words, the sidesway or joint translation do occur in such frames. These structures are called unbraced structures and the columns occuring in such structures are called unbraced columns.

4.3 Dual structures

Dual structures are combination of the above two. The resistance to horizontal loads is provided by both, the bending in frames and by shear walls. The frames and shear walls will resist
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horizontal forces in proportion to their relative stiffness . However, the frame should be designed to carry minimum 25% horizontal shear.

5. Loads on Structure

5.1. Vertical Loads

Structurally speaking, buildings are built to support loads. The load, which is ever present and ever acting on a building, is the dead load which consists of the self-weight of member, finishes, plaster, etc. Dead load should be calculated very accurately, as it comprises most of the building load. IS: 1911-1967 gives schedule of unit-weights of building materials and it is used extensively to calculate the dead load. Next in importance to dead load, is the live load, which is caused by the use of building. Live loads are given in IS: 875. Live loads are generally high (150 kg/m2 to 1500 kg/m2) on floors depending on the activity that is carried on there, while it is of a low value (75 kg/m2 to 150 kg/m2) on a roof, which may or may not be accessible. Snow loads on roofs in hilly areas are also specified in IS: 875. In snowincident areas, roofs are to be made sloping due to snow at 2.5 kg/m2 per cm depth of snow. With 30 cm snow depth, the snow loading will work out to be 75 kg/m2, which may be reasonable for sloping roofs. Partition loads are also important to be considered. Wooden or similar light-weight partitions anywhere on a floor give a general loading of 100 kg/m2 of floor area. But in most of the buildings, brick walls are arranged to divide space, which gives a heavier loading on the floor. IS: 875 gives the partition walls loading at one-third the weight of 1.0 m run of the partition wall. \ Thick brick walls anywhere add substantially to the building and it affects the design of slabs, beams, columns and footings too. But in the present practice, for flexibility in the use of the building, this provision is made in most of the buildings and wherever possible, brick walls should be replaced by wooden partitions to achieve in lighter partition loading, which finally leads to economy in structural design. In practice, wooden partitions are provided in office buildings, while in hospitals and institutional buildings, brick walls are used as partition walls.

5.2. Temperature and shrinkage loading

Temperature and shrinkage also act on a building and these can also be regarded as a load on it. Shrinkage is equivalent to -15 0C, where negative stands for fall of temperature . The temperature differential is taken at 17 2/3(t1-t2), where t1 and t2 are the maximum and the minimum temperatures observed in a day (24 hours) for a given place or locality . Fall of temperature together with shrinkage will govern the design, while the rise of temperature will be substantially reduced in effect by the Indian Road Congress at 17 0C for moderate climates and at 25 0C for extreme climates. The combined effect of temperature and shrinkage is given below. For moderate climates : 17 - 15 = +2, - 32 (0C) For extreme climates : 25 - 15 = +10, - 40 (0C) IS: 456 1978 (hereafter called simply that Code) states in its clause number 17.5.1 that in ordinary buildings, effect due to temperature fluctuations and shrinkage and creep can be ignored in the design calculations. It is, however, not explained, what is meant by an ordinary building. It is, Of course, it is clear that temperature and shrinkage loading has an effect on the design of long concrete buildings, which can be neglected if the length of building is restricted to 45 m (clause 26.3 of the Code). Thus, it can be summarized that temperature and shrinkage effect can be neglected in short-length buildings. It is also seen that by providing minimum specified steel percentages in concrete members, temperature and shrinkage effects can be absorbed in short-length buildings, while in long concrete buildings, these members have to be designed for this extra loading or a long building has to be cut up in two or more short-length buildings. Further, this loading can be made use of in the evaluation of the gap of an expansion joint.

5.3. Wind loading

Dead and live loads are vertical or gravity loads. While wind and earthquake cause horizontal loads on a building. Temperature and shrinkage also results in horizontal loads on a building. Blast effect, earth and water pressure also a horizontal loads on a structure . IS:875 gives values of wind pressure varying from 100kg/m2 acting on building up to a height of 30m above the

mean retarding surface i.e. the mean level of the adjoining ground . For buildings of height up to 10.0m, these wind pressure values can be reduced by 25 %.

5.4. Earthquake loading

IS 1893:2002 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures part 1 general provisions and buildings The Code is now split into five parts Part 1 - General provisions and buildings Part 2 - Liquid retaining tanks - Elevated and ground supported Part 3 - Bridges and retaining walls Part 4 - Industrial structures including stack like structures Part 5 - Dams and embankments

Part 1 contains provisions that are general in nature and applicable to all structures. Also, it contains provisions that are specific to buildings only. The important changes as compared to IS 1893:1984 are as follows:

1. Seismic zone map is revised with only four seismic zones. Zone I is upgraded to Zone II. Killari area is enhanced to Zone III. Bellary isolated zone is removed. East coast is enhanced to Zone III and connected with Zone III of Godavari Graben area.

2. Seismic zone factor is changed reflecting a more realistic value of peak ground acceleration.

3. Response acceleration spectra are now specified for three types of founding strata viz. Hard, Medium and Soft.

4. The empirical formula for calculating fundamental natural period T=0.1h for moment resisting frames without bracing or shear walls is replaced with Ta=0.075h0.075

For RC framed buildings, this formula applies to bare frames e.g. in industrial plant buildings. The formula for framed buildings with in-filled masonry walls is Ta = 0.09h/d0.5 where h and d are the height and base dimension of the building along the considered direction of earthquake. 5. Revised procedure first calculates the actual force that may be experienced by the structure during the probable maximum earthquake, if it were to remain elastic. Then response reduction due to ductile deformation or frictional energy dissipation in the cracks is applied via response reduction factor R in place of the earlier performance factor K. The list of building systems and the corresponding values of R is more exhaustive. The code procedures for calculating base shear VB are summarized below: IS:1893-2002

Z = Zero period acceleration value for the Maximum Considered Earthquake

Zone Z

II 0.10

III 0.16

IV 0.24

V 0.36

Sa/g = Spectral acceleration coefficient for Hard, Medium or Soft soil, 5% damping = 2.5 for T <= 0.40 and 1.00/T for T > 0.40 (Hard: GP,GW,SP,SW,SC with N>30)
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= 2.5 for T <= 0.55 and 1.36/T for T > 0.55 (Medium: All with 10<N<30 SP with N>15) = 2.5 for T <= 0.67 and 1.67/T for T > 0.67 (Soft: All except SP with N<10) I = Importance factor = 1.5 for hospitals, schools, cinema halls, monumental structures, telephone exchanges, television, radio, fire, railway power stations and 1.0 for others

= Response reduction factor Ordinary RC Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF) Special RC Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) Ordinary RC Shear Walls Ductile RC Shear Walls Dual Systems with frames carrying >25% of VB 3 5 3 3

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6. LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction

Reinforced concrete structural walls are important components of lateral load resisting systems in a multistoried building. Due to their high lateral stiffness, the walls restrict the deformation response of buildings under lateral loads, thereby reducing the nonstructural damage of the building at the same time. Wall sections, which are designed and detailed for seismic forces, can achieve sufficient ductility and ensure good hysteretic response of the building system during earthquakes.

6.1 Classification of shear wall 6.1.1. Classification according to shape

Shear walls are oblong in cross-section,i.e., one dimension of the cross-section is much larger than the other. While rectangular cross-section is common, L- and U-shaped

sections are also used . If the columns are provided at the edge of the wall,these columns are
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known as boundary elements .Thin-walled hollow RC shafts around the elevator core of buildings also act as shear walls, and should be taken advantage of to resist earthquake forces.

6.1.2.Classification according to Height to-Width ratio

a. Slender Shear wall

b. Squat Shear wall

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7. Failure Modes 7.1 Failure modes in slender walls

Slender walls are governed by their flexural strength. They are subjected to low nominal shear stress. They develop a predominantly horizontal crack pattern in the lower hinging region after a few cycles of inelastic deformation.. After yield of the vertical reinforcement, shear is resisted by

interface friction across the crack and dowel action of the vertical reinforcement. The flexural strength of such walls is limited by fracture of main flexural reinforcement that is provided near the wall edges concrete crushing in the compression zone, or lateral instability of the compression zone (Fig 2.3) Fracture of the main flexural reinforcement takes place due to low cycle fatigue caused by alternate tensile yielding and inelastic compressive buckling of the bars. Bauschinger effect also makes the compression steel buckle earlier than in comparable

monotonically loaded specimens. The provisions of adequate transverse confining reinforcement to the main flexural reinforcement near the outer edges of the wall and in boundary elements can delay the onset of buckling.It will also contain the cracked concrete and prevent it from falling away thereby preventing loss of lateral support to the main flexural reinforcement.
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Failure due to concrete crushing occurs when the crushing strain of concrete is exceeded in the compression zone of the wall. This is usually accompanied by buckling of the main flexural reinforcement. Wall sections are usually under-reinforced and so concrete crushing is not expected. However such a failure can occur in rectangular walls that have a large percentage of vertical reinforcement and carry a large axial load. Unsymmetrical wall sections, such as T, L, etc are heavily stressed in the compression zone and may also fail by this mode. Reversed loading may cause the effective moment of inertia of the wall section to reduce to that of steel area alone. This will reduce stability of the wall against out of plane displacements and may cause lateral buckling of the compression zone.

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8. STAAD PRO MODELING AND PROPOSED WORK

The modelS of structure, without and with shear wall are shown in here. The beam elements and surface elements are used for modeling purpose of structure. The surface element is used for the modeling of shear wall. Details of number of nodes, beam elements, and Surface elements are outlined. In the present work the seismic analysis of a multistorey building with shear wall and

without shear wall will be presented. . Analyses for live load, dead load, earthquake load and various load combinations will be done using software STAAD PRO. The steps involving analysis of shear wall for different location in the structure will be presented. The Preferred locations of the shear walls for the work will be taken at boundry, at lift well and at opposite ends.

8.1. About STAAD PRO

STAAD or (STAAD.Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA. In late 2005, Research Engineer International was bought by Bentley Systems. The commercial version STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and design software. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes. It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static analysis, 2nd order p-delta analysis, geometric non linear analysis or a buckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from modal extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis. In recent years it has become part of integrated structural analysis and design solutions mainly using an exposed API called OpenSTAAD to access and drive the program using an VB macro system included in the application or other by including OpenSTAAD functionality in applications that themselves include suitable programmable macro systems. Additionally STAAD.Pro has added direct links to applications such as RAM Connection and STAAD. Foundation to provide engineers working with those applications which handle design post processing not handled by STAAD.Pro itself.
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Structure without shear wall

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Structure with shear wall

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9. SHEAR WALLS (IS 13920:1993 RECOMMENDATIONS)

General Requirements 9.1.1 The requirements of this section apply to the shear walls, which are part of the lateral force resisting system of the structure. 9.1.2 The thickness of any part of the wall shall preferably, not be less than 150 mm. 9.1.3 The effective flange width, to be used in the design of flanged wall sections, shall be assumed to extend beyond the face of the web for a distance which shall be the smaller of (a) half the distance to an adjacent shear wall web, and (b) l/1O th of the total wall height.

9.1.4 Shear walls shall be provided with reinforcement in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the plane of the wall. The minimum reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0025 of the gross area in each direction. This reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across the cross section of the wall.

9.1.5 If the factored shear stress in the wall exceeds 0.25

or if the wall thickness exceeds

200 mm, reinforcement shall be provided in two curtains, each having bars running in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the plane of the wall.

9 1.6 The diameter of the bars to be used in any part of the wall shall not exceed l/1O th of the thickness of that part.

9.1.7 The maximum spacing of reinforcement in either direction shall not exceed the smaller of lw/5, 3tw, and 450 mm; where lw is the horizontal length of the wall, and tw is the thickness of the wall web.

9.2 Shear Strength 9.2.1 The nominal shear stress, v shall be calculated as:

Where
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VU = factored shear force, tw = thickness of the web, and dw= effective depth of wall section. This may by taken as 0.8 lw, for rectangular sections. 9.2.2 The design shear strength of concrete, Q, shall be calculated as per Table 13 of IS 456 : 1978.

9.2.3 The nominal shear stress in the wall, 456 : 1978.

v, shall not exceed c, max, as per Table 14 of IS

9.2.4 When v is less than c shear reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with 9.1.4 9.1.5 and 9.1.7.

9.2.5 When

v is greater than c, the area of horizontal shear reinforcement, Ah to be provided

Vus =

within a vertical spacing. Sv is given by

where Vus = ( Vu - c tw dw ), is the shear force to be resisted by the horizontal reinforcement. However, the amount of horizontal reinforcement provided shall not be less than the minimum, as per 9.1.4.

9.2.6 The vertical reinforcement, which is uniformly distributed in the wall, shall not be less than the horizontal reinforcement calculated as per 9.2.5.

9.3 Flexural Strength 9.3.1 The moment of resistance, Muv, of the wall section may be calculated as for columns subjected to combined bending and axial load as per IS 456 : 1978. The moment of resistance of slender ,rectangular shear wall section with uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement is given in Annex A.
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9.3.2 The cracked flexural strength of the wall section should be greater than its untracked flexural strength. 9.3.3 In walls that do not have boundary elements, vertical reinforcement shall be concentrated at the ends of the wall. Each concentration shall consist of a minimum of 4 bars of 12 mm diameter arranged in at least 2 layers.

9.4 Boundary Elements Boundary elements are portions along the wall edges that are strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Though they may have the same thickness as that of the wall web it is advantageous to provide them with greater thickness.

9.4.1 Where the extreme fibre compressive stress in the wall due to factored gravity loads plus factored earthquake force exceeds 0.2fck, boundary elements shall be provided along the vertical boundaries of walls. The boundary, elements may be discontinued where the calculated compressive stress becomes less than 0.15fck. The compressive stress shall be calculated using a linearly elastic model and gross section properties.

9.4.2 A boundary element shall have adequate axial load carrying capacity, assuming short column action, so as to enable it to carry an axial compression equal to the sum of factored gravity load on it and the additional compressive load induced by the seismic force. The latter may be calculated as:

Where: Mu = factored design moment on the entire wall section, Muv = moment of resistance provided by distributed vertical reinforcement across the wall section Cw = center to center distance between the boundary elements along the two vertical edges of the wall.

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9.4.3 If the gravity load adds to the strength of the wall, its load factor shall be taken as 0.8.

9.4.4 The percentage of vertical reinforcement in the boundary elements shall not be less than 0.8 percent, nor greater than 6 percent. In order to avoid congestion, the practical upper limit would be 4 percent.

9.4.5 Boundary elements, where required, as per 9.4.1, shall be provided throughout their height, with special confining reinforcement, as per 7.4.

9.4.6 Boundary elements need not be provided, if the entire wall section is provided with special confining reinforcement, as per 7.4.

9.5 Coupled Shear Walls 9.5.1 Coupled shear walls shall be connected by ductile coupling beams. If the earthquake induced shear stress in the coupling beam exceeds is

where ls is the clear span of the coupling beam and D is its overall depth, the entire earthquake induced shear and flexure shall, preferably, be resisted by diagonal reinforcement.

9.5.2 The area of reinforcement to be provided along each diagonal in a diagonally reinforced coupling beam shall be:

where Vu is the factored shear force, and

is the angle made by the diagonal reinforcement

with the horizontal. At least 4 bars of 8 mm diameter shall be provided along each diagonal. The reinforcement along each diagonal shall be enclosed by special confining reinforcement, as per 7.4. The pitch of spiral or spacing of ties shall not exceed 100 mm.

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9.5.3 The diagonal or horizontal bars of a coupling beam shall be anchored in the adjacent walls with an anchorage length of 1.5 times the development length in tension.

9.6 Openings in Walls 9.6.1 The shear strength of a wall with openings should be checked along critical planes that pass through openings.

9.6.2 Reinforcement shall be provided along the edges of openings in walls. The area of the vertical and horizontal bars should be such as to equal that of the respective interrupted bars. The vertical bars should extend for the full storey height. The horizontal bars should be provided with development length in tension beyond the sides of the opening.

9.7 Discontinuous Walls Columns supporting discontinuous walls shall be provided with special confining reinforcement, as per 7.4.4.

9.8 Construction Joints The vertical reinforcement ratio across a horizontal construction joint shall not be less than:

where Tv is the factored shear stress at the joint, Pu, is the factored axial force ( positive for compression ), and Ae is the gross cross sectional area of the joint.

9.9 Development, Splice and Anchorage Requirement 9.9.1 Horizontal reinforcement shall be anchored near the edges of the wall or in the confined core of the boundary elements

9.9.2 Splicing of vertical flexural reinforcement should be avoided, as far as possible, in regions where yielding may take place. This cone of flexural yielding may be considered to extend for a distance of lw above the base of the wall or one sixth of the wall height, whichever is more. However, this distance need not be greater than 2lw. Not more than one third of this vertical

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reinforcement shall be spliced at such a section. Splices in adjacent bars should be staggered by a minimum of 600 mm.

9.9.3 Lateral ties shall be provided around lapped spliced bars that are larger than 16 mm in diameter. The diameter of the tie shall not less than one fourth that of the spliced bar nor less than 6 mm. The spacing of ties shall not exceed 150 mm center to center.

9.9.4 Welded splices and mechanical spliced bars that are larger than 16 mm. The spacing of ties shall confirm to 25.2.5.2 of IS 456 : 1978. in diameter. The diameter of the tie shall not However, not more than half the reinforcement be less than one fourth that of the spliced bar shall be spliced at a section, where flexural nor less than 6 mm. The spacing of ties shall yielding may take place.

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References
1. ______Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, IS 456:1978.Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 2. ______Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, IS 456:2000 Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 3. Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic Forces, IS 13920: 1993. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 4. ______ Indian Standard Code of Practice for Structural Safety of Buildings: Loading Standards, IS:875-1964. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 5. ______ Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures IS1893:2002. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 6. ______ Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete (IS: 456-1978), SP: 24-1983, Bureau of Indian Standards New Delhi.

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