G CE

Speci m en P a per swi th M a r k Schem es

Ed ex celAd va n c ed Su bsi di ar y G CE i n P hysi cs (Sa l ter s Hor n er s) (8552)

Fi r st ex am i n a ti on20 0 1

Ed ex celAd va n c ed G CE i nP hysi cs (Sa l ter s Hor n er s) (9552)

Fi r st ex am i n a ti on20 0 2
Ja n uar y 20 0 0

Con ten ts
Q u esti on P a per s
Un i t Test 1 Un i t Test 2 Un i t Test 4 Un i t Test 5(i i ) Un i t Test 6: Syn opti c p 1 p 15 p 29 p 41 p 49

M ar k Schem es
G en er a lN otes Un i t Test 1 Un i t Test 2 Un i t Test 4 Un i t Test 5(i i ) Un i t Test 6: Syn opti c p 57 p 58 p 61 p 65 p 71 p 73

i i

The G CE a w a r di n g bod i es ha ve pr epa r ed n ew speci fi ca ti on s to i n cor por a te the r an g e of fea tu r es r equ i r ed by the n ew G CE a n d su bject cri ter i a . The speci m ena ssessm en t m a ter i a la ccom pa n yi n g the n ew speci fi ca ti on si s pr ovi d ed to g i ve cen tr es a r ea son a bl ei d ea of the g en er a lsha pe a n d cha r a cter of the n ew pl an n ed qu esti onpa per si na d va n c e of the fi r st oper a ti on a lex am i n a ti on .

i i i

Cen tre Nu m ber

P a per Referen c e

Su r n am e

Ca n di d a te N u m ber

Ca n di d a te Si gn a tu re

Other N a m es

6761/0 1

For ex am i n er s u se on l y

Ed ex celG CE
Sa l ter s Hor n er s Physi cs
Un i t Test P SA1 Ad va n c ed Su bsi di ar y / Ad va n ced Speci m enU n i t Test
Ti m e:
N i l

For Tea m Lea d er s u se on l y

Q u esti on Lea ve n u m ber Bl an k

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 hou r 30 m i n u tes
I tem s i n cl u d ed w i th these qu esti onpa per s N i l

M a ter i al sr equ i r ed for the ex am i n a ti on

I n str u cti on s to Ca n di d a tes

I nthe box es a bove, w r i te you r Cen tr e Nu m ber , Ca n di d a te N u m ber , the P a per R eferen ce, you r si gn a tu r e, you r su r n am ea n d other n a m es. The P a per R eferen ce i s show ntow a r d s the top l eft-ha n d cor n er of the pa g e. I f m or e tha non eP a per Referen ce i s show n , you shou l d wr i te the on e for w hi ch you ha ve beenen ter ed . I nca l cu l a ti on s you shou l d show a l lthe steps i nyou r w or ki n g, gi vi n g you r a n sw er a t ea ch sta g e. Ca l c ul a tor s m a y be u sed . I n c l udedi agr am si nyou r a n sw er s w her e these a r e hel pfu l .

I n for m a ti onfor Ca n di d a tes

The m a r k s fori n di vi d u a lqu esti on san d the pa r ts of qu esti on sar e show ni nr ou n d br a ck ets. Ther ea r e 6 qu esti on si nthi s qu esti onpa per . The tota lm a r k s for thi s pa peri s 60 .

Ad vi ce to Ca n di d a tes
You w i l lbe a ssessed onyou r a bi l i ty to or gan i se a n d pr esen ti n for m a ti on ,i d ea s, d esc r i pti on san d ar g u m en ts c l ea r l yan d l og i ca l l y, ta k i n g a ccou n t of you r u se of g r am m ar , pu n ctu a ti ona n d spel l i n g.

Tota l
20 0 0 Ed ex celFou n d a ti on Thi s pu bl i ca ti onm a y on l y be r epr od u ced i na ccor dan c ew i th Ed ex cel c opyr i g ht pol i cy. Ed ex celFou n d a ti oni s a Reg i ster ed cha r i ty.

Turn over

1.

The forces acting on the hands and feet of a rock climber change continually as the climber moves across the rock face. A climber of mass 70 kg who is carrying a rucksack of mass 20 kg is in the process of moving his right foot to new toehold. In the diagram he is temporarily at rest whilst looking for a suitable position for his foot. 200 N 30 F 37o
o

not to scale

14o

Free foot

550 N

What is the total weight W of the climber and his load? ... ... W = ... .. (2 marks) Show that the vertical components of the 200 N and 550 N forces add up to approximately 700 N. .. .. .. .. (2 marks) The climber is in equilibrium. What do you understand by the term equilibrium? .. (1 mark) 2

Calculate the magnitude of forceF. .. .. .. F = .. (2 marks) The climber sees a suitable position an d accelerates his free foot vertically upwards. Discuss the effect this might have on the force exerted on the other foot. (2 marks) (Total 9 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

2.

The diagram shows a cross-section through a compact disc. The metal layer of a CD is the recording surface and contains narrow ridges, which form a spiral around the disc. Metal layer

Clear plastic protective coating

Laser light

Red monochromatic laser light of wavelength 780 nm is used to view these ridges. When the light meets a ridge some of it scatters in all directions and some interferes destructively with light reflected from neighbouring valleys. Explain the meaning of the words initalics in the passage above. Monochromatic .. Interferes destructively .. (2 marks) Calculate the frequency of the red laser light. Frequency = . .

The refractive index of the plastic protective coating is 1.55. What is the speed of the laser light in the plastic coating? Speed =

Show that the wavelength of the laser light in the plastic coating is approximately 500 nm. ... ..... Wavelength = . ... (4 marks) The height of the ridges on a CD is approximately 125nm. Use your last answer to explain how destructive interference occurs. (3 marks) The infrared laser standard was fixed in 1980 because of the reliability and availability of relatively inexpensive lasers, which emit at 780nm. However, blue light lasers are now being developed. These emit a wavelength about one half that of the red light lasers. Will it be possible to play existing CDs using blue light laser CD players? Explain your answer. (2 marks) (Total 11 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

3.

The passage below is taken from the marketing material supplied by a manufacturer of electrically heated showers. Most electric showers draw cold water direct from the main supply and heat it as it is used day or night. Not only are they particularly useful for those who do not have a stored water supply, but they are versatile because every home can have one. Write a word equation to describe the energy transfer which takes place in an electric shower. .... (2 marks) Rewrite the equation using the appropriate formulae. .. .. (1 mark) The technical data supplied by one manufacturer states that their most powerful shower system is fitted with a 10.8 kW heating element and can deliver up to 16 litres of water per minute. Show that the showering temperature is about 25 C if the temperature of the mains water is 15C and the shower is used at its maximum settings. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 K-1 Mass of 1 litre of water = 1.0 kg) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (3 marks)

The marketing material includes the statement: Please remember that during the colder months, flow rates may need to be reduced to allow for the cooler temperature of incoming cold water. Calculate the flow rate required for an output of 40 C when the incoming water temperature is 10C. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Flowrate = . .. . (2 marks) The maximum steady current drawn by the unit is about 45 A. However, when the shower is first turned on the current is much higher for a short time. Suggest a possible explanation. .. .. (1 mark) (Total 9 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

4.

A floating fire tender is testing its pumps. The hose in use is being directed vertically upwards but the water is being blown to the left by a strong sideways wind. The scale diagram below traces the path of one water droplet in the jet.

10 m scale 10 m h2

h1 sea level

Use the scale diagram to findh1, the height above sea level of the outlet of the hose. .. Use the scale diagram to findh2, the maximum height above sea level of the droplet. .. (2 marks)

By considering the vertical motion of the droplet and ignoring the effect of air resistance, (i) show that the vertical velocity of the water leaving the hose is approximately 19 m s-1 . . (2 marks) (ii) calculate the time taken for the droplet to reach its maximum height. . . Time = . ... (2 marks)

(iii)

calculate the time taken for the droplet to fall from maximum height to sea level. . . Time = (2 marks)

Use the scale diagram and your last two answers to determine the average horizontal velocity of the droplet. Average speed = .. (3 marks) It is suggested that the wind speed is the same as the average horizontal velocity of the droplet. Comment on the validity of this suggestion. (1 mark) (Total 12 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

5.

The power system of a spacecraft must provide a constant 28.0 V for the equipment on board, independent of the current supplied. This can be achieved using two separate power supplies A and B connected in the series as shown in the diagram below.

+ A 28.0 V + B

Current I supplied to equipment on board

Power supply A has an e.m.f. of 20.0 V and an internal resistance of 0.40 . Power supply B provides a variable voltage and has negligible internal resistance. Its voltage varies automatically to maintain the constant 28.0 V. Explain carefully why the voltage output of B must increase as the current supplied rises. (2 marks)

10

When the current is 10.0 A, (i) show that the voltage output of B is 12.0 V . . (2 marks) (ii) calculate the power supplied to the equipment on board. . Power supplied = . .. (1 mark) (iii) calculate the power wasted in heating the internal resistance. . Power wasted = . .. .. (1 mark) (iv) calculate the efficiency of the power system. . . Efficiency = . ... (2 marks) Many spacecraft are fitted with solar cells. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of their use. Advantage . . Disadvantage .. (2 marks) (Total 10 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

11

6.

A student performs an experiment to investigate how the speed of the waves on a stretched string is affected by the tensionT. The tension T is equal to the weight of the mass hanging over a pulley as shown in the diagram. Pulley String under tension Mechanical oscillator Signal generator

Known mass, M For a particular mass, the student adjusts the frequency f of the signal generator until a standing wave is established. The frequency f and the wavelength are recorded. The procedure is repeated for a range of masses. The student finds from an A level textbook that is given by the expression =

Where is the mass per unit length of the string. The student decides to see if the data supports this expression. She starts to process her data and plot it on to a graph. Use the information in the table to add two more points to the graph. Record the results of your calculations in the table. (3 marks) M/kg f/Hz /m 0.16 0.20 30.6 30.0 0.37 0.41

Draw the line of best fit through the points on the graph.

(1 mark)

Do the student s results support the relationship given above? Justify your answer. .. .. (2 marks) Use graph to obtain a value for . .. . .. . .. . (3 marks) (Total 9 marks) 12

Graph of v against T for a stretched string

v /m s

2 -2

140

120

100

13
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

80

60

40

20

0.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0 T/N

14

6752/0 1

For ex am i n er s u se on l y

Ed ex celG CE
Sa l ter s Hor n er s Physi cs Un i t Test P SA2 Ad va n c ed Su bsi di ar y / Ad va n c ed Speci m enU n i t Test
Ti m e:
N i l

For Tea m Lea d er s u se on l y

Q u esti on n u m ber

Lea ve Bl an k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 hou r 30 m i n u tes
I tem s i n c l u d ed w i th these qu esti onpa per s N i l

M a ter i al sr equ i r ed for the ex am i n a ti on

I n str u cti on s to Ca n di d a tes

I n the box es a bove, w r i te you r Cen tr e Nu m ber , Ca n di d a te N u m ber , the P a per R efer en c e, you r si gn a tu r e, you r su r n am ean d othern a m es. The P a per R efer en c ei s show ntow a r d s the top l eft-ha n d cor n er of the pa g e. I f m or e tha non eP a per Refer en ce i s show n , you shou l d wr i te the on e for w hi ch you ha ve beenen ter ed . An sw er ALL qu esti on si nthe spa ces pr ovi d ed i nthi s qu esti onpa per . I n ca l cu l a ti on s you shou l d show a l l the steps i n you r w or ki n g, gi vi n g you r a n sw er a t ea ch sta g e. Ca l c ul a tor s m a y be u sed . I n c l udedi agr am si nyou r a n sw er s w her e these a r e hel pfu l .

I n for m a ti onfor Ca n di d a tes

The m a r k s fori n di vi d u a lqu esti on san d the pa r ts of qu esti on sar e show ni nr ou n d br a ck ets. Ther ear e 7 qu esti on si nthi s qu esti onpa per . The tota lm a r k s for thi s pa peri s 60 .

Ad vi ce to Ca n di d a tes
You w i l lbe a ssessed onyou r a bi l i ty to or gan i se a n d pr esen ti n f or m a ti on ,i d ea s, d escri pti on san d ar g u m en ts c l ea r l yan d l og i ca l l y, ta k i n g a ccou n t of you r u se of g r am m ar , pu n c tu a ti ona n d spel l i n g.

Tota l
20 0 0 Ed ex celFou n d a ti on Thi s pu bl i ca ti onm a y on l y be r eprod u ced i na ccord a n ce w i th Ed ex celcopyr i g ht pol i cy. Ed ex celFou n d a ti oni s a Reg i stered cha r i ty.

Turn over

15

1.

The diagram below shows the results of a resistivity survey carried out in a field at Abinger, Surrey in December 1995.

Resistance anomaly Ploughed furrows

Define resistivity. . .. (1 mark) The probes of a resistance meter are placed 1 m apart in the ground. They measure a resistance of 750 . What approximate resistance would they measure if they were 0.5 m apart? (1 mark) The report on the geophysical survey fromAbinger contains the following information: The diagram shows a rectangular high resistance anomaly (H) over the location of a mosaic floor exca vated by the archaeologists. Briefly explain what is meant by the termhigh resistance anomaly. . ... (1 mark)

16

Explain why the presence of the mosaic floor causes a high resistance anomaly. . . . . (1 mark) Low resistance anomalies are also detected. Suggest and explain a possible cause for a low resistance anomaly. . .. . .. . .. . .. (2 marks) Connections to the resistance meter are made using two long copper wires. Each wire has a cross-sectional area of 2.0 10-6 m2 and a length of 5.0 m. Calculate the extra resistance that would be introduced into the circuit using these wires. (Resistivity of copper = 1.7 10-8 m) ... ... (3 marks) What percentage error would be introduced in a measurement of 750 by ignoring the resistance of the wires? Comment on its significance. . . (2 marks) (Total 11 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

17

2.

X-rays are used in hospitals to aid diagnosis. The X-ray image is formed because more Xray photons are absorbed by denser materials such as bones, thus changing the intensity of parts of the image. The principal method of absorption of X-rays is the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect is also observed when light falls on a clean metal surface. It is only observed when the frequency of the light is above a threshold frequency. Explain why this is so. . ... . ... (2 marks) X-rays of a frequency of 1.70 1018 Hz can be used to form an image of a bone. The energy required to free a tightly bound-electron form a calcium atom in bone is 9.61 10-16J. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy with which one of these electrons is emitted from the calcium atom. Kinetic energy = .. (3 marks) (Total 5 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

18

3.

A simple model of the eye treats the focussing system of the eye as a single lens. For this question, assume the focussing system of the eye is a single lens situated at the front of the eye. Short-sightedness is caused when rays from a distant point source are focussed in front of the retina as shown below.

Suppose that in the eyeball shown above the distance between the eye lens and the retina is 20 mm and that the image of a distant object is formed 2 mm in front of the retina as shown. Calculate the power of the eye lens. .... . Power = . (2 marks) Short-sightedness can be most easily corrected by the use of a diverging lens. On the diagram above add a diverging spectacle lens just in front of the eye. Draw in the new path of rays. (2 marks) Calculate the required power of spectacle and eye lens combination. Power = .. . . (1 mark) When lenses are used in combination, the resulting power can be found by adding together the powers of the individual lenses. Calculate the focal length of the spectacle lens. .. . . .. Focal length = (3 marks) (Total 8 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

19

4.

An ultrasound A-scan is a test that is commonly carried out to check that a fetus is developing correctly and growing at the expected rate. A typical use would be to monitor the growth of a baby s head. The photograph on the left and the simplified diagram on the right show a scan of the baby s head.

What quantity is represented by the horizontal axis of the trace? (1 mark) Explain briefly how the two peaks of the trace are formed. (2 marks) Explain briefly how the trace could be used to obtain a measurement of the size of the baby s head. (3 marks)

20

If ultrasound is used to image a moving object such as the heart, a Doppler shift is observed. Explain what is meant by the term Doppler shift. (2 marks) (Total 8 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

21

5.

When oil is pumped round a car engine it is essential that it flows at the correct rate. It must coat the moving parts and still move quickly through narrow passages. To ensure that this happens the viscosity of the oil must be measured. One way of measuring the coefficient of viscosity is to use a falling ball viscometer. In this instrument a sphere is dropped into the liquid and its subsequent motion is recorded. This motion can be analysed in terms of the viscous drag, the upthrust and the weight of the sphere. Stokes law can be used if the flow islaminar. When terminal velocity has been reached measurements can be made to determine the coefficient of viscosity. Explain the meaning of the terms initalics in the above passage. Viscous drag . . . .. . .. .. . (1 mark) Laminar flow . (1 mark) Terminal velocity .. (2 marks) Draw a labelled diagram showing the forces acting on the sphere when it is falling at constant velocity.

(1 mark)

22

The sphere has a radius r and it is made form a material of density . Write down an expression for the weightW of the sphere. (1 mark) 4 3 The sphere experiences an upthrust force U = p r g where is the density of the oil. 3 Explain briefly the cause of theupthrust force on the sphere. (1 mark) Explain why, when the sphere is falling with terminal velocity, F = W -U where F is the Stokes law force. (1 mark) Hence show that the viscosity can be calculated from the expression = 2r2 g( -) where is the velocity of the sphere.

. . . . (2 marks) Explain why it is important that the experiment is performed using hot oil. . . . . (2 marks) (Total 12 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

23

6.

Control of high volume manufacturing production, such as in the steel industry, is achieved through regular sampling and testing of the product. The picture below shows a machine called a tensile tester. It is stretching a sample at a constant rate. The test sample is a rod of steel approximately the size of a pencil.

The results below were from a test on a sample of steel of 1.3 10-4 m2 cross-sectional area and 6.5 10-2 m length. The tension T applied to the sample and its resulting extension x were measured until the sample failed. T/103 N x/10-6 m 0 0 5 12 10 24 15 36 20 48 25 60 30 74 35 100

Plot these values and draw the graph on the grid below.

(3 marks)

24

Indicate on the graph with the letter P the limit of proportionality. (1 mark) Calculate the stress applied to the specimen at this point.

Stress = .. . (2 marks) Calculate the strain in the sample at point P. Strain = (1 mark) Calculate the Young modulus for this steel. Young modulus .. . (1 mark) A second sample of exactly the same size is stiffer, weaker and brittle. Sketch a line on your graph predicting the results for the sample. Label this line X. (2 marks) (Total 10 marks) __________________________________________________________________________

25

7.

When you look at the water on a sunny day you often see just the bright surface because of the glare of reflected light. Wearing Polaroid sunglasses can remove this glare and allow you to see the fish swimming beneath the water. State the difference between polarised and non-polarised light. (1 mark) What do you see if you look at a lig ht source through parallel polaroid filters which are placed so that their planes of polarisation are at 90 to each other (crossed polaroids)? (1 mark) The sunlight is partially polarised on being reflected from the water surface. How can the Polaroid sunglasses remove the glare, allowing the fish to be seen? (1 mark)

26

As the angle of incidence changes, the proportion of thelight which is polarised also changes. There is one particular angle, , at which the polarisation of the reflected ray is complete. It is also found that at this angle the reflected ray and the refracted ray are at right angles. (aw, refractive index from air to water = 1.33.)

Explain why the angle of refractionr = 90 - . Show that is about 53 . (3 marks) (Total 6 marks)

27

28

Cen tr e Nu m ber

P a per Reference

Su r n am e

Ca n di d a te N u m ber

Ca n di d a te Si gn a tu re

Other N a m es

6754/0 1

For ex am i n er s u se on l y

Ed ex celG CE
Sa l ter s Hor n er s Physi cs Un i t Test P SA4 Ad va n c ed Speci m enU n i t Test
Ti m e:
N i l

For Tea m Lea d er s u se on l y

Q u esti on n u m ber

Lea ve Bl an k

1 2 3 4 5
I tem s i n cl u d ed w i th these qu esti onpa per s N i l

1 hou r 30 m i n u tes

M a ter i al sr equ i r ed for the ex am i n a ti on

6 7

I n str u cti on s to Ca n di d a tes

I nthe box es a bove, w r i te you r Cen tr e Nu m ber , Ca n di d a te N u m ber , the P a per Refer en c e, you r si gn a tu r e, you r su r n am ean d othern a m es. The P a per R efer en ce i s show ntow a r d s the top l eft-ha n d cor n er of the pa g e. I f m or e tha non eP a per Referen c ei s show n , you shou l d wr i te the on e for w hi ch you ha ve beenen ter ed . An sw er ALL qu esti on si nthe spa ces pr ovi d ed i nthi s qu esti onpa per . I nca l c ul a ti on s you shou l d show a l lthe steps i nyou r w or ki n g,gi vi n g you r a n sw er a t ea ch sta g e. Ca l cu l a tor s m a y be u sed . I n cl ude di agr am si nyou r a n sw er s w her e these a r e hel pfu l .

I n form a ti onfor Ca n di d a tes

The m a r k s fori n di vi d u a lqu esti on san d the pa r ts of qu esti on sar e show ni nr ou n d br a ck ets. Ther ear e 7 qu esti on si nthi s qu esti onpa per . The tota lm a r k s for thi s pa peri s 60

Ad vi ce to Ca n di d a tes
You w i l lbe a ssessed onyou r a bi l i ty to or gan i se a n d pr esen ti n for m a ti on ,i d ea s, d escri pti on san d ar g u m en ts cl ea r l yan d l og i ca l l y, ta k i n g a ccou n t of you r u se of g r am m ar , pu n ctu a ti ona n d spel l i n g.

Tota l

20 0 0 Ed ex celFou n d a ti on Thi s pu bl i c a ti onm a y on l y be reprod u ced i na ccor dan c ew i th Ed ex cel c opyr i g ht pol i cy. Ed ex celFou n d a ti oni s a Reg i ster ed cha r i ty.

Turn over

29

1.

This question is about transmitting digital communications signals along optical fibres. Most transducers such as microphones produce analogue outputs, which must go through stages of sampling, quantisation and encoding in Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) so that they can be transmitted digitally. The diagram below shows the analogue output of a transducer, together with eight levels of quantisation and a binary representation of each level.
Binary Pulse

111 7 Quantisation level 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 110 101 100 011 010 001 000 6 7 Time / ms

Draw the series of joined pulses that would make up the signal when the output is sampled at the middle of each 1 ms time interval.

(2 marks) For good reproduction the final decoded signal needs to be a good match with the initial signal. State two ways in which the match can be improved. .. .. .. .. (2 marks) What problems can arise if the sampling frequency is less than twice the highest frequency present in a signal? .. ... ... (2 marks) 30

Early communications systems only allowed one message to be sent at a time. Explain how Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) allows several digital signals to be sent along a single optical fibre. ... ... . . . .. (2 marks) State two advantages that optical fibres have over coaxial cables when used for communications. ... .. .. . (2 marks) Unfortunately, optical fibres do suffer from the problems of material dispersion and multipath dispersion. Explain what each of these is and why it occurs. Material dispersion ... . .. Multipath dispersion ... ... (2 marks) (Total 12 marks) ___________________________________________________________________________

31

2.

While investigating the contact i tmes between a golf club and a golf ball, a student wanted to measure the contact times between metal objects looking at how various factors (such as the material from which they were made, their mass, their speed on impact) affected the contact time. The student devised a set-up in which a pendulum bob hit a plate. Initially it was thought that the laboratory millisecond timer could be used to measure contact times, but in a pilot experiment it was found that many of the times were less than a millisecond. The student decided to use the arrangement shown below, determining the contact times from readings of the very high resistance voltmeter.

Wire suspension

V 10 k Charging lead 50 nF 10 V

Bob

Metal plate

The charging lead is used to charge the capacitor by briefly connecting it to the 10 V power supply. Calculate the charge stored in the capacitor. ... ... .. .. Charge stored = (2 marks) Calculate the time constant t of this circuit when it is completed by contact of the pendulum bob with the plate. .. . .. . . .. .. Time constant = (2 marks)

32

How much charge will be left on each capacitor plate after a contact time equal to the circuit s time constant t? ... .. .. .. Charge left = (2 marks) Hence calculate the voltmeter reading across the capacitor after contact time equal to t. ... .. (1 mark) Calculate the voltage across the capacitor after contact times of 2 t, 3t and 4t and plot your answers on the axes below.
10

Voltage across capacitor/V

0.0005

0.0010

0.0015

0.0020

0.0025

Time/s

(2 marks) Using your graph, estimate the contact time that left a voltage of 3V across the capacitor. ... (1 mark) (Total 10 marks) ___________________________________________________________________________

33

3.

It should in principle be possible to generate useful electric power by moving a onductor c through the Earth s magnetic field. In 1996 and 1992 there were (unsuccessful) attempts to do this using a satellite tethered to a space shuttle. The system consists of the satellite connected to the shuttle by a conducting cable which is insulated from the ionised gas through which it moves. (The attempts failed because the cable tangled and broke.)

Suppose a cable of length l moves with a speed perpendicular to a magnetic field B. By considering the area swept out by the wire in a timet, write down an expression in terms of B, l and , for the magnetic flux cut by the cable in time t. ... ... ... .. (2 marks) Hence write an expression for the emfE induced across the ends of this cable. ... ... (1 mark) It was expected that the tethered cable would generate a maximum of 5000 V across its ends. If the length of the cable was 20.7 km, and the component of the Earth s magnetic flux -5 density perpendicular to it was 3.2 x 10 T, calculate how fast the tether must have been moving. ... ... .. . .. (2 marks) (Total 5 marks) ___________________________________________________________________________

34

4.

British Gas plc has 17000 km of steel pipeline which needs to be checked for corrosion regularly. To do this they use an inspection device known as an Intelligent Pig. An interior view of a pipeline containing an Intelligent Pig is shown below. Steel brushes on magnets

Inductive coil sensors The pig has two magnetic field detectors (the inductive coil sensors) positioned between two sets of very powerful magnets. The magnets have steel brushes to make sure they have very good contact with the pipe wall. The magnetic flux remains within the pipe unless there is a crack or a pit in the wall. It leaks out, as shown below, where there is damage to the wall.

The graph shows the variation of magnetic flux leakage with distance from the centre of a pit in the pipe wall. Flux leakage/Wb x 10
-6

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

-4

-3

-2

-1

+1

+2

+3

+4

Distance/mm

35

The pig is moving at a speed of 3 .0 m s-1. Calculate the time taken for the pig to move 2 mm along the pipe. ...

Time taken = ... (1 mark) The coil in the inductive coil sensor has 5000 turns and a cross sectional area of 5 10-6 m2. Use the graph to calculate the emf induced across the coil sensor at the position 2 mm from the centre of the pit. ... . .. . .. . .. Induced emf = . (3 marks) What is the induced emf at the instant the probe is directly over the centre of the pit (position 0 mm)? ... (1 mark) Sketch a graph showing how the emf across the coil changes as it moves past the pit from position 4 mm to +4 mm.

(3 marks) (Total 8 marks) ___________________________________________________________________________

[Thanks to British Gas plc for the diagrams and information.]

36

5.

This diagram shows a white snooker ball moving with a velocity of 3.2 m -1 s . The white ball is on a collision course with a stationary blue ball of identical mass. The player is aiming to propel the blue ball into the pocket along the path shown. Pocket

30o Stationary blue ball 3.2 m s-1

White ball

The player set the white ball in motion with a sharp blow from the end of a rod (the cue ). Given that the mass of the white ball is 0.173 kg, calculate the magnitude of the impulse delivered by the cue on the ball.

. .. . .. Magnitude = . (2 marks) If the cue was in contact with the ball for 0.3 s, what was the magnitude of the average force exerted by the player?

. .. . .. Magnitude = . (2 marks) The player succeeds in propelling the blue ball along the path shown. The blue ball has a velocity of 2.77 m s-1 after the collision with the white ball. Calculate the velocity of the white ball after the collision.

. .. . .. Velocity = .. . (2 marks) 37

State and explain whether the collision was elastic or inelastic. . .. . .. . .. . .. (2 marks) (Total 8 marks) ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. A car involved in a minor accident skids to a h alt with its wheels locked, leaving marks 130 m long. The driver denies exceeding the 70-mph speed limit. Forensic measurements show that the coefficient of sliding friction between the tyres and the road was 0.8. Write an equation linking the work done by the friction force with the change in kinetic energy of the car. By carrying out a suitable calculation, decide whether the police would be able to prosecute the driver for speeding. Show the steps in your working. Coefficient of sliding friction= friction force/weight 70 mph 31 m s-1 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. (Total 8 marks) ___________________________________________________________________________

38

7.

In 1997 we celebrated the centenary of JJ Thomson s discovery of he t electron. Thomson pictured the atom as being like a currant bun, with electron currants embedded in a positively charged bun . Give a short account of three ways in which our model of matter on a subatomic scale has changed since Thomson s discovery. For each, state clearly how the model changed, and write a few sentences outlining one piece of evidence that played a part in bringing about the change. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. (Total 9 marks)

39

40

Cen tr e Nu m ber

P a per Refer en c e

Su r n am e

Ca n di d a te N u m ber

Ca n di d a te Si gn a tu r e

Other N a m es

6755/0 2

For ex am i n er s u se on l y

Ed ex celG CE
Sa l ter s Hor n er s Physi cs Un i t Test P SA5(i i ) Ad va n c ed Speci m enU n i t Test
Ti m e:
N i l

For Tea m Lea d er s u se on l y

Q u esti on n u m ber

Lea ve Bl an k

1 2 3 4 5
I tem s i n c l u d ed w i th these qu esti onpa per s N i l

1 hou r

M a ter i al sr equ i r ed for the ex am i n a ti on

I n str u cti on s to Ca n di d a tes

I n the box es a bove, w r i te you r Cen tr e Nu m ber , Ca n di d a te N u m ber , the P a per R efer en ce, you r si gn a tu r e, you r su r n am ean d othern a m es. The P a per Refer en ce i s show ntow a r d s the top l eft-ha n d cor n er of the pa g e. I f m or e tha non eP a per Referen ce i s show n , you shou l d wr i te the on e for w hi ch you ha ve beenen ter ed . An sw er ALL qu esti on si nthe spa ces pr ovi d ed i nthi s qu esti onpa per . I n ca l c ul a ti on s you shou l d show a l l the steps i n you r w or ki n g, gi vi n g you r a n sw er a t ea ch sta g e. Ca l c ul a tor s m a y be u sed . I n cl udedi agr am si nyou r a n sw er s w her e these a r e hel pfu l .

I n for m a ti onfor Ca n di d a tes

The m a r k s fori n di vi d u a lqu esti on san d the pa r ts of qu esti on sar e show ni nr ou n d br a ck ets. Ther ear e 5 qu esti on si nthi s qu esti onpa per . The tota lm a r k s for thi s pa peri s 40 .

Ad vi ce to Ca n di d a tes
You w i l lbe a ssessed onyou r a bi l i ty to or ga n i se a n d pr esen ti n for m a ti on ,i d ea s, d escri pti on san d ar g u m en ts c l ea r l yan d l og i ca l l y, ta k i n g a ccou n t of you r u se of g r am m ar , pu n c tu a ti ona n d spel l i n g.

20 0 0 Ed ex celFou n d a ti on Thi s pu bl i ca ti onm a y on l y be r epr od u ced i na ccor da n ce w i th Ed ex celcopyr i g ht pol i cy. Ed ex celFou n d a ti oni s a Reg i ster ed cha r i ty.

Tu r nover
Tota l

41

1.

Over the course of 1996 and 1997 the Galileo spacecraft has been investigating the planet Jupiter and its moons. One such moon is Io. Measurements of Io s orbital motion enable Jupiter s mass to be determined. Calculate the orbital speed, v, of Io. The radius of Io s orbit around Jupiter, r = 4.22 108 m 5 and its period of rotation, T = 1.53 10 s. ... ... Orbital speed = .. . (2 marks) Write down an expression in terms of Io s mass mIo for the centripetal force Fcent needed to keep it in orbit. ... .. .. .. (1 mark) Using mJu to denote Jupiter s mass, write down an expression for the gravitational force of attraction Fgrav between Jupiter and Io. ... (1 mark) Obtain an expression for mJu in terms of , G and r. ... ... ... ... (1 mark) Calculate a value for the mass of Jupiter. ... ... Mass = (2 marks) (Total 8 marks) ___________________________________________________________________________

42

2.

The diagram below shows the spectrum of light received from the quasar known as 3C273 (a quasar is an extremely luminous type of galaxy). The four peaks marked are hydrogen lines that have shifted in wavelength. In a laboratory, these lines have wavelengths 410nm, 434 nm, 486 nm and 656 nm.

Relative intensity

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

/ nm

What is the name given to this shift in wavelength? .. . (1 mark) Without doing any calculations, what does the spectrum of 3C273 allow you deduce about its motion? .. .. (1 mark) Using any one of the lines marked in the diagram, calculate the speed of 3C273 relative to the Earth. .. . .. . .. . Speed = .. ..... (3 marks) What observations would you expect to make of light fro m a galaxy twice as distant as 3C273? State any assumption made. .. . .. . Distance = ... (2 marks) (Total 7 marks)

43

3.

Nuclear power stations use nuclear fiss ion to provide energy for electricity generation. When a nucleus of 235U absorbs a neutron, it becomes unstable and undergoes fission, producing two lighter nuclei and some more neutrons. A typical reaction is
235 92 U

1 0n

141 56 Ba

92 36 Kr

+ neutrons

235 The neutrons released can produce more fission reactions if they are captured by further U nuclei. A reactor in a power station contains neutron-absorbing materials designed so that the chain reaction proceeds at a steady rate.

The energy released per unit mass of nuclei fuel is several orders of magnitude produced by burning chemical fuels such as oil or gas. After use, the spent fuel can be chemically treated to extract any useful materials. The remaining waste is highly radioactive. How many neutrons are produced in the reaction above? Explain your reasoning. ... ... ... ...

(2 marks) Explain why a nuclear fission rea ction releases energy. ... ... ... ... (2 marks) An isotope
238 92 U

is also present within the fuel rods of a nuclear reactor. It absorbs neutrons
239 94 Pu

and heavier nuclei are produced. particularly hazardous.

239 94 Pu

(plutonium) is one of these products and is

has a half-life of 24 400 years and decays by alpha emission.

A quantity of plutonium is extracted from the fuel rods. Calculate the fraction of these239 94 Pu nuclei which remain after one thousand years. ... ... ... Fraction = .. .. .. (3 marks)

44

Calculate the percentage decrease in the activity due to239 94 Pu over this period of time. . .. Decrease in activity = .. .. . (1 mark) In fact, if you started with a sample of pure 239 94 Pu the activity of the sample after one thousand years would be greater than indicated by your answer above. Suggest a reason for this. .. .. (1 mark) (Total 9 marks)

45

4.

Domestic washing machines often incorporate washing, rinsing, spinning and drying. This question is about the spinning.

Springs

Outer drum

The inner drum of the machine into which the clothes are placed has quite large holes in it. Explain carefully how, when the clothes are being spin-dried, the water gets from the clothes and out through the holes. ... ... ... ... ... ... (3 marks) One of the spin speeds in one model of washing machine was listed as 1000 rpm (rpm stands for revolutions per minute). Calculate this spin speed in radians per second. .. . Spin Speed = .. (1 mark) Calculate the highest centripetal force that could be exerted on a wet sweatshirt of mass m = 0.5 kg. The radius of the spinning drum is 12.5 cm. ... ... Force = ... (2 marks)

46

If clothes are unevenly distributed in the machine, it vibrates slightly as it rotates. The outer drum within which the spinning drum rotates is attached to the rest of the framework of the washing machine by springs. Briefly explain the purpose of these springs. ... ... ... ... ... (2 marks) For each spring, the spring constant k 200 Nm-1. In use, the loading on each spring is effectively 5 kg. Explain, with the aid of a calculation, what is likely to happen when an unevenly loaded machine begins to spin the clothes. ... ... ... ... ... ... (2 marks) (Total 10 marks)

47

5.

The teacher of a class arranges a visit to the manufacturer of bouncy castles. The class assume, naturally, that this will be a good excuse to jump up and down on a large rubber pillow of air. The teacher explains that there are some principles of physics associated with bouncy castles, such as energy changes and oscillations when children are bouncing on it. The speed at which a child collides with the rubber pillows is typically about 2.5 m s 1 . The time period of the oscillation is typically about 6 s. Write an illustrated article explaining the relevance of the two topics above to bouncy castles. You should include estimates of quantities and use them in appropriate equations to confirm the estimates given above. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (Total 7 marks)

48

6756/0 1

Ed ex celG CE
Sa l ter s Hor n er s Physi cs
Un i t Test P SA6: Syn opti c Pa per Ad va n c ed Speci m enSyn opti c Pa per
Ti m e:
An sw er book Gr a ph pa per

1 hou r 30 m i n u tes
I tem s i n cl u d ed w i th these qu esti onpa per s N i l

M a ter i al sr equ i r ed for the ex am i n a ti on

I n str u cti on s to Ca n di d a tes

I nthe box es on the An sw er Book pr ovi d ed , w r i te the n a m e of the E x am i n i n g Bod y (Ed ex cel ), you r Cen tr e Nu m ber , Ca n di d a te N u m ber , the Su bject Ti tl e, the P a per Refer en c e, you r su r n a m e, other n a m es a n d si gn a tu r e. The P a per Refer en ce i s show ntow a r d s the top l eft-ha n d cor n er of the pa g e. I f m or e tha non eP a per Referen c ei s show n , you shou l d wr i te the on e for w hi ch you ha ve beenen ter ed . An sw er ALL qu esti on si nthe An sw er Book . I n ca l c ul a ti on s you shou l d show a l l the steps i n you r w or ki n g, gi vi n g you r a n sw er a t ea ch sta g e. Ca l cu l a tor s m a y be u sed . I n cl ude di agr am si nyou r a n sw er s w her e these a r e hel pfu l .

I n form a ti onfor Ca n di d a tes

Thi s qu esti on pa per i s d esi gn ed to g i ve you the oppor tu n i ty to m a k e con n ecti on s betw een d i ffer en t ar ea s of Physi cs a n d to u se sk i l l san d i d ea s d evel oped thr ou g hou t the cou r se i nn ew con tex ts. You shou l d i n c l ude i n you r a n sw er s r el eva n t i n f or m a ti on f r om the w hol e of you r cou r se, w her e a ppr opr i a te. The m a r k s fori n di vi d u a lqu esti on san d the pa r ts of qu esti on sar e show ni nr ou n d br a ck ets. Ther ear e 4 qu esti on si nthi s qu esti onpa per . The tota lm a r k s for thi s pa peri s 60 .

The l i st of d a ta , for m ul aean d r el a ti on shi ps i s pr i n ted a t the en d of thi s book l et. Ad vi ce to Ca n di d a tes
You m u st en su r e tha t you r a n sw er s to pa r ts of qu esti on sar e cl ea r l yn u m ber ed . You w i l l be a ssessed on you r a bi l i ty to or gan i se a n d pr esen t i n for m a ti on , i d ea s, d escri pti on s an d ar g u m en ts cl ea r l yan d l og i ca l l y, ta k i n g a ccou n t of you r u se of g r am m ar , pu n ctu a ti ona n d spel l i n g.
20 0 0 Ed ex celFou n d a ti on Thi s pu bl i c a ti onm a y on l y be reprod u ced i na ccor dan c ew i th Ed ex cel c opyr i g ht pol i cy. Ed ex celFou n d a ti oni s a Reg i ster ed cha r i ty.

49

Read the passage carefully and then answer all the questions. Write your answers in the answer book provided.

Wind Power Generation

The power available to a wind turbine dependson the kinetic energy of a column of air with the same cross-sectional area A as the wind turbine rotor blades. Rotor blades

Turbine

Wind

Tower

The available power P in the wind is given by P = where is the density of the air, u is the wind speed.

1 Au 3 2

A steady supply of reasonably strong wind is necessary for utilising the power in the wind. Modern wind turbines are designed to operate most efficiently when the wind speeds are within the range 10 m s-1 to 15 m s-1. At a wind speed of 10 m s-1, one wind turbine can supply the National grid with about 4 A at a transformed voltage of 100 000 V. Many wind turbines are designed to be stationary whenu is below 5 m s-1. The rate of rotation reaches a maximum when u is about 12 m s-1 and cuts out, for safety reasons, when u is above 25 m s-1. There are structural problems to overcome. For example, a 50 m tall wind turbine tower will swing back and forth slightly. If a rotor blade passed the tower each time the tower was in one of its extreme positions, then the oscillations might become large enough to cause structural damage. There is a European Union-wide target to provide 12% of the electricity requirements from renewable energy sources by the year 2010. In the UK approximately half of this could be feasibly supplied by wind power. However, current policies are not likely to deliver this. (Lords report on Electricity from Renewables - June 99.)

50

1.

(a) Calculate the efficiency of conversion of wind power to electrical power when the wind speed is 10 m s-1. Use the data given in paragraph 1 and take the density of air to be 1.2 kg m-3 and the diameter of a rotor blade to be 44 m. State any assumptions made. (7 marks) (b) By considering the volume of air which passes through a cross-sectional area A in one second, show that the power available is given by P=
1 Au 3 2

(4 marks) (c) Explain why it is impossible for all the kinetic energy available in the wind to be transferred to the kinetic energy of the rotor blades. (2 marks) (d) State three conditions, other than change inwind speed, which may reduce the power output of this system. (4 marks) (e) Assuming the period of oscillation of the turbine tower is 3.0 s, calculate the angular velocity of the rotor which would be dangerous. (3 marks) (f) Explain why the oscillations referred to in paragraph four of the passage can become very large in certain circumstances. (2 marks) (g) Why is it desirable to increase the percentage of the electricity requirements provided by renewable energy? Give one problem in increasing the production of electricity from wind power. (2 marks) (Total 24 marks) ______________________________________________________________________________

51

2.

The graph below shows the variation of power conversion with wind speed u for a wind turbine. 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

10

15

20

25 30 Wind speed u /m s -1

(a) Describe the relationship between and u. (3 marks) (b) Use the information in paragraph 3 of the passage to explain the relationship between and u. (3 marks) (c) The maximum electrical power outp ut for this turbine is about 680 kW. Sketch a graph to show the variation of power output for the same range of wind speeds as the graph above. (2 marks) (d) Explain the shape of this graph. (2 marks) (e) Explain the effect on the elec trical power output of the wind turbine of using rotor blades of half the diameter. (2 marks) (f) There is a 3% error in the wind speed measurements in the table above. Assuming the electrical power output can be measured to within 1%, calculate the percentage error in the values of . (2 marks) (g) The average speed of the wind over a period of one month is 10 m -1 s. The output power can be predicted for this wind speed using the graph drawn in part (c) above. Explain why the actual output power for this period will be significantly larger than the predicted value. (2 marks) (Total 16 marks) ______________________________________________________________________________

52

3.

Domestic fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapour at low pressure. Free electrons in the vapour are accelerated by a uniform electric field and collide with mercury atoms. Energy is transferred to the mercury atoms in the collisions, exciting them so that they emit yellow, green, blue, violet and ultraviolet radiation. Domestic fluorescent lamps have a fluorescent coating on their inner surface. The coating absorbs some of the mercury radiation (mainly the ultraviolet), which excites the fluorescent material so that it radiates. (a) Why might a fluorescent lamp be preferred to a conventional filament lamp? (2 marks) (b) Explain why it would not be possible for the fluorescent coating to give off light of a shorter wavelength than that incident upon it. (3 marks) (c) The most intense ultraviolet emission is at 253.7 nm. associated with this emission. Calculate the photon energy (2 marks) (d) Calculate the magnitude, in electron volts, of the energy level transition that produced photons of this energy. (1 mark) (e) In order to excite the mercury atoms so that they give out ultraviolet radiation, the electrons must acquire energy between collisions that is at least as great as calculated in the previous answer. If the average distance moved between collisions is 8.0 10-3 m, what must be the magnitude of the uniform electric field within the lamp? (2 marks)

53

(f) The field you have calculated can be maintained by themains voltage applied between the ends of the tube, but to initiate the process of acceleration, excitation and emission, a stronger field is needed. The diagram below shows the main components of a fluorescent lamp that produces this high voltage. Glow switch

Lamp

240 V

Across the filament F is a temperature sensitive glow switch. Its contacts are usually open but as the supply is switched on, a glow discharge begins. This warms the contacts enough to make them close and the discharge ceases. Without the discharge the glow switch cools and, after a second or so, the contacts open again. L is an inductive coil of many turns wound on an iron core known as a choke. By considering the magnetic field in the choke, explain how opening the glow switch can momentarily produce this high voltage. (2 marks) (Total 12 marks) ______________________________________________________________________________

54

4.

A keen UFO-spotter claims to have seen a mysterious object, about as bright as the brightest stars - maybe a bit brighter - and moving. A cynic remarks that it was probably an aeroplane. An aeroplane landing-light has a power of 600 W. The brightest star in the night sky, Sirius, has a luminosity of 1.2 1028 W and is 8.3 1017 m from Earth. By carrying out a suitable order-of-magnitude calculation, decide whether an aeroplane light would typically be seen from a distance at which it could look about as bright as Sirius. Show the steps in your working, and state clearly any assumptions and approximations you have made. (Total 7 marks)

55

56

M ar k Schem es
These show the a n sw er s ex pected a t the ti m e of w r i ti n g the pa per s. Ad d i ti on al l y, cred i ti sal w a ys g i venfor u n ex pected , yet a ccepta bl ean sw er s. The r an g e of a ccepta bl e an sw er si s di scu ssed a n d cl ar i f i ed a t the sta n da r di sa ti onm eeti n g fol l ow i n g ea ch ex am i n a ti on , u si n g ex a m pl es from the scri pts r ecei ved .

Wi thi nthe schem es:

i n di ca tes a l ter n a ti ve m a r ki n g poi n t ( ) br a ck ets i n di ca te w or ds n ot essen ti a lto the a n sw er [ ] br a ck ets i n di ca te a d d i ti on a lg u i da n c e for m a r k er s The fol l ow i n g sta n da r d a bbr evi a ti on sar e u sed : a .e. c.e.p e.o.p. e.c.f. s.f. u .e. ar i thm eti c er r or (-1 m a r k) cor r ect equ i va l en t poi n t (a l l ow m a r k) er r or of physi cs (-2 m a r k s) er r or ca r r i ed for war d (a l l ow m a r k (s)) si gn i fi ca n t fi gur es (-1 m a r k on l y w her e speci fi ed ) un i t er r or (-1 m a r k;m ax i m u m 1 per qu esti on )

The w or ki n g for ca l c ul a ti on si s pr esen ted u si n g qu a n ti ty a l g ebr a bu t ca n di d a tes a r e n ot r equ i r ed to d o so i nthei ra n sw er s.

57

PSA1 MARK SCHEME W = mg = (70 kg + 20 kg) 9.81 N kg-1 = 883 N Vertical component = 550 cos14 + 200 cos30 = 707 N Forces balance in any direction or no net force 88.29 N 706.9 N = F sin 37 = 292 N Upwards acceleration requires a net upward force This could be provided by an increased force by the other foot

1.

2 9

2.

Single wavelength/frequency Waves in antiphase superimpose giving complete or partial cancellation f = c/= 3 108 m s-1/ 780 10-9 m = 3.85 10-4 Hz n = air/ plastic = plastic = 3 108 m s-1/ 1.55 = 1.94 108 m s-1 = /f = 1.94 108 m s-1/3.85 1014 Hz = 5.04 10-7 m Path difference between two sets of waves = 2 ridge height = 2 125 nm = 250 nm or approx. /2 Waves are in antiphase when they combine and produce small amplitude No. Path difference is now so waves from ridge and valley almost in phase when they recombine The pattern of ridges and valleys will not give an on/off signal [ Nomust have an attempt at an explanation for a mark]

2 11

58

3.

Electrical energy (supplied to heater) = heat energy gained by water IVt (or Pt) = mc (or VQ) =

2 1

(16 kg/60 s ) (4200 k g -1 K 1 ) )

(10.8 10

W)

= 9.6 K = 9.6 C so final temperature = 15 C + 9.6 C = 24.6 C (for reversed method 7) = 25 5 = 20 K

10.8 103 W 60s m = Pt = c 4200 J k g -1 k 1 20 K

)
[] 2 1 9

Flow rate = 7.7 l min-1 [or 0.13 l s-1] [8. l min-1 by any or no method] Initially the element is cold, the resistance is lower

4.

10 m 28 m (i) mgh = m2 =
2 gh

= 2 9.81 (28 - 10)m = 18.8 m s-1 [or answer using equations of motion] (ii) = u + at 0 = 18.8 m s-1 9.81 m s-2 t -1 t = 18.8 m s / 9.81 m s-2 =1.92 s s = ut + at2 t = 2.39 s 28 = 0 - 9.81t2

3 2 2

(iii)

Horizontal distance = 53 m Total time taken = 1.92 + 2.39 = 4.31 s Speed = 53 m/ 4.31s =12.3 m s-1 Wind speed must be at least the maximum horizontal velocity of the droplet not the average

1 12

59

5.

As I rises terminal voltage of A falls due to internal resistance of A/ lost volts (i) Lost voltsV =Ir = 10.0 0.40 = 4.0 V VB = 28.0 VA = 28.0 (20.0 +4.0) = 12.0 P = VI = 28.0 10.0 = 280 W Power supplied = 280 W P = I2r = 10.02 0.40 = 40 W Power wasted =40 W Eff =
280 = 0.88 = 88% 320

(ii)

(iii)

1 2

(iv)

Advantage = Renewable supply/last longer Disadvantage =Depends on illumination/high internal resistance/large array needed for power required

2 10

6.

Calculate or 2 and t and plots correct M/kg 0.16 0.20 f/Hz 30.6 30.0 /m 0.37 0.41 /ms-1 12.3 11.3 2/m2 s-2 151 128

3 T/N 1.96 1.57

Best fit line Yes Best fit line through origin is near all plots Large drawn Gradient = 160 = 79.6 2.01 1 = = 0.0126 kg m-1 Gradient

(accept 0.12 0.013)

3 9

60

PSA2 MARK SCHEME

Resistance Area Length

1.

Resistivity =

750 2

= 375

1 1

A resistance reading which is significantly larger than others in the survey Mosaic (stone) floor is a poor conductor of electricity or floor will probably contain less water than surrounding soil

Feature containing water-logged soil e.g. ditch Water contains ions/conducts current/reduces resistivity l A

R= =

2 (1.7 10 8 O m )(5.0 m ) (2.0 10 6 m 2 )

8.5 10-2

Error =

(8.5 10 ) 100 = 1.1 10-2 %

8

(750 )

This is likely to be insignificant compared to random uncertainties due to varying resistivity of ground

2 11

2.

E = hf /photon energy is proportional to frequency Photon energy must be greater than work function/minimum required to liberate electron hf = + m2 max Ek = m2 max = hf - Ek = (6.63 10-34 J s 1.70 1018 Hz) 9.61 10-16 J = 1.127 10-15 J - 9.61 10-16 J = 1.66 10-16 J

3 5

61

3.

1 1 = = 55.6 m-1 f 0.018m Power =55.6 m-1

P= Lens shape diverging New rays meet at retina 1 = 50 m-1 P= 0.020 m Power = 50 m-1 55.6 m-1 + P = 50 m-1 P = -5.6 m-1 f=
1 = -0.18 m - 5 .6

3 8

4.

Time Reflections occur at boundary between head and surrounding fluid 1st reflection entering head, 2nd reflection on leaving Time between peaks found from trace Knowing speed of ultra sound, in head, distance can be calculated l = t Width of head = l/2 A change in frequency caused by relative movement between transducer and object

2 8

62

5.

Force which opposes motion through a fluid which has viscosity Occurs when the streamlines are continuous Object travels at constant speed since resistive force equals and opposes driving force labelled diagram showing upthrust, drag and weight
4 3 p r g 3

1 1

2 1 1 1 1

Sphere displaces some of the liquid around it No net force on sphere W = F + U F=W U 6 r =
4 3 4 p r g - p r 3 g 3 3 4 4 6 r = p r 3 g (-) 6 = 2g( ) 3 3

Viscosity varies with temperature Flow rate of oil will differ from that calculated

2 12

6.

Sensible scale Plotted correctly Best fit line Indication on the graph of letter P the limit of proportionality =
T A
28.5 103 N 1.3 10 4 m 2

3 1

( 1)

= 2.2 108 N m-2

x 6.9 10 6 m = l 6.5 10- 2 m

( 1) 1

= 1.1 10-3

63

E=

2.2 108 N m 2 = 1.1 10 3

1

= 2.0 1011 N m-2 Steeper, shorter No bend[or very little]

2 10

7.

Polarised vibrations of transverse wave in 1 plane only (or E or B field) Non polarised vibrations can be in any plane perpendicular to direction of travel No light Align sunglasses so that axis allows absorption of polarised light r + 90+ = 180(on straight line) r = 180 90 - = 90
sin sin = sin (90 ) sin r

1 1 1

1.33 =

sin = tan cos

= tan-1 1.33 = 53 3 6

64

PSA4 Mark Scheme 1.

2 Any TWO of the following: Use more levels of quantisation at both encoding and decoding stages Use the technique of companding (i.e. spaces between lower levels is smaller than those between higher levels Sample more frequently at both encoding and decoding stages High frequency components will be missing from decoded signal 2 Max 2

An unwanted lower frequency signal can be introduced in addition to the original Each encoded digital signal is sliced up into time segments and then fitted together in a known order into the combined signal that is sent down the fibre. At the other end each piece of sliced up signal is reassembled back into its original position in a separate signal. Any TWO of the following: Security - very difficult to tap Higher capacity No interference from electromagnetic waves Negligible cross talk Smaller in physical size Less attenuation per kilometre Lower weight Material dispersion: Pulse consists of a range of frequency components that travel at slightly different speeds in fibre and hence arrive at different times, so pulse is broadened. Multipath dispersion: Light takes a range of paths down the fibre, pulse arrival time is spread due to differences in path length and hence in travel time

Max 2

2 ___

12 ______________________________________________________________________________

65

2.

C = Q/V so Q = CV = (50 10-9 F) 10 V = 5 10-7 C t = RC = (10 103 ) (50 10-9 F) = 5 10-4 s Charge left Q = Qo/e Q = (5 10-7 C)/2.7 = 1.9 10-7 C V= Q/C = (1.9 10-7 C) / (50 10-9 F) = 3.8 V Graph: Points Line Answer of the order of 6.5 10-4 s [use candidate s graph to make judgement]

2 1

1 ___

10 ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Area = lt = Blt E = /t = Bl = E/Bl = 5000 V/((3.2 10-5 T) (20.7 103 m) = 7.5 103 m s-1 2 ___ 2 1

5 ______________________________________________________________________________

66

4.

At a speed of 3 m s-1, the pig moves through 2 mm in a time t = (2 10-3 m)/3 m s-1 = 6.7 10-4 s Use graph to find change in flux in a time interval t e.g. over the 2 mm (1 mm each side of position 2 mm) = 1.0 10-6 Wb. Change of flux linkage N = 5000 (1.0 10-6 Wb) = 5.0 10-3 Wb Instantaneous e.m.f. E = N / t = (5.0 10-3)/ (6.7 10-4) = 7.5 V [Allow variations on this approach. Final answer should lie in range 7 V 8 V] Zero Line goes through (0,0) Peak e.m.f. near positions 1.5 mm Curve symmetrical about (0,0)

3 1

3 ___ 8

______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Impulse = change of momentum = 0.173 kg 3.2 m s-1 = 0.55 kg m s-1 Average force = impulse/contact time = 0.55 kg m s-1/0.3 s = 1.8 N Momentum conserved in either vertical direction or horizontal direction eg cos 60 = cos 30 = 1.6 m s-1 Idea of checking kinetic energy Kinetic energy before = 0.886 J. Total k.e. after = 0.221 + 0.664, elastic 2

2 ___

8 ______________________________________________________________________________

67

6.

Statement of relevant equations Correct manipulation of equations Correct calculation of final answer + units Statement of conclusion based on answer Possible approach: Work done by sliding friction force = change in kinetic energy Frictional force F = weight = mg Work done by friction force = FS Change in kinetic energy Ek = mu2/2 where u = initial speed of car s = distance travelled during skid = 130 m = coefficient of sliding friction = 0.8 g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m s-1 m = mass of car (not known)

2 2 3 1

so mu2/2 = 2 mgs, i.e. u2 = 2gs u = (2 gs) =

(2 0.8 9.81 m s 2 130 m )

= 2040 m 2 s 2 u = 45 m s-1 This is far above the speed limit (actually about 100 m.p.h.) so police can prosecute. Alternative approaches equally valid: e.g. deduce that acceleration during a skid = F/m = g, and use 2 = u2 + 2as

___

8 ______________________________________________________________________________

68

7.

For each of three developments: Identifying a development Some further discussion/information, e.g. discussion of link between evidence and model or some experimental detail, or some information about people involved. Various possibilities: Credit any three of the following. [Things in square brackets are from outside unit 4, so are less likely to be included but deserve full credit. Others not anticipated here get full credit at examinersdiscretion.] Nuclear atom Alpha scattering: large angles. Incompatible with bun model Protons and neutrons in nucleus Chadwick s experiment: neutral particle of same mass as H Quarks (existence of) Deep inelastic scatttering: structure within proton [or Gell-Mann s patterns] Momentum of e.m. radiation de Broglie theoretical prediction or Compton scattering Antimatter Anderson s observation of e-like particle with positive charge [or Dirac s theoretical prediction] Neutrinos Missing energy in beta decay [Photon model of light Photo-electric effect] [Electronic energy levels line spectra: discrete photon energies linked to discrete electron energies] [Wave nature of particles; electron diffraction] ___ Three marks for each of three developments: 3 3 9 1

69

PSA5(ii) Mark Scheme 1. = 2r/T = 2 (4.22 108 m)/(1.53 105 s) = 1.73 104 m s-1 Fcent = mIo 2/r Fgrav = GmIo mJu/r2 GmJumIo/r2 = mIo 2/r mJu = r 2/G mJu = r 2/G = 4.22 108 m (1.73 104 m s-1)2 / 6.67 10-11 N m2 kg-2 = 1.89 1027 kg

2 1 1

2 ___

7 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Redshift (accept Doppler shift) It is receding/moving away Award marks for calculation using any one line: Observed read from graph [Allow 10 nm] Calculation of ; calculation of / Calculation of Emit /nm 410 434 486 656 Obs /nm 475 505 560 760 /nm Z = / V = c /= cz/m s-1 4.8 107 4.9 107 4.6 107 4.8 107 1 1

65 71 74 104

0.159 0.164 0.152 0.159

Doppler shift would be doubled [Accept relative velocity of the galaxy doubled]/ appropriate change in or colour, e.g. more red-shifted Assumption: expansion rate of the Universe is (approximatel y) constant across the Universe (at this moment) 2 ___

7 ______________________________________________________________________________

70

3.

3 Sum of reactant mass nos. = 236. Products must have same total mass no. Actual mass of products is slightly less (by m) than mass of reactants, and products have more kinetic energy ( E) than reactants. The two are related by E = c2 where c is the speed of light [Explanation in terms of binding energy is also acceptab le] N/N0 = e-t = ln2/t = 2.84 10-5 years t = 2.84 10-2 N/N0 = e -(2.4 3% The products of the decay will themselves be radioactive so will contribute to the overall activity of the sample
10-2 )

= 0.97

3 1

1 ___

9 ______________________________________________________________________________

71

4.

The drum provides the necessary centripetal force to keep clothes and water moving in a circle At the holes, there is nothing to provide the centripetal for ce The fabric pokes slightly through the holes, and water flies off at a tangent 1 revolutions = 2 radians 1000 rpm = (2 1000) / 60 s = 104.7 s -1 F = m 2/r = mw2r = 0.5 kg (104.7 s-1)2 (12.5 10-2 m) = 685 N They allow the spinning drum to vibrate a little within the rest of the framework rather than pass on the vibrations through the framework to the surroundings Natural oscillations will have T = 2 ( m/k) f = ( ) ( k/m)

f = ( ) ( 200 N m 1 / 5 kg ) = 1 Hz (As the spin speed passed through1 rad s-1 [1 Hz]) the system would resonate/ a large amplitude of oscillation could build up and damage the machine.

2 ___

10 ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Energy: Potential energy = mgh = 40 10 0.3 = 120 J Kinetic energy as child hits rubber pillow is about the same value (120 J) m 2 = 2 120 gives = 2.5 m s-1 Kinetic energy transferred to air i n pillow, gets warm Use of 3kT/2 Oscillations: Oscillations because to and fro motion about a point Damped oscillations F = kx to 400 = k 0.2 gives k = 2000 N m-1 T = 2 k/m gives about 6 s Idea that oscillations are not simple harmonic

Max 7 ___ 7

72

PSA6 Mark Scheme 1. (a) (Electrical) P = IV = 400 000 (W) Area = r2 = 1520 Wind energy = Au3 = 912 000 W = 0.44 [ 1 if a unit appears] Assumption: e.g. transformer is 100% efficient (b) Volume in one second =A u Use of mass = density volume Use of k.e. = mu2 Suitable combination to give Au3 Wind must have k.e./speed after passing through blades to make room for next layer of air Wind may not be normal to rotor bl ades Wind turbulence/laminar flow [1 for words to this effect, 2 for use of turbulence or laminar] Wear and tear/loss of lubricant in rotor/turbine Period is 3 s, so time between extreme positions = 1.5 s One third of a revolution every 1.5 s Angular speed = 2/3 / 1.5 = 2.1 rads s-1 Resonance Forcing frequency = natural frequency Saves gas/coal etc No waste gases/carbon dioxide/nuclear waste Relatively low power Unreliable if wind drops Large area of land needed Public objections to wind farms 4

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Max 1

Max 1 ___

24 ______________________________________________________________________________

73

2.

(a)

From about u= 5 m s-1 , increases from 0 as u increases to a maximum value of about 0.43, when u is about 12 m s-1 then decreases as u continues to increase No output power below about 5 m s-1 as turbine not rotating Either efficiency designed to be maximum in range 10 15 m s-1 Or no rotation above u = 25 m s-1 so efficiency = 0 Above 12 m s-1 k.e. of blades does not increase even thoughk.e. of wind does. Therefore efficiency must decrease Graph indicates: power increases from 0 to 680 kW as u increases from 5 to 12 m s-1 Power remains constant at 680 kW until u = 25 m s-1 Output power will increase because both efficiency and u increasing (in range u = 5 to 12 m s-1) Output power becomes constant as rate of rotation becomes constant (for u > 12 m s-1) Power output will be reduced by a factor of power output will begin whenu < 5 m s-1 % error in power input (available) = 9% % error in efficiency = 1 + 9 = 10% error average speed (of 10 m s-1 ) means speeds varying both sides Power curve is not symmetrical , it is weighted above 10 m s-1

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

2 ___ 16 ______________________________________________________________________________

74

3.

(a) More efficient Environmental benefits of using less energy (b) Electrons have been excited (by UV) Return to either ground state or intermediate states Therefore either emit photon of same energy or less. E same/smaller, then same/longer (c) E = hc/ = 7.8 10-19 J (d) 4.9 eV (e) Field strength = V/d = 4.9 V/0.008 m = 610 V m-1 (f) If magnetic flux/field decreases quickly (Quick) rate of change of flux leads to (high) voltage

2 1

2 ___

12 ______________________________________________________________________________

67

4.

Sensible approach, carried out correctly with final answer stated to nearest round number, e.g. calculate the distance at which a 600W lamp would have same radiant energy flux as Sirius. (L/4d2) Sirius = (L/4d 2) plane d2plane= (Llane/LSirius)d2Sirius dplane = (Lplane/LSirius)dSirius = (600 W/1.2 1028 W) x (8.3 1017 m) = (5 10-26) (8.3 1017 m) 2.2 10-13 8.3 1017 m 2 104 m, i.e about 20 km Some decisionbased on answer e.g. aircraft fly at a height of several km and switch on their landing-lights some time before landing, so 20 km is a reasonable distance to see an aircraft light. Assumptions: e.g. both sources radiate isotropically and emit similar proportions of their radiation as visible light. [Landing-light will in fact be beamed, and will not emit the same proportion of visible light (because sources are different temperatures) But NB candidates NOT asked to comment on validity.] 2 Max 3

___ 7

76

77

78

Or d er c od e:U A0 0 70 26 20 0 0 ED E X CEL Fou n d a ti on Thi s pu bl i c a ti onm a y on l y be r epr od u ced i na ccor dan c ew i th Ed ex cel c opyr i g ht pol i c y. Ed ex celFou n d a ti oni s a Reg i ster ed cha r i ty. For m or ei n for m a ti onon E d ex celqu a l i fi ca ti on s pl ea se con ta ct ou r Cu stom er R espon se Cen tr e on0 20 7393 450 0 or em a i l :en qu i r i es@ ed ex cel .or g .u k or vi si t ou r w ebsi te: w w w .ed ex cel .or g .u k