APPENDIX B Per-Unit Values for VSC Systems

B.1 INTRODUCTION

It is often more convenient to express a power-electronic converter system in a per-unit term. This can be achieved based on the following per-unitization system. B.1.1 Base Values for AC-Side Quantities

The base values for a VSC system AC-side quantities are given in Table B.1. As shown in the table, the base voltage for a VSC system is chosen as the peak value of the line-to-neutral voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC); this is in contrast to the conventional power system for which the rms line-to-neutral voltage represents the base voltage. The rated three-phase power is selected as the base power. B.1.2 Base Values for DC-Side Quantities

The DC-side base values are determined based on those of the AC side. The base power is the same for both DC and AC sides. However, the DC-side base voltage is dened to be two times the AC-side base voltage. This is to obtain the AC-side voltage of 1.0 pu from the DC-side voltage of 1.0 pu, at unity modulation index. The base values for DC-side quantities are summarized in Table B.2. EXAMPLE B.1 Model of Three-Phase VSC-Based Rectier

Figure B.1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a three-phase VSC system that operates in the rectifying mode of operation and supplies a DC RL load. The open-loop model of the VSC system is described by L did = Rid + Liq + dt diq = Riq Lid + L dt 1 md VDC vsd , 2 1 mq VDC vsq , 2

Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems, Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

by Amirnaser Yazdani and Reza Iravani

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TABLE B.1 Quantity Power Voltage Current Impedance Capacitance Inductance Frequency

Based Values for VSC AC-Side Quantities Symbol and Expression Pb = 3 Vb Ib 2 Vb = Vs 2Pb Ib = 3Vb Vb Zb = Ib 1 Cb = Zb b Zb Lb = b b = 0 Description VA rating of the VSC Amplitude of the line-to-neutral nominal voltage Amplitude of the nominal line current

Usually the power system nominal frequency

TABLE B.2 Quantity Power Voltage Current Impedance Capacitance Inductance

Based Values for VSC DC-Side Quantities Symbol and Expression Pbdc = Vbdc Ibdc = Pb Vbdc = 2Vb 3 Ibdc = Ib 4 8 Rbdc = Zb 3 3 Cbdc = Cb 8 8 Lbdc = Lb 3 Description Same as the AC-side base power

dVDC 3 = il iDC = il m d id + m q i q , dt 4 dil Ll = Rl il + VDC . dt

(B.1)

Let us signify a per-unitized value by the underline. Thus, for the AC-side quantities we have L = Lb L, R = Zb R, vsd = Vb vsd ,

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APPENDIX B: PER-UNIT VALUES FOR VSC SYSTEMS

PDC + il Ll Rl C VDC VSC

Pt Ps R L iabc

PCC

s-abc +

FIGURE B.1 Schematic diagram of a three-phase VSC-based rectier.

vsq = Vb vsq , i d = I b id , iq = Ib iq , = b , and for the DC-side quantities, we obtain 3 Cb C, 8 8 L l = L b Ll , 3 8 Rl = Z b R l , 3 VDC = 2Vb VDC , C= il = 3 Ib il . 4 (B.3) (B.2)

Substituting from (B.2) and (B.3) in (B.1), and using the relationships between the base values as given in Table B.1, one deduces the following per-unitized set of equations: 1 did L = Rid + Liq + md VDC vsd , b dt 1 diq = Riq Lid + mq VDC vsq , L b dt 1 dVDC C = il (md id + mq iq ), b dt

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1 dil Ll = Rl il + VDC . b dt

(B.4)

It should be noted that based on the foregoing per-unit system, we do not express the modulating signals md and mq in per-unit terms. The reason is that the absolute values of the modulating signals are between zero and unity, and thus expressing them in per-unit terms does not yield more insight. Equation (B.4) indicates that each derivative term of an original equation is premultiplied by the factor 1/b in the corresponding per-unit counterpart. This factor can be avoided if the time is also expressed in per-unit terms using the base value tb = 1/b . Based on such per-unitization of time, (B.4) assumes the form L L C did = Rid + Liq + md VDC vsd , dt diq dt = Riq Lid + mq VDC vsq ,

dVDC = il md id + mq iq , dt Ll dil = Rl il + VDC . dt (B.5)