Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Introduction Air Interface Network Architecture and Protocols LTE Market Alcatel-Lucent LTE Solution LTE Summary
LTE Introduction
Table of Contents
Telephony Standards 3GPP Standards 3GPP Releases LTE Terminology: EPS, EUTRAN, SAE, EPC LTE Targets Evolution of Data Transmission Rates in 3GPP mobile networks LTE Requirements and Features
2G
3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000) iDEN family WiDEN 3GPP family UMTS (UTRAN) WCDMA-FDD WCDMA-TDD UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA) 3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856) 3GPP family HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE (E-UTRA) 3GPP2 family EV-DO Rev. A EV-DO Rev. B
Other Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM IEEE 802.20
3G (IMT-2000)
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) is the global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications defined by ITU International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT Advanced) is the global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications being defined by ITU
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1998 R97
2.5G GPRS
1999 R98
2000 R99
2001 R4
2002 R5
2006
2007 R7
2008 R8
2009 R9
2010
2011 R10
GSM EDGE
(EGPRS)
3.5G HSPA
(HSUPA)
IMS
IMS
R7 HSPA+ IMS
LTE Ad. 4G
Publication Date (not study starting date, neither deployment date!) 3GPP Release: R99, R4, ... Network Architecture: GSM, UMTS, LTE Mobile Telephony Generation: 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, ... Technology: GSM, GPRS, EDGE, HSDPA, ...
LTE Targets
Good Cell Size Good Cell Capacity Good Mobility Speeds High Data Rates Co-existence and interworking with UMTS/GSM and other net. Packet Domain Only End-to-end QoS Improved Spectrum Efficiency Flexible Spectrum and Bandwidth Assignment
LTE
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2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G
3.5G
Technology GSM (CSD) GSM (HSCSD) GPRS EDGE Evolved EDGE Downlink UMTS Uplink Downlink HSDPA Uplink Downlink HSUPA Uplink Downlink HSPA+ (R7) Uplink Downlink HSPA+ (R8) Uplink Downlink LTE Uplink Downlink LTE Adv. Uplink
Transmission Rate
9.6 kbps 57.6 kbps 115 kbps 473.6 kbps 1 Mbps 2 Mbps 384 kbps 14.4 Mbps 384 kbps 14.4 Mbps 5.76 Mbps 28.8 Mbps 11.5 Mbps 43.2 Mbps 11.5 Mbps 326.4 Mbps 86.4 Mbps > 1 Gbps > 500 Mbps
Note that 2G technologies are symmetric (same bitrate on uplink and downlink, while 3G and 4G are asymmetric.
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Mobility
Optimized: 0 - 15 km/h High Performance: 15 - 120 km/h Functional: 120 - 350 km/h
Coverage
Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets achieved in 5 km cells, and with a slight degradation for 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should not be precluded.
Cell Capacity
At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz
Co-existence
with GERAN/3G on adjacent channels with other operators on adjacent channels with overlapping or adjacent spectrum at country borders
Interworking
Handover with UTRAN and GERAN
less than 300 ms for real time services and less than 500 ms for non real time services
Simplified Architecture
E-UTRAN is reduced to the Evolved Node B (eNB) All services via the evolved packet core (EPC) (equivalent to the Packet Subsystem). There is no Circuit Subsystem (CS) Clearly delineated control and user planes
Cost Reductions
Derived from the simplified architecture based on open interfaces Multivendor RAN Self Organizing Network (SON) feature on the E-UTRAN
Quality of Service:
End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) supported. VoIP supported with at least as good radio and backhaul efficiency and latency as voice traffic over the UMTS circuit switched networks
Table of Contents
Multiple Access: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Duplexing Techniques: FDD, TDD and HD-FDD Frequency Bands Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Multiple Antennas Technologies (SM, SDMA) Modulation in LTE Reference Signals Multicast and Broadcast: E-MBMS and MBSFN
What does it mean? We will try to clarify all these terms in the following slides
Imagine a bunch of people trying to maintain several simultaneous conversations in the same room:
TDMA = Speak in turns FDMA = Speak with different tones/pitches CDMA = Speak in different languages SDMA = Use a mechanism to address the voice to the desired person only
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More Multiple Access Techniques: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access)
Is a type of FDMA where a large number of closely-space orthogonal subcarriers are used That is, it is a type of FDMA where:
the frequencies have been cleverly chosen (in mathematical terms: they are orthogonal) so that the digital processing required to recover the information transmitted in each subcarrier is easy and efficient (in math. terms: Fast Fourier Transform) allowing the use of a large number of closely-spaced (in fact overlapping) subcarriers
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We can recover the information in each channel multiplying the received signal by the corresponding function and integrating it: Ts
Ts
v(t ) cos( t )
0 Ts
Ts
Ts
v(t ) sin( t )
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0
Ts
LTE LTEis isbased basedon onOFDMA OFDMA(Standard (StandardOFDMA OFDMAin inthe thedownlink downlink and andSC-FDMA SC-FDMAin inthe theuplink) uplink)
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The two techniques transmit the same amount of data symbols in the same time period and using the same bandwidth. But OFDMA requires a higher variation of the signal amplitude to achieve the same signal-to-noise ratio. This requires expensive power amplifiers and high power transmission which is acceptable for the eNB but not desirable for the UE. OFDMA offers more granularity in assigning bandwidth to users SC-FDMA requires less power transmission which is better suited for the UE.
Duplexing Techniques
FDD
Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) means that the transmitter and receiver operates at different carrier frequencies.
TDD
Time-division duplexing (TDD) is the application of time-division multiplexing to separate uplink and downlink signals
It is important to distinguish between multiple access (FDMA, TDMA) and duplexing (FDD, TDA). While multiple access allows multiple users simultaneous access to a shared medium, duplexing refers to how the radio channel is shared between the uplink and downlink.
GSM GSMuses usesFDD FDD UMTS UMTSis ismainly mainlybased basedon onFDD, FDD,although althoughthere thereis isaaTDD TDDvariant variant(TD(TDSCDMA) SCDMA)used usedin insome somecountries countries(e.g.: (e.g.:China) China) LTE LTEhas hasbeen beendefined definedto tosupport supportboth: both:FDD FDDmode modeand andTDD TDDmode mode
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Unlike in UMTS where TDD is a kind of add-on to the standards, in LTE there is high degree of commonality between FDD and TDD
Dual UE terminals capable of connecting to both FDD and TDD networks are expected Common: slot length (0.5 ms), subframe length (1 ms), OFDMA symbol time, CP lengths, FFT sizes, sample rates, etc.
System T-GSM-380 T-GSM-410 GSM-450 GSM-480 GSM-710 GSM-750 T-GSM-810 GSM-850 P-GSM-900 E-GSM-900 R-GSM-900 T-GSM-900 DCS-1800 PCS-1900
Downlink (MHz) 380 380.2389.8 390.2399.8 410 410.2419.8 420.2429.8 450 450.4457.6 460.4467.6 480 478.8486.0 488.8496.0 710 698.0716.0 728.0746.0 750 747.0762.0 777.0792.0 810 806.0821.0 851.0866.0 850 824.0849.0 869.0894.0 900 890.2914.8 935.2959.8 900 880.0914.8 925.0959.8 900 876.0914.8 921.0959.8 900 870.4876.0 915.4921.0 1800 1710.21784.8 1805.21879.8 1900 1850.01910.0 1930.01990.0
Channel number dynamic dynamic 259293 306340 dynamic 438511 dynamic 128251 1124 9751023, 0-124 9551023, 0-124 dynamic 512885 512810
Comments
United States, Canada, and many other countries in the Americas Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania and most of Asia "Extended" GSM-900 "Railways" GSM-900 Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania and most of Asia United States, Canada, and many other countries in the Americas
Note Notethat thatthe thebands bandsfor forTDD TDDare areunpaired unpairedbecause becauseuplink uplinkand anddownlink downlinkshare sharethe thefrequencies frequencies
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They transmit independent data (say x1, x2, , xN) on different transmit antennas simultaneously and in the same channel. At the receiver, a MIMO decoder users MN antennas. Assuming N receive antennas, and representing the signal received by each antenna as rj we have:
Multiple Antennas Technologies in LTE Multiple transmit antennas at eNodeB: 1,2 or 4 Multiple receive antennas at UE: 2
, or MU-MIMO
Modulation
f
Subcarrier
one symbol
Each subcarrier is modulated to transfer information in the form of a sequence of "symbols" The duration of each symbol (symbol time) is fixed Depending on the modulation scheme, the signal in each symbol is modulated in phase and/or amplitude to represent one of a certain constelation of possible values (states) In LTE the following modulation schemes are used:
t
Symbol time
4 states = 2 bits
00
Phase 0 (cosine)
11
Amplitude = 1
Phase 270 (-sine)
01
Different UEs are assigned different sets of subcarriers so that they remain orthogonal to each other (except MU-MIMO)
bit stream user 1
Serial to Parallel
IFFT
Serial to Parallel
Parallel to Serial
add CP
...
bit stream
S P
DFT
IFFT
P S
add CP
D/A
RF Tx
...
...
Subcarrier mapping
Subcarrier demapping
...
P S
IDFT
Equalizer
FFT
S P
remove CP
A/D
RF Rx
...
...
...
...
Subcarrier
first 1..3 OFDM symbols* reserved for L1/L2 control signaling (PCFICH, PDCCH, PHICH)
* 2..4 symbols for 1.4 MHz bandwidth only
6 symbols X 12 subcarriers (long CP) This is the minimum unit of allocation in LTE
PRB
15 kHz Resource Element is a single subcarrier in an OFDM symbol
66.67 s
CP
Symbol Data
t
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Subframe (1 ms)
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1.3 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz 192 kHz 3.84 MHz 7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz 23.04 MHz 30.72 MHz
(1/2 x 3.84) (1 x 3.84) (2 x 3.84) (4 x 3.84) (6 x 3.84) (8 x 3.84)
128 6 72
256 15 180
512 25 300
1024 50 600
1536 75 900
FFT sizes chosen such that sampling rates are a multiple of the UMTS chip rate (3.84 MHz)
Reference Signal
Reference signals are generated as the product of an orthogonal sequence and a pseudo-random numerical (PRN) sequence. Overall, there are 510 unique reference signals possible. A specified reference signal is assigned to each cell within a network and acts as a cell-specific identifier. UE must get an accurate CIR from each transmitting antenna. Therefore, when a reference signal is transmitted from one antenna port, the other antenna ports in the cell are idle. Reference signals are sent on every sixth subcarrier. CIR estimates for subcarriers that do not bear reference signals are computed via interpolation.
Reference Signal
In the multi-antenna case, there is a need for a RS power boost to overcome interference from neighbor cell data transmission Cell-specific frequency shift of RS position to avoid RS overlap RS overhead 4.8% for 1 Tx 9.5% for 2 Tx 14.3% for 4 Tx
E-MBMS can be used in synchronous or asynchronous networks, and can either be on a stand-alone E-MBMS carrier or multiplexed with unicast traffic
Subframes reserved for broadcast are reserved periodically in time TDM of broadcast and unicast subframes (FDM is not allowed)
Broadcast
Broadcast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast
Unicast time
1ms subframe
Unicast
Table of Contents
Network Architecture
LTE-Uu Interface E-UTRAN
S1 Interface X2 Interface eNB Functions Radio Resource Control (RRC) Inter-cell Interference Control SON (Self-Organizing Networks) MME Functions MME Interfaces Bearer Management LTE Initial Attach/Default Bearer Establishment (High Level View) Serving & PDN Gateway PCRF and QoS User Plane Protocols S5 Interface: GTP and GRE
EPC
User Plane
EPC eNB E-UTRAN Serving-GW MME PDN-GW PCRF
Control Plane
UMTS
MSC GERAN BTS BSC Circuit Switched Domain PSTN Circuit Switched Voice Network
PDSN
HA
PCRF MME
SGW
PDN GW
Evolution to EPS
A Unified IP-based Always-on, QoS-enabled Network
Legacy Infrastructure
CS Core
CS Services
PS Core
BTS
PDSN
GGSN
Packet Services
1
Radio Mobility Intelligence placed in the eNB
2
Backhaul transition To IP/Ethernet
3
RNC Bearer mobility collapse into the SGW RNC control distributed into the MME/eNB
4
MCS voice and SGSN packet mobility collapse into the SGW SGSN control collapses into the MME
5
CS and PS Collapse into a Unified IP backbone
6
GGSN collapses into the PDN GW All services delivered over IP
Backhaul (IP/Ethernet)
eNB SGW
PCRF
Services
PDN GW
Policy
Policy Decisions
Serving Gateway
Local mobility anchor for inter-eNB handovers Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP handovers Idle mode DL packet buffering Lawful interception Packet routing and forwarding
PDN Gateway
IP anchor point for bearers UE IP address allocation Per-user based packet filtering Connectivity to packet data network
S6a
S10
MME
S3
S11
PCRF
Gxx Serving GW S5 S2a S2b E-PDG SWn S6b S7 (Gx) PDN SGi SGi
eUTRAN
S1-MME LTE-Uu
Rx Operator IP Services
UE
X2
eNB
S1-U S4
AAA
Other IP Networks
UE
Control Plane
RRC terminated in eNB
Broadcast, Paging, RRC connection management, RB control, Mobility functions, UE measurement reporting and control
X2-AP
E-UTRAN consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE
Fully distributed radio access network architecture
eNBs are connected by means of the S1 interface to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
After a long period of inactivity, an UE can go to RRC_IDLE state, releasing some of the radio resources, without losing the "registration" with the EPC (for example, without losing its IP address) On RRC_IDLE state the UE is still able to receive broadcast/multicast data and can receive the "paging" message that takes the UE to RRC_CONNECTED state again.
RRC Procedures
UE
RRC: Connection Request RRC: Connection Setup RRC: Connection Setup Complete
eNB
UE
RRC: Paging
eNB
Paging
Connection Establishment
Other procedures:
Connection Release Connection Reconfiguration Connection Re-establishment Initial Security Activation UL Information Transfer (of NAS control protocol info) DL Information Transfer (of NAS control protocol info)
Downlink interference
Relative Narrowband Tx Powermessage
Indicates, per PRB, whether the downlink Tx power is lower than a certain threshold
Inter-cell interference mitigation/coordination by means of Intelligent scheduling based on priority allocation of sub-frame/sub-carrier allocation, frequency scheduling, power levels coupled to sub-band priorities, soft reuse: power levels coupled to groups of sub-bands etc.
SON functions are mostly enabled by the exchange of information between neighbour eNBs
Some functions rely also on UE assistance
MME Functions
The MME is the key control-node for the LTE access-network. Terminates the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling from the UE and the GTP-C signaling from the SGW Idle mode UE tracking and paging procedure including retransmissions. Bearer management Responsible for choosing the SGW and PDN-GW for a UE at the initial attach and at time of intra-LTE handover involving Core Network (CN) node relocation. UE authentication (by interacting with the HSS). Responsible for generation and allocation of temporary identities to UEs. Termination point in the network for ciphering/integrity protection for NAS signaling and handles the security key management. Lawful interception of signaling is also supported by the MME. The MME also provides the control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks with the S3 interface terminating at the MME from the SGSN.
MME Interfaces
Bearer Management
EPS Mobility Management (EMM) is the function of controlling whether a UE is registered with the Mobile Management Entity (MME) and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) States: EMM-registered or EMM-deregistered. EPS Connection Management (ECM) is a sub-function of Mobility Management. It has to do with the physical and logical connectivity to the UE through the radio network. States: ECM-Idle or ECM-Connected A mobile transferring data is always EMM-registered and ECM-connected, but, after a long period of inactivity, it could go to ECM-Idle state (corresponding to an underlying RRC-Idle) without losing its registration (EMM-registered) EPS Session Management (ESM) is the function of providing IP connectivity (by means of EPS bearers) to the UE. Bearer Context Inactive
When there is no EPS Bearer for the UE.
As soon as the UE registers (EMM-registered) at least one EPS Bearer (the default bearer) is activated. But one UE may have more than one context and more than one bearer active.
Bearer Management
Attach Detach Tracking Area update Paging Identification Security Mode Control
Default EPS Bearer Context Activation EPS Bearer Context Deactivation Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Activation EPS Bearer Context Modification UE Requested PDN Connectivity UE Requested Disconnect UE Requested Bearer Resource Allocation UE Requested Bearer Resource Modification
ESM procedures can be performed only after a NAS connection is established (ECM-Connected). The Default EPS Bearer setup is performed during the EMM Attach procedure.
Bearers
EPS Bearers provide access to PDN services for the UE
Typically a Default Bearer is established during attachment and maintained through the lifetime of the connection (always-on IP connectivity) Additional Dedicated Bearers can be dynamically established as the result of service requests
The S-GW and PDN-GW manage the dynamic creation, modification and deletion of S1 and S5/S8 bearers
Attach Request
Diameter: LTE Authentication Diameter: Update Location, Insert Subscriber Data Create Default Bearer Req. Create Default Bearer Req. DHCP: IP Addr. assig. Diameter: PDN Auth. Diameter: Policy & Charg. Ctrl. Create Default Bearer Res.
Create Default Bearer Res. Initial Context Setup Req. Attach Accept Attach Accept
EMM-Registered
Default S5 Bearer
Attach Complete Default Radio Bearer Initial Context Setup Res. Attach Complete Update Bearer req. Update Bearer res. Default S1-U Bearer Default EPS Bearer
QoS is required by services, signaled using SIP. The elements handling SIP signaling, and aware of the QoS requirements perform called AF (Application Function)
This includes the Session Control Elements that belong to the IMS
The PCRF acts as the policy decision point: the mediator between the AF (who knows the required QoS) and the PCEF (who enforces the QoS)
The PCRF is not a simple protocol translator It really takes policy decisions based on: user profile, policy rules, charging rules, etc.
Note that at least the default EPS Bearer has to be activated (steps 1 and 2) before the UE can send the service request (step 3) The service request consists on SIP signaling exhanged over IP
UE
S5 Interface
There are two types of S5 Interfaces:
GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) based Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) based
GTP is the same tunneling protocol used on GPRS/UMTS network GRE is used together with MIP (Mobile IP) and in particular together with PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IP version 6)
In any case, the S5 interface is based on a tunnel. The network between the PGW and the SGW is usually an IP network. But this means that there are two IP levels and two IP addresses:
The "user" IP level and the UE IP address And the "SGW-PGW network" IP level and the IP address used to route the packets from PGW to SGW
LTE Market
Market Trends
iPhone and the sequel ... Real game changers
X X 10 10
X X 50 50
Market Trends
iPhone and the sequel ... Real game changers
Derek McManus, Chief Technology Officer of O2, at Fierce Wireless Europe on November 18, 2009:
The Theintroduction introductionof ofworld-class world-classsmartphones, smartphones,in incombination combinationwith with a awide widevariety varietyof ofdata dataapplications, applications,has hasbrought broughtabout abouta adramatic dramatic change changein incustomer customerbehavior behaviorand andcreated createdan anexponential exponentialdemand demand on onmobile mobiledata datanetworks. networks.Data Dataon onour ournetwork networkhas hasincreased increased twenty-fold twenty-foldin inthe thelast lastyear yearalone, alone,and andto toput putthis thisin incontext, context, watching watchinga aYouTube YouTubevideo videoon ona asmartphone smartphonecan canuse usethe thesame same capacity capacityon onthe thenetwork networkas assending sending500,000 500,000text textmessages messages simultaneously. simultaneously.
M2M
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Cloud Computing
Video
UGC
AT&T China Mobile KDDI NTT DOCOMO, Optus, SK Telecom, Telstra Verizon Wireless.
MNO with presence in one key market
Verizon Wireless
US CMDA operator Launch in Q4 2010
Main Supplier!
AT&T Mobile
US GSM operator - Launch in 2011
Main Supplier!
Germany
Four licenses assigned on the 800, 2100 and 2600 MHz bands: O2, Deutsche Telekom, Vodafone, E-Plus (KPN) <4384 M> Required to launch commercial service in 2011
The 5 GB LTE plan is priced $10 per month cheaper than Verizons 5 GB 3G data plan, though the LTE service provides much faster speeds.
The company believes a significant amount of customers will embrace LTE and 5 GB will not be enough so instead they will gravitate to the $80 per month plan.
Huawei Huawei Ericsson Ericsson Nokia-Siemens Nokia-Siemens Alcatel-Lucent Alcatel-Lucent Other Other
2009
H2
H1
2010
H2
H1
2011
H2
H1
2012
H2
H1
2013
H2
H1
2014+
Prototype products
Field Trials
Early Launches
In 2009, LTE ecosystem is already backed by the top 5 device suppliers and the wireless chipset champions
In 2011, the LTE technologies is ready for the Mass Market with mature chipsets ready for Wireless and Consumer electronic suppliers
3rd Gen LTE solution In 2013, The LTE technologies would become commodities for smooth integration into any type of wireless synchronised devices
Or Motorola Etna?
March 2011?
1800 MHz (GSM)- Europe & Asia Pacific Band not widely used, may see some re-farming, as for 900MHz 2011
1900MHz NAR 850MHz NAR
2012
450 MHz Europe 900MHz Europe
1700/2100 MHz (AWS) Americas much interest in this band (1700 also for Japan) 700 MHz Americas Digital Dividend
2500-2690MHz (IMT 2000) Worldwide Likely the only band with 20MHz of spectrum available for LTE Likely to be popular for worldwide roaming / device availability
900 MHz (GSM)- Europe Operators are looking to migrate GSM 900MHz to LTE for rural scenarios (coupled w/urban 2.6 GHz)
WIMAX OFDMA modulation used in the uplink and downlink Only TDD supported, in the 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz bands. Additional bands might be added in the future. The availability of comparatively cheap spectrum at 3.5 GHz and higher frequencies in many markets is being leveraged to launch WiMAX networks. Standardization driven by vendors, operators, and greenfield players at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the WiMAX Forum. First mover advantage. Already deployed in numerous countries while LTE was still in the trial phase. However, most deployments have been small, serving targeted communities, businesses and private institutions. WiMAX coverage is far behind conventional mobile networks cover. Less complex solution for regional/rural operators who dont need roaming with 3GPP networks.
LTE OFDMA modulation in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. Less power consumption in the UE. Supports TDD and FDD. TD-LTE frequencies range from 1800 MHz to 2.6 GHz (with possible inclusion of the 3.5 GHz band in the future). LTE FDD bands range from 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz.
3GPP standardization process led by mobile operators and top vendors. Major mobile operators (AT&T, China Mobile, China Telecom, KDDI, Orange, Telecom Italia, Telefonica, Telstra, T-Mobile, and Verizon) have committed to LTE.
Larger market share in the long term, with better opportunities for international and domestic roaming. Volume of production will bring down the cost of LTE equipment. Powerful ecosystem with strong vendor and operator support to ensure future affordability and choice among devices. Developed with mobility in mind, but could support fixed usage scenarios. Better mobility target (350 Km/h compared to 120 Km/h in WiMAX).
WiMAX Forum certification program supports device interoperability across vendors, but smaller market size results in more limited choice of devices. Supports fixed, nomadic, and mobile usage scenarios.
Core Nework:
Flat IP network WiMAX ASN Gateway corresponds to the MME and Serving Gateway in LTE WiMAX HA corresponds to the LTE PDN Gateway While these core elements perform similar functions, they are specific to the air interface and cannot be shared by WiMAX and LTE networks.
Switching from WiMAX to LTE is much easier than, for example, the complicated switch from CDMA to GSM or vice-versa. Early movers from WiMAX to LTE:
Clearwire (US) Yota (Russia) EnergyAustralia
In May 2010 Yota announced plans to use LTE for new deployments and migrate the existing ones to LTE
Alcatel-Lucents leadership in (LTE) was recognized by Informa Telecoms and Media, organizers of the LTE world series at the LTE North America 2010 Awards in Dallas with awards in three categories:
Significant Progress for a Commercial Launch of LTE by a Vendor in the North America Region Best Network/Device Testing Product for LTE (Alcatel-Lucent 9900 Wireless Network Guardian) Best Green LTE Product or Initiative in North America (Alcatel-Lucent LTE RAN, Alternative Energy Program and Bell Labs GreenTouch initiative)
EPS
IMS
8650 SDM - HSS
eUTRAN
9471 MME 9412 eNodeB 9926 BBU
ePC
8615 IeCCF
7750 SR - SGW
7750 SR - PGW
5620 SAM
eUTRAN
9471 MME 9412 eNodeB 9926 BBU
ePC
8650 SDM - HSS
7750 SR - SGW
9453 XMS
Alcatel-Lucent eUTRAN
9412 eNodeB Cube
Fully integrated eNodeB
Alcatel-Lucent ePC
9471 MME (Mobility Management Entity) 5780 DSC (Dynamic Services Controller)
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
JMS SOAP-XML
(3GPP CORBA)
5620 SAM
9453 XMS
9412 eNodeB 9471 MME 7750 SR (SGW) 7750 SR (PGW) 5780 DSC (PCRF)
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9453 XMS Extended Management System manages a large portfolio of network elements for next generation wireless networks integrating and converging existing 2G-3G Alcatel-Lucent Element Domain Managers. 9455 RNP The Radio Network Planning tool is usable for planning multi-technology and multivendor solutions.
The Wireless Provisioning System simplifies the provisioning and reverse engineering/auditing of the network. The Network Performance Optimizer is Alcatel-Lucents main solution for wireless network optimization. It delivers a rich toolset enabling QoS diagnostic, correlation of performance and configuration, and QoS tuning based on network performance collection. NPO also delivers advanced reporting functions on network QoS across multi-standard wireless technologies being 2G-3G-LTE.
The 9453 XMS is used for all eNodeBs. The 9453 XMS represents a suite of management applications. The XMS 9453 supports the integration of 5620 SAM for centralized, unified fault and state management and navigation.
LTE Summary
Low latency enables fast channel adaptation therefore allowing high speed applications
10 ms
HSPA
HSPA+
WiMAX
LTE
HD TV
User created content
326
DL
Multi-screen
Gaming
173
DL
More
86
UL
55 42 5
UL
36
UL
UL
14
DL
11
UL
DL
DL
HSPA
(5MHz)
HSPA+
(5MHz)
WiMAX
(10MHz)
#2 Spectrum flexibility
LTE channelization
10MHz
20MHz
AWS 700Mhz
1900Mhz 850Mhz
LTE FDD
LTE TDD
GGSN HA
VPN
LTE+EPC LTE+EPC
MME IP channel SGW eNode B PCRF
PGW
outdoor deployment
mid power + smart antennas
indoor deployment
low power isolated from macro [15db wall attenuation]
#5 LTE improved operational efficiency LTE SON (Self Organizing Network) drives
Intelligence and automation in the network Better service offering
Network design and planning simplification Reduce installation and commissioning works Reduce OPEX
World of data is dynamic and networks must adapt in real time Avoid repetitive optimization Avoid error-prone and slow manual operations
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