- -.

-- f
II
,

NEWNES

RADIO AND

ELECTRON ICS

ENGINEER'S

POCKET BOOK i
1,1
Revised by 1:1
the editorial Staff of
II Electronics Today International

II
Z Y: CfJ

NEWNES TECHNICAL BOOKS

Newnes Techn ical Books

Is all im print (If till' uutterwortf Cr oup
which has p ri n l'i l' al D j! i l'''~ in
Lon don , SydllP}' , 'l'o ron to , \\" rlli mzl on , D urhan and
Bo st on

Fi ril' IlUhll;:;!wc!1!)-lO h r (; PDrgf' xe wn os Ltd

'I'hlrteenth f'lli fj oll 1 no:!
F 01lTI('f'lLth f'\litl nll 1072
Plf't eenth edition 107"
R eurin t r -I 1!}7!l, I f)~O , 1982 (twice, with nddftlons)
© Butt erwo rth & Co. <P ublishers) Ltd , 1978

All rt ghta reserved . Nu part of t hi s publicat.lnn m a y

he reprod uced o r transmitted in ,l ILY form or by
an y mru ns, Iuc fud ing phctocopylng a mI recordi lll-:,
wit hout th e writ te n perm issio n of th e copyrig h t
holder , a pp lic a t ion for Which should be ad dressed to
t he t' ub nsncrs. Such wr itten pc rmlsslon mu s t 1l1 ~) h e
obta ined before an y pa rt o f thi s p ublica ti on is stored
in a retriev a l s ys te m of a ny na tu re .
This b ook is sold subk d to the S t andard oo ad tuone
0[ Sa le o f Ne t Books a nd may not b e re -sold in t he
U K be low the net p rice give n by the Pu blishers in
th eir current pric e lis t.
l~ HN 0 408 003 14 6
P rinted in Orca t Bri tain by
Ple tch er &: So n Ltd, No r wich

PREFACE
Keoping re fe rence books up t o d a t e is
becom ing an increasi ngly d ifficu lt task. T h is
ed iti on h as m ajor change s over those made in
1972.
T h e wid es pread u se of the p ocket ca lcu lator
h a s enabled u s t o lea ve ou t much materi al
'whi ch was very us eful a few y ea rs ago b u t is
n ow redundant . T h is h a s bee n d on e in order to
m ak e ro om for a m ass of new infurmat ion ,
m u ch o f wh ich relates t o in tegrat ed circ ui ts.
Our criteri on for ch oos ing wh at t o inclu de
has been 'What d o use look up ?' 'Ve h a ve p ut
in so me in for m a ti on which is not a v ai lable
elsewh ere , even thoug h it m a y be needed on ly
in fr eq uen tl y ,
A referen ce bo ok is only as good a s it s index
and for this reason great ca re h ue been t aken
in it s compila t ion.
H , W . ),Ioors hea d
R. H arris

J.PeTl'Y

E lectronics T oda y I nternational

5
 CONTENTS
PAGE
ABURKVlATIO~ S
GREEK AI,pJ[AnET . .
AXD !;y:o.WOLS .
CO )Il' O ~ B KT S n l BO LS .
13
14
•
HT A X D.\ R D UXITf; . . 16
D EC D IAJ . MUJ:f l l'L II.;nS 17
roues 16
EXEROY re
" l~"\ T 19
To n: . . l'
p O\n ; R . . ", , l'
BLECTlUC AL E Q UATl O ~ S . ' , , , ~O
J)I)!KKS IO NS m ' I'HY SICA I, l ' JWl' .h: RT I l:::; 20
US1::1"lJ L lo'OltMU L H : .. 21
m ssrvrou .H m CAI' ACI TOI t COI.OUR
CO IHX O ' . . . . . ., . . 30
CAPACITANC E, RES rS 'l'A NCK, I ~ J l lJ C l'A S C g 3~
RESI STO lt x x n CA I' AUI T o n T, I':l'T Jo: R AND
D In IT com: , . . . . , , . . . 33
'rIl AKS I8 '1'O R A X l) IHODI~ lW CAl'S UL A'J'YO XS :H
T UAKS IS T O lt CIllC U t T S A ND CHA ltAU T.l::Il ·
I i'OTJCS . . . , . . . . . . ' , 36
CcnDlO X TRANS IS TO lt A X D mo rn : D AT A 37
7.E :'i Jo: R D ATA . -12
US I KG L ,E . D,s . . . . . . .
r o W ER S Ul>PLY COK.t'JGU R ATIOXS ".re
H
OP·.U I P ST AX DAR D c r u currs
8 E m CO N D UCT OR GLO SSARY
I,DOW T KR :m~ . . .
I,nu w T fUD II )i O LOO Y .
".

55
55
UAS IC LOUI e s n I HO LS AK D TIl UT Il
TABU:S • . . . , . . . . 56
cosu-xuisox Q}' L OGI C FA )lILIES 59
CO D E CO )," "J: RS IO X TABLES 62
DI SPLAYS . . 65
TT l. S n tnOLS. . . 66
TRAKSI STOlt S YMB OLS 66
TTL AX D C) IQS D AT A . . .
LA W1'\ OF BOOL E AX AL GEBRA . . .
TTL TO C ~lO S-- EQ L I\' AL E XT TYPES .
"'"
75

US I XG T T L: XOTES OK T H E 7-100 S E R I ES 76

C~lOS A :i D TTL P I X-O UTS

~~

. .

~IAI X S TR A XSF OR.~ E R DA T A .

6

r .~ l ;J::

IH K !-\T AX DAR D CO X X ECT IO :-lS . • • . g3

H. E~ l s'iAK C}; YALUF.:-i l 'o K llE CO U P LUW
AX il YOLTAG1:': DI{( >Pl'I XG . . . , g-l
HK.\ C'l'A :'Il (' E OF CA P ACIT O RS .vr SPOT
R f~·.r(~:g\~i? ~t · IX·D t.:·CTO R~ ~-\ T' :-ii ' oT g6
1'· REQ t.: EX C U~S . . . . ~7
SII L 'cT:' A Xil ll Es ls T.\ XC J::S
K I HCII IIO}'lo" S L -\W:-i
:-;T IW IIOSCO P t:
""so
99
D t: t'I HE L • • , 100
m :C IIIJ-:L T A UL E . 103
1.,.\\\':-\ . • 10 '
10~
~~: ~;?~.I;l!)~ll~:. x }: ':l e ·w.\ Y}: :-;1~EJr Jtr ~i 1~1

RA D I O W AYEJUX n:-\ 110

S! XI' O (' O Dl~ . ' . , . 110
II. II,C. A.)1. IL \IHO ST X f IOX:-\ , II I
lJ.li: . ( '. 11, lU DIO . . . 112
lI. II.C. v.u.r.n-.». HA LHIl :-\1'.-\'I'I 0 XS 113
n . lI.c . I.o e A l. InD IO :O:1'.-\'1'IOX :-\ . • . • 114
J :\ u e P E :\D E X1' LOC A L B A IlIO ST .\T IO SS 115
B. II.C. Y,IU ' . 'l'Es 'r 'l'OX E T H A:\ :-i) II :-;S lO XS 116
WA yg L ~:.:\U T H -F R J ':{) UEX { :Y (' O XY tHU\l O ~
TAil L l': . 118
W UIl L D T IM I': . . . . . . . . . . II \)
I X 'rJ~ IL"l' A T lO ':'L\ L A LL OCATTOX O F CALI .
R U; ~ S .. . . ' , " J:!~
.U I AT IW Il Il ..\X DS I ~ T il l:: U.K . . . . . l:!-I
U lI'O I.lo: LI'; XW l'H:-i F OR 'rl U: A~L\TEl~ R
IU S ()S . . , . . . . . .
:llI l' ltoWAYE UAX D .o E s ln ~ A TIO X
:i \' sT i';) l:-i., .... 1 ~5
1 ~6
IX T E HX AT IO X.\L Q oonu . .
[ X T t:H XATIO XAL ~[Q R SE cons 130
P IIOXET IC ALPHA BET . . . . 13 1
eH AH ACTER ISTICS OF WORLD TELJ-~ ·
Y1:-\ IO X s \,sT E)rS . . . .
-I05. Ll X J:: 1' EI.E Y l SIOX C H A XXr.: LS
6:!5. 1.1X ~: TEU;Y1:,IOX C II A XXIU..s
G .H .F . TE LBnslOX C II A X ~ Jo: 1. HRO l: I':';,

.H : R l.U nr ~rE Xfn oxs . . . . . . .

E l:ROP EAX" Y. IU'. SO t: X'D B R O .\ V(' .-\s TI X G

CIf .-\X X E I. S rae

)1l::TRlC :-:' Y 8 TE~1 13\1
t
 P AtH ,
) IETR IC CO:iYE RS IOl' F ACTO RS . . . . 140
EQUI VALE~TS OF IM PERIA L AKD ?tm TRIC
\\'BIU IlTS AND loI HASUR ES . . . . . 1-12
}'RACTIOtoS or A~ I XCH W I TU llETRIC
EQUI\' A LE S TS . . . . I oU
PO WE RS A~D R OOTS OF 'II" AXD g US
POWI.;RS A:iD lW OTS . . . _ 146
CE :S-TlG R ADE--F.4.II RE XH EIT C O~T E Rg IO X
TAUL E . U ti
H.A. ~C R I~ W 8 . . • . . . . 150
STAN DAR D wnus GAU GB AX!) STAKDAR D
DIlIY.L SIZES . . . • . 151
JU I. 1. ST A NDAR D ~fET RIC S I ZES Of '
COP P E R WI :'t OI S G W IRE S • 158
:m n ' R IC WIR E SI ZES: n ;RXS P E R 10 )1)1 16~
COPPER W I R E DA T A (S .W. G.) . 16 3
WI R E GAl"O ES . . . . . . 165
.'If ET RIC S IZES OF I NSU LAT im nocxo
WI XDI XG WIR E S . . 167
F LeX Es }' OK SOJ.J)]m I N G . . IU!)
CO)! P OSI T IO N OF 8 U!:" T SOL IHms HHI
CO:HPOSIT IO N OF H AR D SOLDJ:<: R 8 169
:l! l.:STCAL NOT ES r' REQUB ~;C Y 170
:lIOTOR CV R R E~'""T T AHLE 171
}[ ES SVRATIOK ] 72
l XD EX 181

ABBREVIATIONS AND SnlBOLS

A Ampere or anode
ABR Aux iliar y bass radia to r
e.e. Alt emuting curren t
AiD AMl oA'uC to d igit al
A. Aer ial
a.l . Audi o Irequency
a.Le. A utomatt c fre quency cont rol
a.g.e. Auto ma ti c ga ln ec n t rc l
a .lD. Amplitud e modula tio n
A SA Acoustical Socie t y or A meri ca
ASCII Am erican S ta nda rd Code for Inform ation
Interchange
e.t.u. Aerial t uning uni t
AUX Auxiliar y
a.s.e. Auto matic volum e cont rol
•BBAF
.. S
BMe of tr a ns istor
Bond ed ace ta te fihrt'
Bro wn ,t Shn rpe (U. S.) wire ga uge
BR Thl~ rencx
C Capacitor. e atuode, eentlarnde, cha rge o r
th e spe ed of Ii p;h t

e {',ollt·/'t or (If tra ns isto r

CB Cruz en's ban d

CCD Ch;~ rA'e coup led dev ice

CCIR I ntcr ua t tcnat Rad io Co nsult ati ve

Comrnlttee
CCTV Cjcecd c1o:u it te tevt ston
c.e.s, Cl"ntimelrc-J[T3.m-st'C(md 1I)·~tA ' m o f unib
c b pt Char acters per IWC<Jnd
CPU Cent ra l proc essor unit
CTD e har!'e tr a ns rer device
CLK Cloc k s ilo': nl\1
Cr O: Chr omi u m di oxid e
CMOS r.l ,m Jlh' lll<'n tJ~ry meta l oxide semiconductor
e.w. Conti nuous wa ve
D Diode

d Drai n of an r.t'.t .

D'-A Oigit al to analogue

dB Decibel

d.e. Direct curre nt

DCC Double cot to n covered

DF Di rec tion finding

OIL Dual-In-l ine

DIN Germ an standar ds insti t ute

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS- onu,

DP DT Do uble pol e, dou bl e thro w
DPST Do ubl e pok, ~ i ngl e t h ro w
DSC poume sll k eovcr ed
DTL Diod r· t rn nsis tor logie
D X Lone di>lt....nee ff'("("I' ti flll
e gmltter o f t ra nsistor
EAROM Elcctr tea lly alterable reed only memo ry
EeL gmtt ter eau pl ed IQW.c
e.a.t . Extre m ely h igh w n",lo ll (vo ll ..l lt;l')
e.m .t . Elect rnmo t tve forc e
en E namell ed
EQ Eq ua lbs at to n
ER P tcttecttvo radia ted rower
ERO M }o;m ",able rea d u ul)' Illl'mOf ) '
F J<'nrad, fa h renhelt, or rorcc
f Pn-qucn cv
Fe Ferr ous

Feef Pcrrf-chromc

r.e. t. Plcld eucct tr uus lstor

r. m. }"Cl'lllIt'!l(:y moclulution
t.r. 'F rt'!lu l'IlC)' response Of ra nge
1.I.d. l,'\ IH-l!('al!' d cflecthm
G Gi lt;a ( 10' )

Ie Grid , gr:witatio na l COII~ ta llt

H H em )'

h.f. II hdl Irequeney

Hz H er t z «(')'C\{-8 per secoud)

I Curren t

IB I nfinite hMJlc

t.e. I n tegra ted c irc uit

I .F. In t er me d ia te frt'qu t'n cy
IH F I nstitu te o f lII(th Fid t"lit)· ( I.:.S .)

I 'UUL) I n te gr a t ed in jection 101::1(:

i. m. d. I n te n noclula ti on dh;tor t ion

i.' p In put

I.p.s. I nc hes pe r second

k K ilo (10 3 ) or ca t hod e

L I nd uctanc e o r IUIl1f'1\3

l.e.d. Ligh t em ttuna diode

1.1. Lo w frequenc y

LIN Ltnea r

LOG Locar tt h mic

LS Loudsp eaker

LSI La rge se ale Integ ration

10

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS-cont.

t.w.
M
Long wa ve (a pp r ox. ll OO-:moo
) [ l' g a( 10 ")
m.
m )11111 (10 - 3 ) or m etres
MR , ) fl'ga h r rtz
mmF some tt mes used for pico fa ra d
m.e. ) Io\' inll co il
mi, )I! r r ophon e
MOS )l et ;ll o xide semicond uc tor
MFU ylt cro pr ocessor u nit
MFX )Iulti plt'x
m.w. ) ro>dlu m wa n (a pprox. 18:>--:mo Ill)
•
NAB
x eno (10 'J
)Iat iunal Assocl at ton u f Itr oad cas...t ers
Ni·C a d xtckel-ea d rofum
u 'e Xot eonnectcd ; nor mall y c losed
0 '0 S orm a ll )" upe n
NMOS S ('~ a UVt' ehaune l meta l ox ute se nuco nu uc to r
o :c Ope n c hannel ; 01>l'1l ci rc u it
., ,
OCL
op-a m p
Ou t p ut ca pac ttor -lcss
Ou tpu t
Opemt fon nl am ll[ i fll ' f
OTL Out put, tra usfor nu-rlc ss
I' k o (10- 1 " )
h
FAL
Public a ddr (' ~s
P ha sc ultcmatlon , Ihi+'
s.e.m. 1'1I 1 ~ c a mpli t ud e modu lation
PCB Pr-inted ci rc uit hoa rd
PLL Phase locked loop
PMOS 1'0"U I\"C c hnn nc luretnl ox ide sem ico ndu cto r
P.P.:d. l'e-ak pr ogramme met er
p.r .1. Pul se repe t it ion Irequcnc y
PROM Pr og rutumeble r oa d nnly memory
PSU P ower s up ply u ni t
PTFE Polytet ra tluorethyl ene
FU Pi ckup
pun P rce ramma ble un tj uuct fou t ranststo r
Q Quam)' Ia ct or ; e ffic ienc y o f t un ed d rcult
R R eslstanee
RA M Ra ndom ae('('S.~ memor y
RCF R ecomm..nd ed crossove r frt"fIUf'nC)'
RI AA n ccoru I ndustrj- .\~: i &t1on of Amerfee
r.f . Ra d io fr l:(IUCIlC)'
r.t.c. !t;ld io rrcc uencr cho ke (coil)
r.m ,s. R~J t 1Ilt" U\ sq uare '"
11
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS----em" .
RTL Res is to r t ranslator log ic
R !W ltead j \\T it ol'
RX gecetver
s!e Sho rt c irc uit
seR SIllCOIl-control!t'U recuuer
s.a t Su per high Irequcuey
S:N Sig nal-to-no ise
8PL So u nd pr essu r e lev el
SPST RinJ:IlJ po le. slnltll' t hr ow
SP DT Sl.njzle pull', d ouble mrow
55I Small sca le In t!:'1.'T;l.tio n
s.w. Sho rt wave (lI.jl l)fO:<. 10-60 1Il)
..w. g. Standard wire R"' U1C
s.w .e. Standing wave ra tio
La d. Total har monic dls toruo n
t.Ld. T ra m lr nt tnt crmodutatton distor t ion
TR Transformer
t .r.t. 'Tuneu redt o freq ueuc)'
TTL T ra.n...tstor t ra nsis tor logic
TT Y T elt' h ' Pt' unit
TV! Televielon tntcrrae e: tel evision Interference
TX Tra ll~ lII it t ('r
u.h .I. n tr a hh:h frequency (ap prox. -1 . 0- 85.1 !IotH z)
n.I,t . Enljuucfion t ra nsistor
V vous
VA volt-amps
V.e.O. ' "oltol\:e controlled osc illa to r
VCT voneae to cur re nt transactor
v.hoL \"f'r )O hiJ:h fr eq ue ncy (a pprox. 83-216 :o.I H r )
1'.1.1. Yer y lo w rreq c ener
Vu volume u nit
W Wa t ts
W/ F Wow a nd ll.u tw r
x. m.
p- ~~~~~~~~ min ute
Xtal Cry s tal
Z I m pedance
ZD Zene r d iod e

12

GREEK ALPHABET

Ca pit al Small Greek Englis h

leu ers letters llam e equivale nt

A
n
Q

~
A lp ha
B eta
•b
r y Gamma g
t>.
E ,3 Delta
JoJpsilQn
d
0
Z { Z eta z
II E ta C
e
I
"9 Th eta
I ota
th
K < K appa k
A A Lambda I
M ~ ..l l u m
I' v Nu n

'"0 t Xi x
.:;
0 Omicron
n Pi
" Rho ,P
P
>: ,
p
SiY1lleJ S
T T T au t
r v Upsilon u
q. ~ P ili ph
X X Ch i eh
~. .p Psi ps
0 Omega
w
"
13
 COMPONENT SYMBOLS

"L rI 11 :T.. T;;:. ~. f

i .L

r ~ "*-
h,t. e",,, .. 8."", P~ ..
~

...,., ." .....

~ ,"", ..."" "\',,,, "'~U<'"

I )I )] li( )1 )I( { ·r ~
. ~. .
......""". , ""....- """",
tlwoO_ """~ .... ·' .. 04
-... -
, ....
.., ,"" .
., .."
-..,
,. _ ,
"""",-.

,. .."'.

.......
1­
T
0" . .,..
'"O&< ~

.... .......',,'"

,...
_ ..._
' " . ..

'~
"",,
_ _,

I ': -.-l
,
<)n_."
--
...',," .......".. , _. !h'_.-"
DouII .-_ ,.,.,.
. • ";k •
.. .. h· .... ~ . " _........_,....,
,''''',,'''',,,
"
" u l"-~"

:~~ ;~
" :~,: ::''' "~',' :;:"
::::;' ~
,..,w'

.. '®-
_. _. -. J - <?f11 -1= .::.!
-& ..0­
~
9
-, - .!,
'j' " ' "~''''''''' =:
........."".

• ~W"
'iT % . ..,.... ~,...",
E.. ,,,,,
~ ,,, ~" '""""'"
'" si:
~ 00
..L
...,.,
++ s" . .. . ~
Q 1-1
0 ".<1

~
0- -0 ­
<-". ..,c., ,,.. ..".
""" 00"" '" T-;:::" Sh,:;~"' .

14
'." "
'~:: :~""I
......'
'........ .,

. , ....0"

,.- ~ 4
m:o m:o B <D-I~ P=
-_- ­
l::F
.. ..........
~ t._".. P. ,.- ;,,~ . "'"::!­ ""',-
I_ oil 01. . " .
....
.;,0.. ='................ CBo
_.- =-1 ==.... == =...

' ,.",,,
1. 1<1 • ...-01
~
-
......
s,,'..
.",-"" '
..... ~ "."
, R""'d -
o~ ::"
e.. ..

". " .~ ""...... 'c~ " Da.... '"'''' a..... _ ... r...." ,.., 'oN".
,«", '''''''' ,,­
.-....
,... .
_., ,,... ,.. ,., . ,, ;... ....
<_,K'""
;"d ~

se S@S@EB @S
0" 0.- Z. ..,
<,,.,. .._
' . . -' e '
~ ' o,,,,,'d ", ..
w"
' e.<kw" .
' '' do
8 ,' .."......, T• .......-
. ,od
'_ I 0;_
e-._
, ,..,
0­
,.,,,,,..

@
..
C",'-o'''. C"','....,
"",., " ......"
,''''. '."-'
I" .... .-",.<o<IJ
'"

«/: ~.
,..,,, ... "'. ..... '''''''' '' '..'".... "..
."",.,,,,,,,,,
riC\'
"'!R:
.... ' .......'
oea·_t ""'. . .......
"
.~.'

,r,,.' '''''='-'''' .........,,' '"" .

f,
'''''''".,.,,,,. f' .. " " .....,

I J f ~ '1
'~~:: ·to-.:.: ) ;:"
''''',,,,,.,,,.,,-,,,,,
'{;fE' '0' "

15
 STANDARD UNITS
Am pere-Vllit ofcleelric c ur rcllt, the constant cu rrent
whi ch, if mai ntai ned in twu st ra igh t pur a tlcl conductors
of tnnnnc ll~ ll~ th of Ill'gUgiblc ci rcu lar eross-sccnon
and placed 0111' met ro a nn r t. in u vacllulll; will produce
bet.WI'I'n t h em u [Ofce eq ua l to 2 x LO- now tnn Iltr
metre leng t h.
Am llere- hour - l"nil of 'llll\ntit~' of t'1t'c trkit y I'l llml
to 3,600 coulo m bs. One uni t Is represen te d by on e
a mpere tluwi n ~ for OlW hour.
Coulo mb--L'lli t, of elect ric charge, th l' quant it y o r
ulccr ncitv trunspor ted In one second by OIW ampere.
Far ad - r nlt o f elcct ric ca pectt uuc o. '1'11[' cnpaoitance
of'u capacitor be twe en t he plates o f whi ch t here nppen ra
a dt tter cu ce o f poten tial o f one volt whe n it Is c tmrgl'U
b)" o n" co ulom b of electri city. 111 ra rllo, pr a et trnl unite
a re t he rrucrotarad (10 -' fa rad ), the nanofurud (10 -')
/Lnd t he picofarad (10 - u farad ).
H en ry - lI u it o f etcct rtcn r ind uctn nec. T he Ind uct ­
an ce o f a closed ci rc uit in which a n elec t ro mot ive force
of on e volt is prod uced when th e ctcc trfc cu rren t in t he
circu it varies unlfunuly a t t h e ra t e o f one a mp er e pe r
second . In radto, practical u nit " are t he nuo rohcury
(10- 6 hr-nrv) and the nullihen r y (10- 3 h enry ).
H er t z- Vliit of Fr eq uency. '1'11(' num ber of r cpe tl fl orrs
of 1~ regular occum-nce in one seco nd .
J oule- Un it of eucrgv, incl ud ing wo rk and quantit~·
of h eat. Th e wo rk done when t he !)(}Int of applica ti on
o f a for ce of one newto n if!displael'l through i~ d istance
of nne met r e ill the dlrcof.lon o f the for ce.
Kilovolt - a mper e- 1,OOO vol t -a mperes .
Kiiowatt - I ,OOO wa tt".
Mbo--U n it 0[' couductaucc. se e s iemens.
x ewtcn c- Unt t o f force. T ha t fowl', whi ch , nppl ted
t o a muss of one k ilogra m, giv es It un acceleration of
one me tr e pe r se cond per sec ond.
Db m -c-Dui t. of ('il'c t ric r es ts tc n ce. T h e re ststunee
bet ween Iwo II()in t ~ of a condu ct or wh e n. a constant
dlffe ruuee of potcnttnl o f OU(l v olt , a p plie d b et we en
t hese t wo point s. pr o duces in the conductor a cu rren t of
one am pere.
Pi eota rad - I o- l ~ fara d.
Siemens - Vult of conductance, t lu- r ectpr ocul of t h e
oh m , A bod y having a resista nce o f .f oh ms would ha ve
a cond uctance of O '~5 siemens.
10

Tesla- Unlt of m.i gnettc flu x d CIISI1\' , equal to 0 11C'

weber per square metre of drcu lt ur ea,"
Volt - Un it of etectr tc po te nttnl. T ile d ifference o f
eloet rlo putcutlnl between t wo po in t\< of a rumduct tng
wir .. (' arrrin~ ~ constan t cu rrent of OIH! amp r re , wh en
the JII)\I"<' r dt sstpnt ed between tncs e poin ts IS equal to
one wnt t.
v olt -a mper e - T h e p roduct o f till' rout- me a n-squar e
volts lind root-me an-squa re a mpe res .
Watt - l:'"n it of powe r, IOl l lla] to on e joule PC! seco nd .
Volts thues 1UlIPl'r l!'S equals watts.
Weber- t' nlt of lrIa:.(netic IllIX . 'rh e ma gn et ic tlux
wh ich, li nk ing' no clr cut t uf o n,' t urn , p rod llc (' ~ in Itan
elec tromotive forc e of o ne volt ; \.~ it i~ reduced to z{'ru
a t a uutt onn rat e in o ne second.
Light, veloc ity of -I.igh t W'WI'~ t ra vel Hi 300 ,000
kilometres per second ( a (l pro x i lll :~tc h·) . .-\ISlJ t he veto-
ci ty o f ra d io wuves. 0

Soun d, veloc it y ot -c-s ouna wa ves t ruvcl a.t 332 me tr es

pe r socoud In air (appro xnnntel v) lit sea level.

DECIMAL MULTIPLIERS

P rtflx S ymb ul J 111lt ip li u

t er a T 10 1 2
gi~a G I O~
m egn 10'
k ilo
h ee t o
"
k
h
loa
10 ~
dc ku du 10
dec ! d 10-\
centt n 1O - ~

m illi m 10- 3
mtem 10-0,
lla no "u 10- 9
1 U-l~
pico l'
Icmt o r to-a
atto a 10--1 8

17
 FORCE
The u n it o f force ii'l the n e w to n , which if; t.hat
Curro which. appl ied t o It m uss of one ki lo ­
g r lUll , g ives it an ucccl c rut iou of one metre
p.-·r se con d per secon d .
1 dyne 10 - 5 n ewton
1 po undul n · 13S:W newton
1 po u nd force -1 '·1482 n e wt ons
1 kilogram fo rce H·S00 7 nowt ons
I t-on force t),U6-l0 k iloncwtons

ENERGY
Em-rgy I' (~fl'rs t.o cepac it .y Ior porform iug
wo r k, O f for moviu g ngl\iul;t 1\ ,'('s i"h u w t'.

1 foot -pound fo rc e = 1 ·3;';'iS jo u les

1 foot -pounda l . O 'O-l~14 joule
I cnku-ie = "' · ISfiS j oule-,
I e rg = 10 - 7 j oulo
1 Britis h tlu-rmal unit = 1·0 5 ,}(:W k il ojoulcs
1 h o rsepower h our = :?·6S 4;) megejoulce
I kil owatt hour = 3 ·6 me gojoulcs
l Lhcrm ,.... 10 :).:H nu-ga jou loe

The a ctual energy, kinet ic energy, o r d yn a mic

energy of 1I. moving body
1 m ass X vc loc ityt
18

HEAT
Tho unit o f hea t is t h e joule, while h eat flow
is measured in watt s.
i calorie = -l' I M6l;jOliles
I erg 10 - 1 joule
1 B ri ti sh T herma l unit = I ·O:i:iOfl k ilojou le»
1 t he r m 10'}';;\ !IlPtlnj olllN>
I erg per second 10 -' wutt.
1 Brit ish T hermal
u n it per ho ur = O·:!!I:lOi wa tt

1 ton o f refr igeration = :1.:i 16 ·1j watts

TIME
1 s i d{' I'(' al l«~eOl lt l = O' Uni:?7 11l(' I LI I solu.r second

1 m ean :'0 11\(, :wcon d = l ·tlO:n :18 aidcrcnl

S('cOI u l l-l

Length o f p en dulum lutit u do 4S~

'; ('(' OI u i k
0 '!)~35 5 ;) metre (:J!1'1 I G3 in ches }.

POWER
l ergsecond = 10 - ' wut.t.'

l foot poun rl;'second 1·3M'8 WI\ U :'l

i foot po uuclalsecoud = O·()4:?14 wut ts

I ho rsepower = 74 5 ·70 watts

1 m etric horsepower 735 ·50 watt s

19

 ELECTRICAL EQUATIONS
A m pl' rt.-s x vo lts = wut.ts
-Ioul es pe r S('{"01ll1 :-: watt s
Co u lom bs per secon d - IU lI l"M'Tt '/j
Co u lo m b .. +- vo lt s = (a rm is
0 ·73 73 foot po u n ds per secon d = 1 joule
Yolt s X co u lo m bs :-: joules
H o rsepowe r ~ 1·34 = ki lo watt s

DIMENSIONS OF PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES

L eng t h : m etro [ L ]. Ma ss : kilogram [.~I ].

T im e : seco n d [T ]. Q u anti t y of elect r ic it y:

cou lo m b (Q]. A re a : s q u a re m e t r e ( L t]
YOI UlIlO: cubic m etro [ L~]
Veloci t y . met re pe r se co nd [ L T -l]
A ccclc rut ion : m et re p CI' !:lCCom 12 [1: 1'-::J
F orce: n ew t o n P. IL T -2]
W o rk : joule P IUT - 2j
P ower : wat t [.:\IL 2T -3J
E lectric c urrent : ampere [QT ~ l]
V olt a ge : volt P IVT - 2Q - 1J
E lectr ic rc aiat uncc r o hm [:\ l I. 2T -IQ - Zj
E lec t ri c co n d uct a nco r s ie m e ns eM - 1r. -z T Q2]
I ndu cta n ce: h enry [:\IJ.2Q - 2J
Ca pacita nc e : farad [) I -IL - ry2Q!]
Cur re nt d e n si ty: SIIlPC l"C p er mot ro t
[ L-'r - ' Q]
Elect ric field s t r e ngt h : vo lt p e l' met re
[~ I LT - 'Q - 'J
,Magn etic flux : weber [MLT IT - JQ - JJ
:Ms g n c tic flux d ens it y : w e b e r p e r m e trct
[MT - ' Q-']
20

USEFUL FORMULAE
Bias Resistor
T h" value o f l h,' res is to r to be connected in t he en t hode
lend for de \'t'lo pl~ the requi red blas i>!
R~ = ~: x J ,000oh m>!
where f:~ _ b ias voltage re quired (\'olt>;) an d It .....
tcta t rntho d e cu rr en t (m A).

Capacitance
T he ca pa cit an ce of II puranet plat e c;\p3cllor call be
fuund from
u= O·0&i5 KA
d
C Is ill p!cu fa rad >l, 1\ L~ ti ll' d i,·!t·...r rfc consta n t (a ir = t ),
A i" th e nrt' l~ " f th r pla te ill squa rr- r-tu nnd d the thfek­
ness of t il t' d h-Iecf r h-.

Dynamic Resistance
In n pnralh-l-tuued ctr cutt .u resonance t ill' d yna mic
n '"il:il.llH',' i>!
R<J - I!r = QwL - ~a ohm"
where L = Indnct uuc e (l1l.' llril':i),
(J .... eu pnci ta nee
u:'\r:lCIl:il. r = encct tve sortes reetstan ec (011111 :0\), Q

q-vsi ue or eott, and <J1 = :!:rr x fre quency (hort z),

Frequency-Wavelength-Velocity
(See also Resonance.)
The \' C'lodt)' o f pro pagation o f a wav e ts
e _ fA met res per second
wh..re f = freque ncy (he r tz) a nd" - wuveleugfh
Imr-tres),
For I'IM': trolll<ll:!lll'tiC waves In fre e !!01l:lI'l'!t he veloci ty
of propa tra tioll e ts a p pro xlma.tel)' 3 x 10· m'sec , a nd
if f ts l' xl l ~"' 1."d ill kilohertz ~Uld " III metros
300 000 . 300
f ~ - -,- ki lcher t z f - T m l'ga h eru
21
'," - --
300 000
j- metres ,\ _3;' met res

f in kilohertz fl nuwJ.(:lIIl'rtz,

Hori zon Distan ce

H••rlz,, " .Ii"t :u w.' t-au hI' ('"leulat<-01 from ti ll: Ionn ula
.':i'" l 'I:! \ '1l
whe re S _ dis t.:lllcC In luiI,'l! ami Jl = h('i1!ht in teet
a bove s.t>:\ kvt'l,

Impedance
TIll" I ml'l' ,I ,ul('1' (If :\ d n'lI lt ''0 1II1' risln ~ Indn r-t.mce,
c:l.i' " d t'lIlt'C uud resistance illll('cit"l b

where n "'" n ...L"t;lIICI· (oh ms), ... ... :!.... x fr." ltl{'" IW)'
(lIl' rtz), 1. = 11I.1I\(·t"'lt'I' (I "' lI r h'~), nud (! <= ('1I I1:U-italU"C
(f"rad~).

Inductance of Single Layer Coils

I. (I n miel'ul ll'llri t'Ol ) ... ~)O;~\";01 ,l l'p toxi ma tt"ly
I r till" dl"><irt'(l indur t:l.IIN' i.. known, the num ber "f
turns f{"lu ift'tl lJl:\Y h. , ,Idr rllllm'ti h y t h,' fnnuuitl

., _'>1-.[1+ J(I + 0'""''''']

na - -J J.
where S ... number IOf t u rns . II = nullus (If co li in
il1l'1 l1''', " _ 1I111111)('c of t urnv I"'r illl-h, L = Inducr.mco
in m tcrotu-nrf -« (/. 11) nnd I _ It-Ull: tlJ uf eo il ill Inl'iw ,._

Meter Conversions
I ncreas ing U(//I ~'I ' oJ .-tmmcters or J ! il li(1 l1l mele r:~
Curren t C:lllgc of nn-tor c.m h t, lncn-n sed br eonner-t­
ill>!, a shu nt r (' s i ~l all(' 1' a cros s tuot vr temunals, If U,,.
Is t he reslet uucc u r t he rueter : n, th e vatnc of the shuut

N,,.I,.tan,,{' and 1/ til t' numbe r o f tinu-s it I" wished to

llIultlplr t ILt' scale rl'a d hJJ.(, t heu
11 m
Ii., - (II _ 1) '
I t/creal/illY R rUlYc oj Vcl unet ers
vonase ra llll:t' of ruet er ('(mi l(' hll"re,\.-;("u br ("unllt'I'ti ng
s er ies rcs tst.mc .. is n,
ft'!Ob talu't ' 11l1<t' r!t"lS with II.• I f t h l~
an ti Hilt a nd /I n~ bef..r.., then
N, - R... X (II - I ).
Negative Feedback
l 'olt(lye F ecdb acl:
Ga in with ft'l'dha r k

wln-rr- A Is t il,' or 4,:illal J,(al n uf thl" allll'li nr c sec t ton over

~~~:~~:},'r~::~~llrr~nr:~dt~ljI'~~~ :il~" :~~~ !nrr:lI!::~1l ~~t~::~
ou tpu t \-olttl;';" f, '(1 1"'1d,;.

IHst ortio ll wit h f"Nlhnrk "" 1 : ,I b a ppmxi nm tel y

wilt"ff' 11 is th e urlgtunl dlstortiou o f th e a m plifier .
};lflTlin ou t pu t Inn edonc c = I I:. p.b
wuc rc p. Is t he IUll l'litiratiun rec tor " f tile output verve
an d R . II!! a node rcsistanc....
Current Fe edback
T his ronu "f f"I't\h :lI'k Illar he oh talned L}' o mlr tin n
tilt" hyp:\'I!S cnnaettor a("fU,.; lI th e (':;It hot.l.' bias reas tor.
Current ft'l'tlhark rt'l'ult s III a ll Increase »r ("/rretiw~
output 1Inlll.'IIall(',' :\1111 Is nut recc tnuu-nded for o utpu t
S I ,1 ~1''' .

Ohm' s La w
E
I ". !:. U ""'T H ...." I R
11
where 1 = current (alllllt'rt'll), B ... voltag e (vo lts) ,
and R = ros ls ta nec (u ll lll !S ).
23
Power
I n a d.o. oircutt the po wer developed Is g lvcn hy

II" .,. E E _ %" = ItR wutts

w h ere E "'" vol tage ( volts), 1 = current (am pe res ), und

n ",. r esi st a nc e (Oh lll ll).
Q
'I'hc Q v11Jm' of a ll Inductance is givclI b y
Q = wL
H

Reactance
'I'he r ea ct an ce o f a ll Induct or an d a l':lll,wl to r n-s peu­
t lvvty bs jnveu by

XL = wL oluus . 1 I
.1 C = ;;;{J o lll lil

wI WTl' '" = 2.". X ff( 'rl llO 'I1 (,~' (hert z), L = I nd uc tance
a nd G' = cnpacitane c (farad s) .
(l ll' ll l' if' '' J,
The tot al rcslstnnco of UII Inductance and a capac lta nee
in series iSXL - Xc.

R esonan ce
The resonant Freq u ency o f a t uned drn dt js gtve n h y
I
f = 2rrv M.1 h ertz
whe r e I, = ind uctan ce (henries), and G = ('aJlacU.:Ul rt ~
(fu rmls) .

I f L b in mlcrohenrtcs (I' ll ) an d C is in p icofarad s,

th is bccorucs-c­
10 '
1 = 2 ".'" LV k ilolwrtz
T h e ba s ic for m ula can b e cl'a rra ngl' ll
1 . 1
L = 4rr ~p C h en r ies (,' = ~ rr ~J2L far ad s.

Since 2../ is common ly r ep resented b y w, th ese

ex pre ss ion s 1'1\11 be written
1 1
L = w ~C he nr ies a "'" wt L fa ra d s,
Time Constan t
F ur n com b in a ti on of inducta uoc a nd r esistance in
series t h e nme cons ta nt (I.c. t he time r eq uir ed for th e
c urr en t t o r ca r-h 03 % of it s fin al va lue) Is gt vcn b y
1,
t = R se conds
wh ere L = Ind uct a nce (heurles), a nd R = res ist a nce
(ohm s).
Fur 1\ comb ination of ca pacitance a nd rcststa ncc in
se ries t he ti me cons tant ( Lr-, th e time req uired for th e
vo lt: Lge ac ross t he ea puc tta n ce t o r ea ch 1/£ o r fi3% of
Its Iinu l va lue ) is give It hy
t = (,' /1 second s
wher e C = ertprtr,itanr e (fa rad s), and R = rcslstuno e
(oh ms) ,

Transform er Ratios
Th e ra ti o of a. t rans fo r me r r efe rs to th e r a t to o f the
n um be r of tu rn s in on e wlndln z to the nu mber Ilf t urns
In t h e o t her win d ing . T o a vo id oon ruston it is al wuy s
d esi ra b le t o state III \\'h il'h SI'IISe th e ru tlo is br-Ing
ex pr cs scd : e .g . till' 'prhna rv- to- seco ud ary' r a ti o II,,/n•.
T h e tur n s ra ti o is r etut cd t o th e Impedance ra ti o t h us
~ = /!..E
'II . tV Z.
where li p ." number of pr hnn ry t ur ns, II . = number o f
Sl'rOIHlar r turns , Z " = Impe dance of p rima r y (oh ms) ,
a nd Z • ... Impedance o r second a ry (otnns) .

Valve Char acteristics

Amp llftcnt ton Facto r ( Ii ) = Ynlve Anode R l'.~ i;; tan(~ l~
( R~) x :Mu t ua l Cond uct an ce (!I ,,,), If" b r ing TIl('!\s\lr e(l
in tho u;;and s of oh m s and (J,,, l1l~'a ;; \lr('d i n m x per
v ol t ,
25
 Stll(J(J Gain

Am lJlinrn t ion (.4) = ;;. : ~.

wllt'rt' l la 1£ th e anod e load Dll"a,o' ur r, 1 III ui c sa me 1I11iti
as B . , If R l is S1I1:111COIll !l:l rt 'd wl th J( . , e.a. t el evi sion
r .f . s t ages

Catkode F ouo uer

y It . l 'o~ 1 ", Ut
(J age ga m T:;; 'a + R10 + ",)
wh er e '" _ a m l' lifica tio n Iuctor u f Ibo val ve, ra = allud e
!ln pl·t!lIlL r c , a nd 11k = cnfhude r ('~ i ~t.or ,
T ho 1;1:111:1' gaiu of a cuthodo Iolluwr-r will nll m Yll Ill!
less t ha n unit y. W !LPII '" !I; la rll'e and }{t ill !af'.!e rom­
pa red with 'a tilt' gain will b e near un it y.

Wattage Rating
If r esist a nce anti curren t v:liut'll arc k no wn,
II' = J%R when J is ill amperes
= ) Iillia m l lfi.! 1<
0' '"
1,000 ,000 X ,
J f wa t tage (a tlll :! ,Illd va tuo or rt.,. i ~t:l nN· are known,
the ~ r" eur rcnt for t il.. r ,.,.i~ tl )r call be ca lr u!:It <'d trom

mill i:ulIllt' rl'll _ 1,000 x Jwatt ~

Ohms

Wavelength of Tuned Circuit

Formula for the wan'h'n ltlh In metres of a tuned
osctlln to r v elrr-uit ts : I B~5 , 1 Le . wlu-re L - ind uctance
in m lcroheurh-s and C = eapacltenec in uilcro farnds.
26

Transformer and Magnet Formulae

...\ ' [
H ~ l

If = mcgneti sin g force, emperesmotre

X = n umber of t uru» in magnet is ing
coil
1 = c urrent , a m JX're .s
l = magnetic path len gth , metres.

Permeability B = p.1I
whor e
B = flux d en sity, tce lu
p. = pcrmonbtli t y
H = magnet.ising fOI'Cl' . umpcrcs .met re .

UCsi Htivit!J

w hore
p = rcaisti v it y , oh m motres
R = rceist a n ce, oln ns
a- ::-:: area, luet rt's2
1 = le ngt h , m e t re s.

Tr a.uf ormer equa tio« 1': = 4 " -1 SjC/J

where
E = in duced vo lt ago

S = num ber of t u rns

f = freq ue ncy, h e r t z

e1J = magne t ic Ilux , welx-ra.

2;;'
IIystere618 lose p = hJB:nu.
whe re
p = po we r loss, wa tt s
k -== a. co ns t-a nt for a g ive n s pecime n
v = volume of iron , m et res"
J = frequenc y, herb;
B = flux d ensit y , tesle
X' = an index be tween 1·5 and 2 ,3,
oft en taken l\.-; 2.

Ed dy 1088
whel'e
p = power loss, wa t t s
k = a consr.nnt fo r a gi ven spe cimen
t = t h ick nes s of lumin e t.ion a, m etres
1 = frequency , hertz
B = flux d en si t y, tesla.

.JIax im um a.c. " ,n....,ptisi"

~ .~.njorce H - X
, - I </2
1­
where
H = megneti sln g force , ampe res!
m etre
]It = n u m b er of t u rns in magnct ising
co il
I = r.m.s. current , amper es
1 = magnetic pat h len gt h, me t re s.
28

l rn:remen tal per meabil ity p.J

wh er e
Z VR' + w' L'

w = '1n1

fro m which

(:) = tan-1(:L)
o= phase a n gle of co m plex p erme ·
abilit y , d eg ree s
R = resis t ance, olu ll>io
w = pul sa tancc (a ngu lar fre q uen cy )
l = m ug uc t .ic pa th le ngt h, metres
i',TiJ = number of turn s
J = fre quency , hertz
L = in ductan ce , h en ries
a = cross-sec t ion al areu , m etre",

Con ver sion Factors

On e ampere· turn
pe r me tre = .In X 10 - 3 ()(>rstRd
One weber pe r m et re s = 10.1 g a \l.'iK
On e web er p er m etre :! 1 tesle
On e watt p er
ki logram 0 ·454 watt per pound
One watt per pound 2·2 watts pe r k ilo­
g ra m
1111 RE SISTOR AND CAPACITO R COLOUR CODING

CD <t U a

-.
-
0 "
;;­
0.
<f COUQ UJ

's,
Colli".
!I"" d .,1

-1
/1",,4 D

,
D""d C (. lJ Illllpller j

Iit olll o",

1
UrJpnrU. r,

1
11. . 1.I~ r.
II""" /J (r"'~ ' rJ ""' )
V" ,,,
" "pilei/fit'
IIJ p i '
a, F
10 p F
0".,
± 20~ ~
110,,<1 E

II l . I. I".. /'oly..l..

C"I HJc llo",

-­
B la ck
I , --- -Y._ .
±l ~~
St!>
. ~ :s!
",2 _0
Bro~
R., 1
s
, "
100 "
1.'
± 1 ~.
± 2 ~.
- --
0 ·1 V I'
±~ ~ o
± 2'~ ~~
2~O

--
< ..
~§
1Il .~
"U
"0co.
"
Ora nge
Yell ow
,"•
, ,•,
1,00 0
10,000
1,000
10,000
-- --- O·~
- -
±ll ~ ;'
-
- -
--

Oreen 100,000 pF

-­­ - -
I ,OUO,uoo

---
B lu e
"" -
-- - ~
Violet 7 7 10.0(10.000 M
_U u
l'l'" Ore y
s• ,• 10' 0 -01 ~'I" 0 -26 p i' --
::l ~ iii Whi t e
Silver - - ".
0'0 1
0 -1
-
~V
± I O·~
I
-
p ~' ±
-
IO': ~

--- --
1118 - - --
- ­

r
(Io ld .1 :1: :;".
- - - - -
- - ­ Hl · ~ta b .

---
00
"'"' ~ I>\.e t hat ..tp~p ~ ba n,l. "'.,. be of l b. u rn" ....,..' 11. un.epa 'OlIN .
o
Preferred Values

~
;;
.~ ~.~ E12 S eries B :N S eries
~ ~" \1'\1:107 ) -0 I -I 1·2 1-3 UI 1 ·11 ) ,8 2 ·/1 2·2
« 0.
' 0.
~"
U
1-0
3-3
1 -2
3'9
1'1;
4' 7
1·'
n·;; lH I ti,~ :! . ~ \1·7 3 ·0 ' ·3 a 'll a-s ~· 3 . ,1 :1-1
;= ",ud theI r decr.dCI G·6 (HI 0 ·8 H. H·'J 0" a lld their de ea dn
<t CD u O w « mU D
 CAPACITANCE. RESISTA NCE.
INDUCTANCE
--- ~-- -

(,J" P.\C ITA ~CE ix

l ' A RALLE L
C = C, + c, + C.

CA P .-\CITAXCE IX
Sf-:R n :S

ilI- .!. _ .!.. + . 1. . + .!..

l' C1 C. C.

m
- r fE SI STAXCE I X
PARALLEL
-.!. _ .!... +...!.- + ..!..
R H, R. R.
Tw o resist lloIlCelJ:
R _ !_ll x R .
n, + R,

TIt R ESI ST AS CE I;\"

R
Sf-aUES
= r. + R. + R.
1

TIt
IX Dl: CTAK CE IS
PA ltAT.LEL
1 1 1 1
L -Y1+ Y, +Y.

lit
IX D UCT.-\XCE I X
SERI ES
L - L1 + L, +~

RESISTOR AND CAPACITOR

LETT ER AND DIGIT CODE (BS 18.>2 )
Re sistor \'alll~S a re in di ca t ed as follows :
O·H n marked R4j 100 n ma rk ed l 00R
In IRO Ikn IRO
4" n -IR, 10 kO 10K
47 n ,17R 10 ) 1(1 10:\1
A le t t er following the va lu e shows the to lera nce.
F - ± I~;' ; G _ ± 2% ; J - ±5 % : K - ± 10 % :
)[ = ± 20% ; R 33)f = 0' 330 ± 20 % ; 6K8 F = 6 ' ~
kQ ± 1%.
Ca pacitor values are Indicat ed as ;
0 ·68 p}o' marked p6d 6-8 nf m a r ked 6n8
6-8 p f 6~ 1000 nF ]p.0
1000 p } ' InO 6·8 J.lF 6J.18
Tol era nce is Indic a ted by let t ers as fo r res isto rs, Val u('$
up to 999 p}o' a re ma r ked in p F , fro m 1000 pf to
999000 p tr ( _ 999 n F ) aiO n }o' (1000 p}o' _ 1 n F ) and
f r om 1000 nl" ( = 1 J.lF) upwa rds as J.lr' ,
Some ea paci to rs ar e ma r ked with 1\ code de no ting
t he va lue In p F (first two fig ures) followed b y a m otu-
jllie r all a 1" lw I' r of t en (3 _ lU ~). Lotters deuote tot er -
a ncc as for resi stors bu t C _ ± O·25 pf. E .ll. 123 J
12 p F x 10' ± 5 % = 12 OUU pF (or O·12 IAF).

Tantal um Capacitors

Bla ck
1
• • • 0 X 1 10 Y

, ,·,
Brown 1 1 x lO
R ed 0
X 100

~f1.
Orenge 3 3
Yellow 6·3 Y
Green 5 16 Y
Blue
Yio let
Grey
•, •t
8 8 x 0 ·01 25 Y
co Y

White 9 9 x 0· 1 3V
(l' in k 35 V)

33

,
 TRANSISTOR AND DIODE
ENCAPSULATIONS

,0,

~-"
,
TO U 17 1. ra. 1 4 J
10 ·12 121 25 .28 )

• TO 5 10-'1

Effie ' ~C
• , • C

10· 2 02
~
TO-U \/..."

TO U VA'"
10 ,)9
GT·] . GT -'

• B-.-:.. ;C

f~C
•
ta l
.~~ ~. C
10·12 6
l O t OS
5 01 ,)0
SHIElO II

, C 0 j x' C

o •

SOT·25 ,1
C TO - l Ot
<: 10 -7
o

• •
o , C
fje G l ; - - - - r - G2
s ~o
TO p ·II
C

TO-l l1 aos
50 1·25

.,. 12 \5 101 .,. " ,n ." r " on .", , T t2S 1 ffl N '15
r on r
, • s
, , • ,, c• cs , o

,a ,• cs
C n C
e
, ,•
a s
, , c •
C

..
a u• • CAS f

., itT P .21 1
, "~
, ,• s
•
, C
•
• ••• CA SE

34

...
---,~ ------- '~--------

TRANSISTOR AND DIODE

ENCAPSULATIONS- cont,

'-Ol
,' ,
l ..... _)

e C •

9 0 -0 5
{p
"
MT J 2 C
0 10 J

C C

.~,
~ C
TO-220
•
MT·lI e
0 PT 1

~.
C

0.
.. -e........

--<:>--- ,
.---- TO 66

• C , .-0-
TOP]

e
I 'P OLAltS
( M ln£1I s
H l$
SOURCl
.",,,,, •• G ENU' ''!. PURPOS E
.l ;ANQO( ss
•c
..
,W
II lA SE GA Tt S M A LL S IC "' ''I.
C COLLECTO R I( ;CATHOO E S WIT C H
OA "' 11ll
't o ""Pili GU tl,l AN' UM " , CM N CHA~""ll o •• O UT PUT
PG
NS
P NP GERMANIU M
otPN $ llICO '"
" /eM " CH....... £l .,
,.,
11. ,1,0 10 JAE Q Uf,," CY
" ' GH f AI OUEJr,CY
P$ , "".. SILI CON VEAY HIGH ~ AEO U E ""CY

35
TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS AND CHARACTERISTICS
COMMON TRANSISTOR AND DIODE DATA
.BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS
m, CA" ""
MA T V'" '$ ..." v. . . le
.A
HI. • Ie
• A
_..... .
' 1 • Ie
•"­w
"" ~_T....
A C 107 on 'G ts te io eo-teo
,,
a 2 a
rc
so L..... No... .....,'"

Aud ..,O<_

~1~-2~06

,"""
.<\C125
AC I 26
1 0 -\
TO - l '" "" " ' 00 ' 00
'" rc ""
"" """000._ 2"'.00
""
'G ' 00
.o.cl21 TO- l
eo "
'G soo
, "" so to
'"
_ ",0!1' AC:81
" CI28 .
AC132
AC187
A e 188
TO·\
TO ,1
TO I
,~ ,
'"
' G
'"
ie
""rs
"
""zs
"'"
zoo
ecoora"
xoc ,
aoo ,,
xo
..
'A ro",
ns
so
100-500 300
100·'500 300
300

.. ,,"
rc
ro ""
to '"
ro
soc
soc ""
Aud",O/P
AL.<l' QOIP
""""",OfP
Aud", OIP
"" "
A( l 88
AC12 7

"'".
A01.\'I
A 01 6 1
A0162
Af l, .
''''
'"
'"
TO-1
ec
-c '"
ec '"
'G
zo
"rs
so

"aa "rc ..
3A

" sooo • ' A "''''' eoo

sooo
"'''''
''''
30 ,100

,,
soc
.a
"
,0 15

""
300

,, "
300 ,.
".
ffl
G P. DIP
A.xli c Amp

Audoo"'' ' '.

H.' . Amp
OC2fi.A U 106
AD165.2'" 12 18.2N1292
AOIO.AD t52.AOoI2 1
M 144, AF 194 .2 N3 12 7
A F' 15 TO·]
TO_1
'G
"" '" "" ,, ,, " H .F-,Amp AF 1.t6.A F 18!>,2 N 227 3

Af 135.AF 13e.2 N31 27

""116 'G
"" " ""
H.F ,A....p
t­

AF 11 7
AF ll S
TO_1
TO-1
TO-3
'G
eo
"
rs
zo
eo '"
" '" ,
' 00 '"
eo "'A •
, ~
reo
as
'" .5·130
,~
"'''
re
.... "'",
......
ro
'"
"'"
H.F . ........ .
V.H F. An..,
H.C. S..._
A F ' 36 .AF 1!H .2 N ~

".",

OC'"
o>

..
AS "" 'G
•• ti.C.S ... OC2'9,AO I 39 .A0 723

""" "'"
, ~

"""
"""
TO·]
TO-3
'G
eo "
" eo ,~ ,~

"" "'" H,C. Sw OCJ!> ,AD42.

TO-3
,• "'" He. Sw oc'"

""'" ""xr'" .,.,so '00' 00 ,, '00 zcoeoo , soc

3(1·1 10
"""
BCI0 7
BCIOO
TO 18
T0 1B
'00 "'A
' 00
"'A

' 00
110 .450 2
110.«10 2
300 ro
to
sec
coo
5S . ......0

S S. Amp.
BC20J .9C IH. &C1B2

BC20ItBC 1'll.BCIBJ

ecrcs soc soc BC200 .BC149.B CI84

ectcsc
TO, IB
TO IB
SO'~
""es '" soso '00 z '00 ' 00
' 00 ,, sec
4 20-BOO 2
iso
'"'"to soc
soc
Lo... NO'" 5.5 , ........
L"""Nc>... ti ;o;fl!iaon
5 5. ........
BC209C.BC184C.8C 149<:
BC177.BC:lOl .8C 2 12

BCI5 7

."" es "
' 00
" 75·260
to sec 5.5. A...". BCI78 .BC:JOlI .8C 21J
es " '" ' 00 " ' 00 ,a ''''''''''''
SO T ·~ '00 '00 1!>·500
ectss coo 5.5. Amp. BCl79.BCJ09 .BC214
scln
SOT· ~
TO· IB es '" .,
es " ze
eo '00 "
" " ,.""
' 00
12!>!'>OO 2
'"'"ro soc
soc
S.S.Am~ 8C l ~7 .BCJ07, BC212
BCI~.BCJ08.8C2I J

"" '" rooeec , ''''''''''''

5,5.........

BClJB
BC179
TOI B
TO· 18 es zo ~
'00
' 00 " '00
' 00
75·500
115·!'>OO 2 to soc S,S, Am(> . BCIS9.BCJ09 .BC214

SCl 82iLl

BCI BJILl
SOT·JO
ITO 92 /74 1
SOT,:J)
tTO·92/74 j " ., ..
" so., '" zoo xo
zoo
" rcro zoeso , ""
100·1150 2
to

'"
soc
soc
soc
5 ,5. Amp

55. Amp

L""" ...0.... H oo;fl G.on

9C l01.1lC20 7.BCI 47

BCI08 ,BC2OlI,BCI48

IlClOO.BC200.BCI 49
BCI!l4 (LI SOT JO
1T0·IW 74 1 " " ," , '''' '"
I:
GP. Amp BC2 1J. B Cl n.BCI ~
"''''
BC20J
TO 18
l OI06
~
" '00
"" "'" "'" "" "'" '" " "'"n o no 2'"
'''' '"'" "'" 300 5 5 Amp llC107.BC I82.BCI4 7
SC I(ll. 8C 18J. BCI48
BClOO
"GOO
l O·I 06
TO 100
" '" "
200
"' " " '" ''''
llO -aoo ..
""'''''' , '''' '"'" 300
300
5.5 A"'P .
Lo... No,.... HogI> G_ acl OO,IlCI8 4.SCl 49
~Hii'1l '1l'1l'1l'1l<l aas,>- ~ I$S!lU nus S i'!:JtH S S M ~ ~~ "'''' ~

l~U ~ !j ~l!l 1$1$ Ug ~~ ~ij U8 n! ~ ~ U :.tH gU'1l '1l~' ~ "

CHt 'jii ~ ~ U~ U n~~ ~ !i~ 8H;

l!l~n ~ ~~H;; '1ln~~ H U~ u~a ~ :~ r ~H~ i ~ !iU

\i '1l lj ~ ~ - ---~ '1l'1l.J~ . - t~l:t tii ii iiooo H i l ......... iis

39
;:iii p n U H U ~
~::: ~ = " n l _ ~ :;j ~ e e "01 ' jill--"p
", " q ~ ill
.-~ ~ d'!'
i
-2' ~ 11"
_
-.n-­ 1
i

~ ~;~; n~n UU!~

ss ss e s sas a eases 5 00 0;
~ rl " ~i:t= :! e ~~ ::: ~~ J HU i
\I ~ ~~ e :'<)1)' ) n~ ";j) : f J t 5.5,J H$. J 5, J J o;JJ J U5.J !~

~ - ~ ~~ - ~ ' - 6 ~ eae a s ;; ~t"'O:: I ~ n ' ~ n ::; ;

.. .... . . "n
~ t ! !lC lIC t:t 6 ::; ! S ~ S a ss :; I
-- ~ .... -~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ f l i~~ B ; ~ n t t a u UU l': ,.
6J, ;:'" .. ;;0.. ;;O J;; .... I .. .. --, ... - - ::;::;::\ ..
,­!
~

o o ;; o ~ ;;- - .. { iW:it
,
il t ~ ~ ~ 'g'gii:i "
, " - - - --. - -_. - . fi
, glS ~ ";j ~ .... '" ~ ~ ~ u e .1. ~8 ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ;; ~ l!I n: ~ S' ;;S'~ :-; :-; .
.,.
! ! ll;;<'! o'" ~ ~ "
.
"~"" ll f ii: g M ~ 8 ~ g ~ " "-i e ~ ~ii:g

,-.
;; J" "J "'''''iJ.''' .......... : ~ ~~- . ~ H II' n ~nn /'
g g O " " -,
<> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I ~U't tll ~ IS ~ ~ ::;

~~ j~: :: : ~~ ~~~~ :
I mii lliill II
11111 mil lliI ! !
I;;;;:
;;... .. ,,:; ;; ;; ~J ~ J J f ~ illFi 'Hlliiiiiil
rrU;: ;: ;:;:rtr
i ~
ean ';ii~'g :; :;:; ii 'g~ Ii
HH
! ra HH~ ~HH f h,.g
!! ~ H ,x ~ ~
", ,,,~r,

l·H
dH l'Hm i'''I'
tHH HHl
I
;
I
~ ~i;!~
,
"Ho e • l
~ ~H m
i
40

I" 11"'( ee
~ n n ~ ~F j; ~ e i[ !il '" ,mm,,, 'I
~ i P i i i il i U • • ~:::
~~
,
HH
s i . .... ..
~; : H:t ~ --- - 888 ~ ~ ~ ........ .... ..

"' ~ ~ "'

!
~ n :l: ~ ss
'" • .- ~ 8~ B ~ ~ g g : i t ~ ! ? g :J ~ § .
JP !i~ ~
• ~s~
,i ;;;;~ ~ ~~_.~ ~- ~ ~ -~ J " -; ­-
s
.. . ~ ...... l' , .", - --­
~ ;,l~ ~
:::::: :: ~:i
­-
.. , ,-
.
~ U - .~ ,
, '0 ' ~ ;;: :;: :: ~ - - ~ - - - - )1.. :­

_ ~ 6 6li-i<i
. sse 0 ·I : ee:: .....,..~ ....",," :..~
e
.­
\
_ _ 1
:::~ . -- , ii~
, ,- ~ §Ua§ § B ~lj§ §~ ;Ja§ .-
e

g~~

-
gg , J':Jl!'
• ,-- ·1· ' If
.,- I
" " " ail
i;i l
i
1 f i
i,{ 1 \~ ,~ f !
!
! I
I. ht
.j
~~ f
"f~
i
,
Il
!
i~ f
, I 'I I
;
},
,,~

"" ,
8
1

" II ,•
! j

..
 ZENER DATA
l'oItuot -lOO m n-types IV type s
3 ·3 1:\746
36 I X747
3 ·9 r Xi4~
43 I X749
1·7 I X750 1:-14 732
5 ·1 I X7S1 1:\4733
5·6 I Xi 52 I X4734
6 -2 I Xi 53 IX 4735
6·8 I X75-t,I X957 I X4736
7·5 I X755,1~ !l 58 I X4737
8·2 !X756,IX959 l X4738
n-t I X757,I X900 IX 4739
10 l X758,I :-o' 961 IX4740
11 IX\l6 2 IX 47U
12 IX759 ,I S 963 I X4742
13 I X964 lX47-1 3
15 1X9 65 IX4744­
16 I X966 I XH 4!)
1"
20
.",
I X4112
I X968
IX 969
IX4746
1'X4747
I X4748
24­ IK 9iO IX4749
27 I X9n lK4750
30 1 ~ !) 7 2 IKH5 t
33 l X073 I X4752
Ijl sslp. 400 IIIW , Up. Temp 50 C, Case DO -i or
Q

DO-35.
t Dtsstp. 1 W, OV. Temp 50"C, Case nO·4 I. 'r uts
r unge will diss ipa te up to 3 W at 7,,"C with 10 nun lea d
lellg th as hea ts fnk.

42

USI NG L.E.D.s
when using a Hgh t-emittr ng d iode (L .KD.) as a n
lndlc a tor, use t he follo wlnl/." form ula to dete mnnc series
reststcnce for va riou s von oaee: R - (E - 1'7) x 1000
.;- 1; where R is resist a nce In ohm>, E is su p ply voltage
(d.c. i), a nd I is L. E. D. c urren t in millia mps.
E .g. to opera te L.F..D . lit 20 mA on

6 , . lise 220 oh m"

9 v 390
R
12 Y 560
'>.1 v 1·2 k

Tn operate lL L.K I). dircctl r from t he 240 V ma ins, a

better sch em e Is to use th e second circuit shown. In
this, a capaci tor is used as a vol tage d ro ppi ng ele me nt.
A 1:1\4148 d iode or simila r ac ross t he L.E.D. provides
the reot ntce tton required. As th c voltage d ro p across th e
I,.E .D. is negligib le co m pa red with th e su pply, ca p­
actto r cur ren t is a lmost exactly equal to ma ins vol ta ge
d tvtd ed by capacitive r uuctancc Xc '

~c
24QV
o.c.

At 50 li z, 0·47 I-' F will r esult In a L.E. D. cu rr en t of

a bou t 16 m A. Re sistor R . is inclu d ed to limit t ur n-on
tra nsien ts. A val ue of 2i O oh ms sho uld be a de q uate.

43
 POWER SUPPLY CONFIGURATIONS

:So circuit losses a re allowed rcr. At low volt &f!:l'9 allow

fur 0·6 \' d iod e drop .

FuU-wave bri dg e Full-wan brid r e
Capaciti n input anee Chok e inp ut dltu

1'4 .<:, - 1 ·,11 x I' ....,. t'e.e _ 0·90 x V e •

l d.e. - O'6~ x 1".<:. f d.c. - 0 ·9 4 X I e.

Full-wan Fnll-wan
Capa citive input filte r Choke input filt er

V,j.c. -= 0-7 1 x V• .c. Vd.c. _ 0 '45 x V" .I:

J a.e. - 1-0 x I ...c . [ d.c. - 1·5-1 x 1•. c.

POWER SUPPLY CONFIGURATIONS--conl.

Half~ wav e Balf- wave

Capa citi't'l in put tIlte r Re sistiYe load

II vII.<

Vd,c. "" I ·U x V•. c . " d.e. - 0 ·45 x I"•.c.

l d.c. - 0·28 x 1...c. I d.c. - 0' 64 x 1•. c.

F ull- wa ve bridge F ull- wave

Resisti ve load ae, is t ive loa d

Fa.e. - O'UO X V • •c. F e.e. - 0 ·45 x Va •c •

Je.e. - U'OO x l ...c. f d.c. = 1'2 7 x I • .c•
 OP·AMP STANDARD CIRCUITS
.A." ... e losed locp a.c, ga in f - lo w f~qu~nc)·

"'I - l n p u L v o! ta ll:C -3 d R po int

e.. =- o ut put voltage RiD_ input im pedance

Split s Ul'[ll)" co n figu ra tiollS-su llp ly conn ections
emitted for d ,n ih" .
li on- invert ing a.e, Invertin l a.e. amplifier
a m plifier

R,

e,~
, ­
~
C, = - M
R,

..
H
, R,
. ea e,
R,
• eo

R. R, .
.At - 1 + R1j R ID - Rz .At - 1[; ' 1t1D. - 111
1 1
10 - ~ = 2.. 1h C, 1.o - -2.. H'- (,' 1j

Non- invert in g butl er I nverti ng butler

. ~r
~. R' R,
eo o---J ef
' ' ._-
R,
R,

At - - 1 R•• = R I
1.<> -- I
~. R ,C,

t.

Op·AMP STANDARD
I nvert ing summing
a mpHfter

Difference amplifier
_ (HI + RI ) ~h _ & "'1 r.!C'~'
-R,
R' T R. RI HI
if R I - R, a nd R, _ R. th en
*1: J
R
1
• e"
R,
to _ !i! (h _ t l )
R,
, 1
10 - :i" R ICI = 2.. (lla + 114)(,'1
RJ - Rt for min imum offset err or

Vari a ble gain a.c . R,

a mplifie r
C, R,
ri l .-Nv....4',
.:I .. - 0 (slide r a t gro u nd ) ~n

...... m,"" - - ~ (slid er at rceru ve input) ~:J

R ill - ~ (minimu m )

!. 1
- 2u{ J R I)C1
 OP- AMP STANDARD C1RCUITS---<onl.
st ns tc supp h' ronfl !:'ura tlonll -SUppl )' ro nnec t ions
om it ted f or elar tt y .

Polarit J . witcher, or
4. quadraut cain control
.;c,,~'
."
. .
A " - + 1 (sli de r at l ) e
A " _ 0 (slider m idpos it ion )
.A" _ - 1 (slider a t gro un d )

R io - !¥ (mi nimum )
1
f. - 2..0 R , }('l

Si ngle su pply biasing of Singl e su pply bia si ng 01

non-i nvert ing a.c. in verti ng • .c. a mplifl. er
am plifl, et

.-t" _ 1 + R.
R,
R h• = R.
1 1 1
f~ = 2.. R zCl - 2.. R ,C 1 lo -~

'H

SEMICONDUCTOR GLOSSARY
The more common terms rdallng: to semicond uctors
a rc t:x p la ln<"d b rie ny h ere . Space n at ur al ly pr ev ents a
com plete expta nat lon a nel o nly 311"W~ foe tuc tust cn of
the mos t co m m on terms. For II Iul ler e x p l:m:lti<>ll see
&V;Il/.,-, ', Guidt to T , an, ill on by J . A. Rrd dih oug h.
published bv x ewnce-a ut terwortbs.
A dmitt &DCe - R l'Ciproc a l of Impeda nc e, sy mbol I".
T h e u nit of a dmittance Is the mho.
Alpha (c}-The term used for the curre nt 'fain o f a
transistor in t h e common-base mod e. A term now
rarely used .
Beta Un-Tile curre nt 1t1Iin o f a t ra nsistor III t he
eo m mo n-e ml t te r m od e, stncc t he Int rod uc tion o f t he
h ybrid pa ramet ers sys te m t he t er ms hie {till' sma ll
signal cur re n t galn) or liFE (th.. a .c. gllill. whir-h li th e
collect or current d iv id ed by the base curren t) arc
general ly USN for ga tn i ll the eommon- cmlt ter mode.
Bias - r'or It t ransistor to operate oor rl'<'tlr t he p roper
potentials have to be pr ese nt. a t it" e m itte r. ba se a nd
eot tcetor. ~ or ma ll~' th e te r m b lall tt 'f rrll to rncvouagc
a pp lll'(\ to th(' bas e 10 bri ll" t he 0ll('ra tinlt pomt to a
Iilll'<lr part o f t hf' Mlljllifk ati" l1 cur ve, Por ger ma nium
t ra ll>dsto r~ Ihi:J Is 11suall :.' 0 ·3 V wit,1i r('lIllr r t t o t h e
emitt er a llli for s ilicon trnns tsto re at " ';lst uu v.
Complement ary P air - )f ost, rntul er u tra nsis tor nud lo
amllillir rs mak e usc of a !lair of transisto rs, one npn
a nd t h e ot he r pn p, wi th s lmlln r cnnrnct er tsucs anti
clOM'I )' match ed ga in s In t h e driv er or output st ag e:
t he y M e referr ed t o as a 1 ~ {lll\ j , I " m~Jl tar y l,a ir.
Darlington P air - Circu it u ~ i nl/: t wo tr uneteto re w ith
t h e coucctora conn ected tog e t he r un d th e emi t te r of
t ill' flrst dlrectl v coupled to t he h Mf"or th e se co nd . Thi s
eonnsu rauon gtvos wry hb~ h I/:a iW, --('(IUlII to t he ,,:li IlS
o f th e t wo ind ividual tr an sis to rs m ul tl plled t o ecther.
Oiae-Hi-d irect-iollal volt age breakdown diod e ;
passes cur rent above a eeete in br eakdown voltag e.
Xotmall)' em plo yed with :\ t r lU('l in a n e .e . con t ro l
circ uit.
Diode (Semi condu eto r )-Sim pl e 1111 j u nc tion d ev ice
which presents a hj gh res ista nce o ne .....a y arou nd an d a
10 w r es istance t h e ot he r, W...11 kn own all a tl...r ect o r
but wit h a w id e va ri ety o f a ppliea tlo n~ in al l ftdds of
ere- tro nrcs. 49
 F.E.T. (Field E1fect Tra nsistor)- The Le. t . make s
use of t he elect ric field est ablished in 1\ p - or n-w ue
cha nnel of semiconductor material to cont rol th o 1I0w
of current through the chan nel. The field is established
by t he bias ap plied to t h e ga te conn ec tions and t he £.e.t .
is thus /l. vo ltage-eon troll ed dev ice. This mea ns that
it ha s a muc h higher Input Impeda nce than ordin ary
tra nslators. The main connections a rc th e sour ce,
drai n an d gate bu t some r.e .t .e ha ve additi on al con nec­
tions.
Forward Bias- The bia sing of a pn junction so th a t
con d uc tion increases. Th is occurs whe n positi ve
connects to t he p-s tde with negative to t he n-shle of t he
junction.
Germanium- One of t he t wo mntn semiconducto r
clements. Fo r It to exhib it s oml coud uotor cha ra c­
t eristics it must first be purified an d t hen t ri o or
pe ntavalent imp ur iti es in minute but carefully con ­
t rolled qua ut ttl es added to giv e p - or n- t ype semic o n­
du cto r material respectively.
B all ElIed Deviee--A device whi ch, when cur ren t Is
pass ed t hroug n it, de velop s an e.m.r, when placed in a
ma gnetic field,
Hea t Siok--eurr ent lIo w th rough a sem icondu ctor
device results in th e produc t ion of heat. I n low
pow er devloe« no pr ecau tio ns a re need ed in nor mal
oper ati o n as t he heat ca n be dissipated by t he bod y
of th e device. H igh po wer dev ices, ho wever . requ ire
help In the form of a Iwat con ductor to ge t rid of t he
ex cess hea t. This ma l' ta ke t he form of a lin cla mped
arou nd th e body bnt i n ot hers t he bod y is d Nlign ed to
be bolt ed t o a IJll't al pla te. Sinc e semtcond uctc r
d evi ces are h eat scns ttt ve th e curre nt through them
Increases with Incr ease in hea t . It is also necessary
to take pre cautions when soldering a semicond uctor
into circuit.
hIe and hFE- Sce Be ta.
Holdin g Curr ent - Lowest curre nt a t wh ich a
t hyris tor-t yp e devlce will conti nue to pass current aft er
ga te voltage has been rem oved.
Hy bri d Circuit- Circuit em plo ying both trans isto rs
a nd val yes o r t ransis tors an d integrated circ uits.
Integrated Circuit- An inte g ra ted circuit consist s of
50

•
t ra nsis tors, diod es, resistors a nd capacitors wit h t he
nec essary interconn cct tons laid out to Iorru a circuit
eucn as an a mplifier , bis ta ble switch , etc. und fab rica ted
011 a single ch iI' of se micond uctor mat orfal . The chips
th emselves arc ext remely s mall- a fra ction of th e size
of th e encapsula ti on .
Lcadout wires from t he t.c. itself to th e pac kage pine
are a ttached for co nnect ion of th e Inp u ts, ou t p u ts ,
sup plv voltap;p!I a nd any co mpone nts t hat cannot be
inclu d ed s uch as controls , high value ea pacitors a nd
ind ucto rs. 'Ihesc ad dition al com ponen ts a rc ter med
'd iscrete compo nents '
Junction Capacita nce-Ca pa citance between pn
juncti ons In a semiconductor de vice. Also call ed ba rri er,
d e plet ion Iarer or trans iti on ca pa ci t an ces (see x eu t r at­
isat i on).
Light Sensitiv e Devices- Light and hea t bo t h affect
th e cond uct ivit y of a pn junction . Devices a re availabl e
i ll whic h a pn jun ct ion is exposed to light so us to make
use o f th i" property . Licht fal ling 011 tn c j unctio n
libe ra tes curr ent car riers a nd all ows th e dev ice to
cond uct.
M.O.S.T.- 'l'ype of Le.t, with oxi de insulating l:I)"('r
be t ween t he met ul ua te and eemtcond uctor chann el.
I t has a higher input impeda nce t han th e Iuu cuou
t yp e f.e.t .
N-Type Semic onductor Mater ial- Hilieon or german­
lum doped wit h pen tavale nt imp urity to give a n (,X I~(~ ~
of nega ti ve curren t car riers (l.l·. free eteetro ns).
Neutralisati on -In radi o t requc ucv t ransistor s tlu-re
is a t endency fo r set r-oscntnuo n to occur d ue to t he
collector -base ea pnolt nnee. I II mrnlern r. f tr an sisto rs
thi~ ca lladta nec can he ma de \'('0' sma ll. To over co me
t he encc t In I'a rl)' r.r, tra ll~ bs ttl rl; it. WU>; usual to usc a.
small amount or cupuc ttlvc negnt tvc feedba ck III each
st age, t hi8 being known a..s neut ralisa ti on .
PN J uuction-c-J un ct jon be twe en 11- a nd n- tvpe
s emtcond ucto r matcrtal with ill t he sem icon du ctor crys ­
tal s t ructu re.
Point Contact Deviee-c-Ouc in which the I'll [un ction
Is formed a t t he contact betw een a metal 'cn. t,..'1· whisk,'r '
a nd t he sem iconducto r ma terial. Point con tac t d tod os
ha ve advantages in some a pp lica tions.
51
 P-T l pe Semi con duct or :4at erial- Se m icuutlu cto r
m:lt rrml d" llO(l with trtvnlcn t. Impu rity t<: l g lve an
excess o f pos it ive cu rre n t ea rners (l.e . hol es ).
Rat ings- ....pcctncauon sheets for tra nsjs to rs con.
man y (a Cl'tll o f th e de vic e's o jwratlo n b ut Illlrst pa ra ­
m et ers are needed UIlI}' b }- t he t1~lgnt' r, T h c r1\tings
whidl need 10 be k no wn for rt"1,larf'lI\l'nt pu r poses a rc
' ·CR(mu ), t il .. maxtmu m collector to cmtue r \'Olt.altl' ; I C'
t hc collector CUJTf'lIt; hie, the llaJn a nd It t h e c u t- o ff
Ireq ur-ncy. T h e output po wer abo need s t o be obs er ved .
Re vers e Bias- lli a $ 1l1' lllit>d to a JIll ju nction eo A;I to
r educe t he curren t now through It - posi tive eonneets
to th e n- t jpe an d n egati ve to th c o-me se m icond uc to r
m a t er ial.
Sat ur at ion- of a tr ansistor wh e n uie collc ctor c ur ­
r ent is Hmtted b y the ex te r na l ct rc uu a nd no t b y th e
base bl M applied.
Semicon du ct or Device-e-Devlcc wh os e o pcra t k.u is
b used 0 11 t he use c r scmtconuuct or m atert nt. I II atldi tl ull
to t ran etero re and d fod es there arc a wid e ran ge tlf
componen ts wh ich make II>1C o f som tcond uct or effects .
Semiconductor Material- )I a t er ial whose eonducnvc
propenb's d rll l'lIt! Oil tl w udd itlon of lIL111 Ut O Illla llUti r g
of lmpurlt.y a toms. Pure gcrmuntum lll\s a eoud uc t fvi t y
o f a bo u t fiO oh m s per cm a a n ti silicon a bo u t 60 ,000
ohmsper em s : semicon d uctors 11('1'(1 to he ~l l.Jo u t 2 oh ms
per C11l 3• Add itio n of t rt- or pl' nt Ava l\'nt Impu ntie,
produce p- or u-tmc se mico nd uc to r IImh 'rl al w it h a n
excess of postttve or nega ti ve current carriers. Unlike
lIormal eo ud uctors, se rnlcun d uc tors Incr ea se in eon ­
cucuvn r with a u Incr eas e ill t em pera t ur e.
Silicon - One u fU If' tw o ma in se m ico nductor ma tc r tats
In usc . U s ene rgy gup (l'())e \') makes It l eu sensit ive
to h eat tl1<11I ger ma ni um .
Solid Sla le Circui t-A circuit in wh ich th e c ur re n t
flows t hrough 1IOlid matertat Instt'ad of t hr ou gh a gas
or vac uum.
Super Alpha P air - See Dar ling to n Pai r,
Ther mal R un a wa y- Sem ico ml ucto r mat e rial s a r e
VI'!}' sl' l\s ith"t' to hl' a t--J':erma nl u lI\ m uch more 80 t ha n
52

s ulcon. Circu it. d es ign ha s to t a ke a ccou nt o f t h is an ti

many co mpo ne n ts ha ve to b e tne tu dcd to pr eve n t
In cr ea sed cu rre nt now due t o h ea t. W itho u t s ucn
ptutec t km Iwa t ind uced cu rre nt will ra tse t he t em per a ­
l u re Iea d tng to a Iu r t ner Inc rease In c urr en t a nti so on ,
a (l tflC('lI'l known as th er ma l runa wa y wh ich can d l'>ltro )'
a se mi co nd uc to r. Sec H ea t Si nk.
Th er misto r--A se mico nd uctor wl\01\e res istance
va ries wit h te m pera t ure. Sm u t' th f'rm l~ tors h ave a
n ee e uve tem pera ture cce fflclen t, t hat b res istance
fa ll s with a n increase o f t em pe ra ture, onn-rs h a ve a
post t lve te mperatur e coe rttcten t. Used 10 co mpensa te
for th l' ctrft't o f heat in circ u it oncrat km.
Th yris tor - A t hr ee-j un cti on, four -jayer se m leond uetor
ree u ne r wh it'h ronduc ts when ei t he r th e vol tage
acros s it, rl'a rht"!l a 'brea k down' poi n t or when lrl~ered
by a p ulse fl'd t o it s na t e elec t rode, Ollt'(' t rl~t'nd b y a
p Ulll", It n maills co nd uct ing un t il t he a .c . \,olul j:l:e 31'fOSS
I t r evers es phase .
Tri a c- HI-di recti ona l th yris tor , GSl't1 In a.e, co n t ro l
c ircu it ry .
T u nn el Diode- A hea vily d OpM semico n d uc t or
di ode w hich exh ibits a neea uvc res istance cha ra cteristic,
t.c. e ve r p art o f jig ehara ot er ist lc Incr c:\.I>t'\l fo rwa rd
bia s h'adll to a reduction in t h e cur r ent Oowiuj(,
TYPII Numbllu - Ttw num be rs ill a transis to r d ('s hm a ·
tlon ruroly dcecrtb o an ythi ng about It'! eharuet r-rlstfos.
I n the iX s n it'S adjace n t tvpe numbers a rc frel.J ut'u tl )·
widrl r d ifferi ng" d evices . Europea n and Br iti s h tra n­
sisters llrt' frcq ut'lltl }· colli'll wit h Ih.. titst l<'t tA' r A
(~ t'"mlaniu m ) or n (lliliM n) fo llow l'(l hy a l!et~1I 111 1,' Uf'r
wh lrh indkat<'S th e t }"llt' :
A D lotl r I' Ph o to t}·llI.'
C a .r. (lo w I)(m'l' r) S H\l1t ch in& (low pow l'r )
D a.f. (1'Ilwn) U Switc hl ll~ (po wt' r)
F. T lIlIUt'l diod e Y Di."l e (l;lOwer)
F h.f. (ln w powcr) Z ZCI\l'r diode
I. h .f. (J)()\\'l'r )
Up iju pcti on Transis tor -Thrt'~· t t'rm i llal t rani>lstor
co ns lst im; o f a n n·tn "" s ilico n ba r with a base co ntact
a t ",ac h en d e;l.1If'd ' bas e I ' a nd ' ba.ore ~ ' a nd a. P.t)'JlC
f'm il t er rt'l:lon wit h fur thf'r COlltac t a t onf' s id e. Curnnt
fluw t h rou gh t he u cv tcc fcom on e bas e t o t he ot her is
eon t.roll ed by UlI' curre nt fed to t he omttn-r. Wh en t he
em it t er ....olt an e re aches a t-crtuln lev el, till' cmrttor-basc
I j unct ion virtuullv short-ef rcutts. wt th a sutm nte
charging d emit at th e cmuter t he d cvte c oprrau's as a
r elaxat.iun oscillator,
Valency- T he ab ility o f atoms to un it e with other
a toms ; due to t he electrons t hat exist in the outer
or b it, or val ency b a nd , beillg a bl e to fur m ,\ shared
or b it w ith o t he r a to ms .
Varicap Diode- When reverse biased a ll Jill j une­
ttons ex hibit eupacitnnee, srnoc the doplet lon l.l~· l' r a t
t ill' j uuut hm fOfms 1~ 11 Insula t or between th e cond uc tive
r egion s. Th j;~ propcr t j- i" " xJllo it NI by t he var tca p
dio d e whic h is USN for s ueh I' Uf p U SI' l'l a~ au t omatic
t untng a lld a. r,e.
Volt a ge· DeIlen dent Re5isto r - n l ' ~is to r using se m i­
ro nductor mn t er fu! whose res ist ance vnrles wit h Jl.p plit' d
volt ag e.
Zener Diode - J u n cti on d lodl' (]I'f;Ij!Jll' d to operate
rever se b ia sed into th e brea kdown region o f Its charac­
t er ist ic. I n this r('g lon lal').(c incr euse, in curre nt
produce negliuihln v aria t ion in tu c voltage aeros>! it .
Th r rrfor c i ~, enn Ill' \1,;<>0 for \'oltMN ,;t nh illsa t io ll o r to
establ ish it stable r er er cn co vo ltage .

LOGIC TERMS
Asyn ch r on ou s - Olwra ti on no t depe n de nt Oil clo d:
p u lses.
Bu:IJered- Ca pab le of drivi ng exter na l cireuita, tao­
lu ted fro m pr ev ious lI ti~I{C.
Illoek-e-Sour oe of regula r voltage Jluh!!'s, used to
sy n chronis e svs t eme .
Dual- 'r wo , tw ill.
Edge tri gger ed -c-Opcrutton o f dcvroc takes 111uec on
r isi ng (or falli ng ) part of input pulse.
Enabl e c- Ovor -r ul o tuput .
Ean- out -e-Xumbet of uevtccs t ha t {'lUI be plat-ed in
parall el 011 ou t pu t .
Fli p· fioll -Two-s t at c devi ce , cha nges st a te WhN\
croc ked .
H ex- :-Ix .
La t ch - R etai ns previous in put stat e u ntil over ­
ri dd en ,
M ul ti Ill e x er-~a m lJl l':; tuu ny Inpu ts in seq ue nc e, gfve s
on e out put.
Oct a l-Eight.
One-snot -e-Gtves stnetc output puls e of deftned d ura­
ti on fro m variable t nput. pujs e .
Open collect or - TTL o u t put which needs ext erna l
p ull -up resistor, can be n501:1 to wtro o n o utp u ts.
Pa ri ty - Chec k b it add et1 la ,I al l~ , {'lUI he od d or e ve n
pa r it y . i n od d pa rity sum of data t s + Ila r it}- 1 is odd .
Pr opa gat ion delay -Tim e ta ken for S I ~IHl l to pass
t hrough a device, ltml ts hi ~ht'st fr eq ue n cy of op er a ti on .
Qu ad- I"our.
Q ui e sc e nt-S tahh~ st Me not. dr tvtng a loa d .
Schmit t t ri gger - Cir cu it with hysteresis.
Syn ch r on ou s-O pt'ra ti oll de pen dent on cloc k pul ses.

LOGIC TERMINOLOGY
T he logi c sy m b ols used t o represent t h e :-,rS I de vice s
foll ow ~ 1iI St d s oo n for logic sym bols . :-,rSl cle ment s a re
re pr esen t ed b y r ectangul a r hl o ( , k ~ with upproprlate
e xt ernal AX D /O R gates whe n ncccssnrv. A sma ll cir cle
at a n ex terna l Input m ean s that the specifte inp u t is
a ctive L ow, i.e ., It produc es t he d eslred f un cti on , in
con ju ncti on with o ther i np ut s , i f its v oltage is t he low er
of t h e tw o lng io If'wl.'\ In th e srstcm. A circ le at the ou t ­
p u t indicates th a t wh en th c fu nc ti on d esign a t ed is Tr u e,
55
t he ou tp ut is Low . oenereur. inp u ts a re a t th e top and
leCt and o ut puts llPPt'M a t t he bo ttom a nd r lll:l1t of the
logic ev mbo l. An exce pti on b. the MYllChroIl O\U )(as ter

-- ,--'
l~t ill so me sl"qlll"n li a l cl r cu tts wh idl b a lways a t the
lcff -h....nd bottom eo r ner,

-<:J-
­­
...,.,
I'
~-

....
.....
...- ...,_ .'V"'''' ' ~ '''
'::.:%':
I np uts a nd outpute arc la b elled wit h mn emon ic
let te rs as iIIu;;t.r a tl'd ~ 1 C1""' , x o te th a t an ec uv e Low
fun ctio n la belled o uts ide o f the logic sy m bol b g iven a
bar ove r t he la bel, wnne t he sam e runet ton Inside t he
s ym bo lts Iabelled witho ut t he bar. w hen severe r inputs
or out puts use Ihe sa me le tter, su bsc ri pt n u m bers
,t3rtln it w ith zero a rc used in a n orde r na tural for

s···,"'
d ev ice o pera tion.
.l[~a l l i"fl

General te rm for In­

puts to eo rnbinnto rtal ." . . ....•.
_ ::'
units

~ ...' "...'' ~
' '' ' ''
J K I npu ts to J K, 8 R an ti
~ K D fllp-nop:i, la tc h es,
reglstcr s a nd co unte rs
.,,_ ~

~ ".
. , . ~. ~

. . '~ ~
- " "'1" _ .. . .. . ,
P

Q
Add ress or Select in ­
put s, use d to lIf'! t'ct a n
inpu t , out put, da ta
ro ute. I"unctio n or
memory ocatton

~. '" ' ''' ''

Enable, ecttve Low
on all TTL!)lSI '~
se

Pa rallel Enable , a
co nt rol Input used to
sy n ch r on ous ly load
infor mation In par allel
into an ot herwise
au to no mous circ uit

....~
)( a ..te r R eset, as yn­
ehro no usly reset s all . , ::.~ ,
ou tputs to zero, o ver­ '''-.=.
. . ...,.,­
ridi ng a ll e th er Inputs

~
Clear, r t'St'l.s o ut puts
to aero but d oe s not
ove rr ide all e t her in­
puts
n~
CI' Cloc k p ulse, l:"l:! nerally
a H fgh -t o- Lo w - to ­
High tr a uxttiun. An
ac tive HIl.!h clock (no
cir cle) ID I' JHlJJ out puts
dlo'\tUZe 0 11 Lo ..... -to­
Hil.!h.-c loc k t ra nsitio n

Gen er al te rm s fo r out ­
put s of combinato rial
crrc utts

'I , General ter ms ftlr out­

p uts of soque ntla l err ­
cuita

TC Ter-n tnnl Coun t out­

put (1111 for u p b in ­
at)"counte rs , 100 1 for
up decimal counte rs,
or 0000 for down
counters)
 BASIC LOGIC SYMBOLS

AND TRUTH TABLES

Po alttve logic c on ven t ion used, t.o. 1 = high, 0 = low.

INPUT Oi.J I PUT INPUT OUTPUT

.......-f)--. Butl e r r--t>--, l~r t ef

o, 0
, o
, 0
,

r-;::D-, ANO gal e r - P - l NAND gote

000 00 1

1 0 0 1 0 1

o 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
~oR go te ~NOR gat e
00 0 00 1
, 0 1 I 0 0
o 1 1 0 1 0
1 I 1 1 1 0

r\~ Ex C lus ,,,e ~ Ex dlJ,""e

I rtL/ lOR go le I rlL/- INJRgot e

00 0 0 0 I

1 0 1 1 0 0

o 1 1 0 1 0

, " La e:" lroggered J K mo:,..r:SIOV€ fhP -'~ wilh d ea r

, 0
INPUTS OUTPUTS
CLR Cl R cr« J K a 0

O X X X O I

1 O ClooOb
1 1 0 I 0
1 J\.. 0 1 0 1
1 ...J\.. 1 1 Togg le
Hlah level pulse, da ta is transferre d on
fallin g edg e of p uls e.
ao T he level uf Q before ind ica ted input con ­
ditions were estabusn cd.
Toggl r Ea ch out put cha nges to its com ple ment on
eac h active tr an sition (nuls e ) of dock.
58

COMPARISON OF LOGIC FAMILIES

Hince RT L wa s introduc ed in tl w early 19608, there ha s
bee n ;~ stead y progression i n te ch nology ; t he des ign
cllll'im1f'f now has ~~ wid e choice of op era ti ng parameters.

;, •
,t ~ •
l ' • H"· ,

.. , , . '5' 10 ' 0 J O "" ' 0'''''

Speed / power cbe roc tcr tet tee of ma jor log ic li nes
It Is a p pare nt that s peed / powe r co m parisons a re 1I0 t
s u mc fent In th emsel ves. Ot her Importa n t pa ramete rs
to he eonslde red a re noise immu nity , su p ply ....oltage
req uirement s a nd fa n out.
staz ,

S o. S oise Prop toggle

T-ogie of I UI/c- i m m un ity delay ~ P all Jlp u d'

fa mily t W /1II 1 r olls I1 S out siu ,

lI T I,
l)'rL 3
RTL3
33
28
30
5·0
0·3
0·3
110
30
12
10
8
5
,
3
1·5
74 series 108 0' 0 4 u 10 15
i 4 H s cr tes 31 0 ·4 c 10 '0
i-l ~ sertee 33 0·3 3 10 125
j ·U.S series 4-1 O· ~ 9 10 25
Cl>tQ S 100 + 4,5 30 > 50 10
1 A}Jprox. since makers var y. ~ Typical.
3 Xot recommended for new designs .

59
 / N.aJUpl i' lg
and otMr
r~qu i r r _ /I.I '

IITI. H -O 16 -0 60 ~ () :> pe-cla l

prcc...r utlo ns
RTL 3·6 3-2 1 3·96 20 xo spe c ln
preca ution s
DTL 5·0 5-5 30 'so s pec ia l
pr ecau tj ous
H Scrl es ' ·0 .a-75 .aO 0 -ll'ot'
74 H
!'('r]('lI
; ..s
' ·0
'·0
4-75
60] ~~I~; ~~liap .
40 uvcry 8
Series Il iJ.Ck l llo: ~to
7-l1.!i ' ·0 4-75 I:l
elimina te
s eries Ilwit.chlng
cur rent
8\llke,
cx os 3·0 18-0 0 -01 ~o special
preca uuons
RTL a nd D'I'L ha ve been su perseded etuie r b)' CMOS
(u p to 5 ~lII z ) or TTL for hi ghe r s peeds.

60

TTL Bipolar Logic

T he 50l a nd H series of trcnst etor- t re nststor 100000ic is a
medln m Ill~'d furnity o f sa tu ra ti Ub: t.e . logic d es igned
f or ge nera d tgtta l applica tions usin g clock frcQucncj('s
to 30 11Hz a nd swit ching speeds in t he 7-11 ns ra nge
u nd er moderate ca pa cttive Ioad fne .
Th e e lrcu l(.,l a re id entified by s multi ple e mitte r in put
t re usn tor a nd a n a ctive ' p ull u p' In t h(' u p per o ut p ut
network. Clamp diodes at eac h Inp ut limit t he u nde r -
shoot tha.t occurs in t}-pical s}'stt'm a p plit's tions su ch as
d r h' iniC Iong In ter co nn ect wtrtnz. Th e acu ve pull-up
output conneurat ton etvee low output impeda nce in the
h h;rh ou tput state . T he resutt tna low Impeda nces i n
both o u t pu t states e nsure eXl't'IIf'nt a.r-, noise imm u nit y
a nd a llo w high-speed o pcranon with ea pact ttve loads.

Complem entary MOS (CMOS)

T he ne w t'St o f th e genera l-p ur pose «,"i t Ia mil tee. Origin-
a.1I)' re leased by R CA (CO S! ~[o ~ ) a nd followed b}-
1l okl ro la ( ~t~ ~I O S ) t he re a re now wl'lI o ver 100 di ffl'rl' nt
devic es availabl e in paek3ge ~ for a ll en viron me n ts.
The fcllowtnz are primary d('~i iC lI feat ures of t he
wh ole o f t he COSj :\IO ti a nd "(c MOS ran ges :
Dou ble diode p ro t-ecti on 011 all Inpu ts .
x otse Im nHlIu h ' ty ploall y 45 % o f YD O, 30 % o f
vnn minim um .
D lIffl'rcd o lltlJut COIllII.,\Uhlr. wit h MUTt. a nd Lo w
Po wer 1'1'["
Lo w qnle seent po wer digsipaU on : 2rl nw I)'p , per
packa a c,
Power Slll>plr voltage : 3-1 8 Y dependent on ry pe,
Sin gle sUPIJI}' n peratlon.
Hi gh Iano ut : greater than 50,
Hhrh Inpu t Im pedance : l OU oh ms h 'p ,
Low inl mt ca pacitanee : 5 pF t YJI,

61
 CODE CONVERSION TABLES

Binary Bit
A SCII

Dec Octal Hex P attern

Character

7 6 5 4 3 21

0 0 0
000 0 0 0 0
1 1
1
o0 0 0 001
2 2
2
o0 0 0 0 1 0
3 3
3
o0 0 0 0 1 1

4 4
4
o0 0 0 1 0 0

5 5
5
000010 1

6 6
6
0 000110

7 7
7
0 0 00111

8 10
8
000 1 000

9 11
9
00 0 1 0 01

10 12
A 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

11 13
B
000 1 011

12 14
C
00 0 1 10 0

13 15
D
000 1 101

14 16
E
000 1 11 0
~ Sp ecia l
15 17
F
0 00 1 1 1 1
Chara cte rs
16 20
10
00 1 0 0 0 0

17 21
11
o 0 1 0 0 0 1

18 22
12
0010010

19 23
13
001001 1

20 24
14
0010100

21 25
15
001 0 1 0 1

22 26
16
0010 110

23 27
17
o 0 1 0 1 1 1

24 30
18
001 1 000

25 31
19
00 1 1 0 0 1

26 32
1A
00 1 101 0

27 33
IE 00 1 1 01 1

28 34
io 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

29 35
I D
o 0 1 1 1 0 1

30 36
I E
00 1 1 1 1 0

31 37
IF
00 11 111

32 40
20
o1 0 0 0 0 0 SPACE
33
34
41

42

21

22

o 1 0 0 0 01
o 1 000 1 0 ..!
35 43
23
o 1 00 0 1 1
#
36 H 24
o 1 00 1 0 0 s
37 45
25
o 1 001 0 1
%
38 46
26
o 1 001 1 0 ,&
39 47
27
o 1 001 1 1

40 50
28
o 1 0 1 000
(
41 51
29
o 1 0 1 00 1
)
42 52
2A
o1 0 1 0 1 0 •
6~

B inary Bit
A SCII

Dec Octal Hex P attern

Character

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

43 53
2B
o1 0 1 0 1 1 +
44 54
2C
o1 0 1 1 0 0
45 55
2D
o1 0 1 10 1

46 56
2E
o1 011 1 0
47 57
2F
o1 0 1 1 1 1
I

48 60
30
o1 1 0 0 0 0 lJ'
49 61
31
o1 1 000 1
1

50 62
32
o1 1 00 1 0
2

51 63
33
o1 100 1 1
3

52 64
34
o1 1 0 1 0 0 4

53 65
35
o1 1 0 1 0 1 5

54 66
36
o1 101 1 0 6

55 67
37
o1 1 01 1 1
7

56 70
38
o1 1 1 000
8

57 71
39
o1 1 100 1
9

58 72
3A
0 1 1 10 1 0

59 73
3B
011 101 1
;
60 74
3C
0 11 1 1 0 0
<
61 75
3D
o 1 1 1 101

62 76
3E
01 1 1 1 1 0
>
63 77
3F
0111111
?
64 100
40
100 0 0 0 0
@
65 101
41
1 0 0 0 001
A
66 102
42
1 0 0 0 0 1 0
B
67 103
43
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
C
68 104
44
1 000 1 0 0
D
69 105
45
1 000 1 0 1
E
70 106
46
1 000 1 1 0
F
71 107
47
1 000 1 1 1
G

72 110
48
100 1 000
H

73 111
49
100 1 001
I

74 112
4A
100 1 0 1 0
J
75 113
4B
100 1 0 1 1
K
76 114
4C
1 00 1 100
L
77 115
4D
1 00 1 101
~1
78 116
4E
1001110
N
79 117
4F
100 1 1 1 1
0
80 120
50
10 1 0 0 0 0
P
81 121
51
1 0 1 000 1
Q
82 122
52
1 0 1 00 1 0
R
83 123
53
1 0 1 001 1
S
84 124
54
101 0 1 0 0
l'
85 125
55
1010101
U
63

 CODE CONVERSION TABLES- conI.

Binary Bit ASC/l
Dec OeM H ex P attern cneracur
76 5 432 1
86 126 flO 0 10 1 10 V
87 127 57 01 011 1 W
88 130 .;S 01100 0 X
89 131 56 01 1 00 1 Y
!JO 132 SA 101 10 1 0 Z
91 133 5Il 10 1 10 11 [
92 13.. 'C 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 \
1)3 135 50 10 11 101 I
136
'"
'5
96
137
140
5E
5F
60
1011 1 10
101 11 1 1
110 0 00 0
~
I

Ui IU 61 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a
0' 14 2 62 1 1000 10 b
00 143 63 1 100011 c
100
101
1H
145
6'
.5
1 10 01 0 0
11 0 0 1 0 1 ,d
102 146 66 11 0 0 1 1 0 f
103 147 67 11 0 0 1 1 1 g
104 150 68 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 h
105 151 69 1 1 01 0 0 1 i
106 152 6.\ 11 0 10 1 0 j
107 153 6R 1 1 010 11 k
108 154 6C 11 01 1 00 1
109 15 5 6D 1 1 0 1 101 m
lI O 156 OE 110 1 1 10 n
111 157 ,>' 1 101111 0
112 160 70 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 I'
113 161 7I 1 1 1 0 00 1 q
114 162 72 11 1 00 1 0 r
11 5 163 73 1 1 1 00 1 1 ,
lI6 164 74 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 t
117 165 75 1 1 1 01 0 1 u
lI8 166 76 1 110 11 0 v
119 16i 77 11 1 0 11 1 w
12 0
12 1
122
170
171
li2
78
79
7A
111 1
11 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
,.z
x

123 173 7H 1 1 11 0 11
124 174 7C 11 1 1 1 00
125 175 7D 1 1 111 01
120 176 7E 11 1 111 0
127 177 7F 1 111111

mea ns spe cial charact ers or codes not used .

64

DISPLA YS
One of t he old est elec t ro n ic nu m er ic r ead outs is the one­
of-ten d is play suc h as the X IX IE· t ube. A n in he re n t
disadvan tage is that tlw numbers with in t h o tube ar c
not 011 the sa me plune. Th e red co lou r o f the displa ys Is
d ifficult to chang e. 'I'hey a re dilli eult t o muttt plc x
be cau se (If rela t.ivcly hi l=(h voltage r equirements . Seve n ­
seg men t d iJsplay~ ha ve bec ome popnlar d u e to their
lower prf ces an d nume ra l for ma t a nd are ava ilable ill a
wide var iet y of size, colo ur an d type.
J ncandescent displa ys arc made In a wide r an ge of
sizl's and co lours a nd a r e amo ng the brigh tes t uvalla hle.
Un til r ecen tl y their ma in di sa d v an t ag e W:lS r el inh ility
du e to segment fa ilu r e. x cw ma ter ia ls, pac ka zr-s a nd
met hod s, how ever, h a ve Im proved their rellabllttv.
) Ian y n ewer Inca ndesce nt d isplays IHI\'e all seve n­
se ann-nt fila men ts contntned within a stnetc va cuum
~ TlvrIOIW an d lire com pu t rblc with sta nd a rd nTL an d
T TL voltages. )Iulti pli:'xlnlt doe sn ' t. offer m uch adva n ­
t a ge In part count as each d ispla y eca me nt s requires a
diode t o sto p sneak el ect rfcutpcth s .
Cold cathode d isplays, also kn ow n as neOll, ya.~ d is ­
charge, or plasma d isplays ar e Improved n ix le-t y f,'
di splays with i seg men ts Instea d of 10 nu mera l cat l ­
ode s. R ed -orang e und cas fly read , t bev lir e available
nIl t o 0 '7 5 in h igh. A hig h a nod e potcn tlnl m akes the m
dltll cult to m u lt ipl ex ,
F l uorescent d isplays a r e blue-g ree n, a va ilable to
a pp ro xima t ely 0 ·6 in charact e r h eigh t, a nd ar c use d
p rimnrllv In Imp or te d calc ulators. H elut.ivcly low
cu rrent a nd voltage needs ma ke t hem easy to mutr lple x.
Th e /ight-tm illillf] diod e is a soli d- state de vic e ueln g
eithe r ea lllum a rsenid e or gal bum a rse nide phosph id e.
T he advan t a ge lies In smaller size , more reli a bl e opera­
ti on under severe meena ntcut condition s, an d volt a ge
cur ren t compa ti bili t y wit h sta nd ard tec hnology. LEDs
a rc a vail ab le from 0 '1 to 0,,, in hig h and art ' t.ypicall y
r ed in colo u r ; how ever. yello ws a nd gree ns ar c offe red a t
a price . xtost of t he 0 ' 1 in Un):> a r c used in d om esti c
h a nd ca lc ula t or s.
Li quid €'rylitol d isp la ys arc uni que because th ey
scatter, rather th a n gene r ate llch t , T he re ar e t wo basic
t y pcs : r eflect ive r equ ir ing fro n t Illumi na ti on , an d t ra ns ­
mt sst ve r equ ir ing r ea r illumination. The se d evi ces have
the low es t po wer r eq u ir em en ts , however, t h ey r equ ir e
an a.c. dri ve sys tem m a kin g t he m di fficult to m ult ip lex ,
• ~IX I E is a register cn tradem ar k of Burroughs
Corporation.
05
 TTL SYMBOLS
hu-Hh;dl level input
cur rent,
I u .- I..o w-lcvcl input
c ur ren t.
J m r-c-Hfz h-level output
cu rre nt,
I o - Off-st..u c o ut p ut
current,
tos-c-sb or t- etr cutt out pu t
curre nt .
r cca -c-suopb- c urre n t
ou tput( s) hi..11.
ICC L-S \lJlJ> I ~' c ur rent
ou t pu t(s) low.
F tn u-~rax i m u lll c lock
Frcq uencv.
t ,,- .-\w ra.ge p ulse width.
TRANSISTOR SYMBOLS
Bipolar
e eL. CC~, C~lo- In tt'rter ­
mln nl oa paoitunee
(col lector -to-b ase,
ccllcctor-to -c mtttcr,
emlttc r- fo-base).
Clb" . CJ~ ,, - ()pcn-cir c llit
inp ut ca pa cita nce
(common-base,
common-e mi t t er ).
Cn",. CI~,,-fH lur t- ci r cuit
in put cupnc lt.mc e
(co nuuon- basc,
conuucn-emitter).
C" bo. Co~o-O prn-c lrc ui t
ou tp ut ca pac ita nce
(co mmon- ba se,
co mmo n-e mitter ).
CobJI. Coe. - Sh or t·circuit
out put cepacttanc e
(eommon- ha se,
co mmon-em itte r) .
e'b.•. O, .. - f'llor t.-d r(,uit
TR ANSISTOR
G I' B. G PB- I.acg E'-signal
tnser tton powe r gain
(common -base,
co mmon-em itter ).
Gpb. Gpe- Small -signa l
inser ti on pa wn ga i n
(comm on-ba se,
comruon-cmttt er ).
GTR. GTE - I. llr~c - signal
t ra nsducer power ga in
(com mon -base,
common- emit ter) .
Gt b. Gt ~-:;nl 'lll - s i gna. 1
t rans du cer power ga in
(co mmo n-bas e,
co mmn n-c mitter ).
h ~'B . h ~'E~s talic for ward
curren t t ra nsfer muo
(commo n-base,
co mruon- cml ttcr) .
hlb. hfe-Small-signa l
short -ctr cutt for ward
cur rent t rans fer ra tio
(couuuon-base,
common-emitter).
hl b. h ie- S ma ll -sign al
sno rt -ctrcu tt inp ut
i mpe dance (commo n­
ba se, curumon emitter ).
h ; . {lm B~l or 1I1l ( h i e)~
~~~n~~;~!Lr~fl~'~: t h e
ci rcuit inp ut Imp ed ­
anc e (common­
emitter).
hie(....a l) or lt c(h le)- R cal
pa rt of t he small­
sig nal short-et rcutt
in pu t imped a nce
(common-em!tter).
h "~P~~M~~~11~;~~~~l
onmtt tcnc o (comm on ­
bas e, common -emtt tcr ).
Y I II - High -lew'l in pu t
vol tage.
v n .c-Low-Ievcl inp ut
voltag e.
YT+- ·l' ositive-j.!Oing
th reshol d volt age.
" T_- Keguti ve-g(linlo:
threshold voltage.
YOH-- Hlgh-levcl ou tpnt
voltage.
YOL- l.ow-I('vt"l out p ut
voltage.
YO(o:-; I-On-st ate ou t put
voltage.
Yo (o n ')-Off-s ta te o ut­
put vol t age.
reverse t ra ns fer capa­
c itance (co mmon- bose,
common-emlttcr).
Cee. Ct~- lJ eJl l ct.ion - ] ay e r
ca pa cita nce (collector,
emi t ter ).
f hll>. hie- Small -signal
shu t t-uirc utt forwa rd
curre n t t.r.utsfer rn t to
cutoff fr eq uenc y
(co mmon -bas e, co m­
mon -ennt ter ).
fmu - )Ia xim u m Ire­
qur-ncy o f osctuu uou.
fT- T ransl tion freq \Il'!WY
or Ircq uen cv at wh ich
smn ll-slg unl forward
current transfer ratio
(co mmon-emi tter)
ex tra pola tes to un i t y .
f,- .i"rcqu r llcy o f un it )"
current t rnnster ra tio.
s nrn o ~nl .
h ool!ln....1or Im(h oor­
I maginar )" part of th e
:lmall·signa l open­
c irc uit output udmlt­
tuuc c (common ­
enut ter ).
lloe(ru .!) or R('(h ",, )­
1t M ] pa r t o f t he s mnll­
signa l open-ci rc uit
o u t p ut admitt ance
(common- emit t er ).
hrb. !lre- Small -sign a l
open-clrcult re verse
vol tag e t r nnsfer ratio
(common-ball!',
oonunou-enu t tcr ).
Iu , r c. h :- <:urn'lLt, d.c.
(busc- ter mlna l,
eollccto r-tcrrnina],
emitter-te rmlnnl).
h " r-. l e--{:ur n 'llt. r .m. s.
va tuc of a lternuting
com po nen t (bllllC­
te r minal, collect or ­
terminal . emi t ter ­
te r minal).
rc.
i ll. iE--(:ur rellt ,
Instantaneou s to ta l
val ue (base -terminal,
colt ect or -te r mmal,
emlttc r -tcrminatj.
lBJ::v-na:, e c utoff
c urrent d .c.
ICRo-Coilf'cto r cutoff
c ur ren t , d.c., emitter
OI )l' lI .
IE 1F.2(<>ffj-Emitter cu t­
o ff current.
IE uo- E mlt k r c utoff
current, d.c., co llec tor
ope n ,
I Ec (OI ~)- Jo:lIl it tcr ­
collector Off,;llt current.
I ECd- B mittr r cuto ff
67
 TRANSISTOR SYMBOLS-cool.
cur ren t, d.c. lmsc ­
v sn. V E(.,- "oll a~c,
ahort-uircultcd to
d .c. or av erage (base­
colle ct or ,
to -col lecto r, b ase-to­
P i a . P IF;- L a r l:tc -gi l-!ll U]
Input po wer (common­
UM f", r-om mon­
e mi tter ).
P lb. P le- Small-slgll:ll
i np ut power ({~OI\1II1 0!l'
b ase, conunou- cmitter ).
Po n. POE-L:l.rgt'-signai
output po wcrtcom mon ­
b ast', common -emi t te r) .
P ob, Poe-~ "mll-;;ignal
o ut put powcrt corumon­
base, common- emi t ter ).
PT-Total nonrcaotrvc
power Input to all
t erm in al s,
r l>'Cc---Colkctor· b:l.>;c
time co nst a nt.
r{"F:(~at l-S:l t umtion
resistance . collector­
to- em itter .
R('( Yi.)
Jl l'{ ~'"el
r .,ol(onl--."\mall -s i!::nrL]
emit ter -emit ter on­
stat e resistance.
R 9- Th t'r ma l r esi st a nce .
T J- Jun ctioll t empera­
h u t' .
td- D\'lay time.
tl-Fall time.
t"fI - Turn -off t ime.
t oo- Tum -on time.
tp- P ulse time.
tr -Rhe tim e.
f. -Storag e time.
t,, - P uls c u vemge time .
"BB, Vee. VEE ,- SU!lpi}'
voueee. d .c. {base,
coll ect or, e m lt t er},
Ve e . VnF.. VCIl, VCE,
TRA~SISTO R
(co mmo n-emit te r).
~-ob. Y oe-:'i lll a U-~igIlal
short -ctrcutt output
nduuttu nec (com mo n­
base, com mon ­
emi tter ),
Y<>e (ima g ) or Im( )·.,.}---
~ : :~~fi~~4:"IUl~rl~);~: the
ci rc u it output admit­
ranee (com mon ­
emitter).
Yue(w ll l o r H: e( ~'.,. )­
Hea l p ar t. of the small ­
sl>(lml sho r t-c tr eult
o u tp ut udmit tu uue
(common-e mit ter ).
Y t l>, Yre- Sma ll -slgllal
suor t-ctrcutt reverse
tr ansfer ad mit tance
(common-base.
conuuon-emit tcr) .
Uniju nction
>r-- I n t r i 1J ~ jp st an d off
ratio.
IB ~lmoll) - I nte rl);\se
modulated cu r re n t .
I g B. O- Elll itt cr reverse
cu r ren t.
Ip- J'eak- I)()l nt cur r en t.
l v -e-Yal lcy- pulnt cur r ent.
fl'1R - Interhasc r esista nce .
'f j-J unction temp-
crnt ure ,
tp - P llisc t im e.
t ..- P ulsc a ve rag e time.
V Bl lh - i ll ter ba~ c voltage.
\"EB,(oat )- Emitter
satura t ion voltage.
\"ou l-Bas e-l llt'ak
voltage.
Yp-PI'a k -pui n t voltage.
V...--\'allc)·-po int
em itter, colle ctor- to ­
buse, coucctcr-to ­
e mit t er, em it ter-to ­
bns e, emitter-to ­
coll ec to r ).
v ee. v\.oe, v ee, vee, V. I.,
v~~- \ 'oltall:r, Instan­
t a n cous value of
al t ernating component
(bn so- to -coltector.baso­
to -l'lllittl'r ,l'ollel't or ­
t o-base, collec tor- to­
em it t er, emi tter- to ­
base, e mit ter- to­
coll ec tor).
V(BR)VBO (for merly
BVC Bo)-Hrra.kdown
voltage. colteotor-to­
hnse, enuuer open,
\ . RT- R eacJl-t hroug-h
(p unc h-t h ro ugh)
vo ltag e.
H b, Yle- Small-!4ilol Ual
short-ctrcutt forwar d ­
t ra nsfer admittance
(commo n-base,
cc mmon-cmtt ter ).
so., )'j~-S m all - si Jl: ll a l
shor t-c ir cuit input,
ndmit tanee (common­
ba se, common emttter),
y,.(i", aK). or I m (Yiel -
I mnmn nr y pa rt of t he
small -signal sho r t ­
circu it inpu t a dm it ­
ta nce (co m mon­
emi t ter ).
)";e(real) or Rt ( Yie ) ~n ra l
part of th e sm all ­
sigmLI sho r t -circu it
input cdmlttance
SYMBOLS-conl.
volta ge.
Field E ffect
I,, ", bn, D,,,, Dt.·­
common-sour ce small­
signa l (fur ward
transfer, inp ut , ou t ­
pu t , r eve rse trans fer)
s usce ptance.
C<I. - Drain·source
ca pa ci t a nce.
C,lu - Drain- su bs t ra te
cupaci t ancc .
l ' i..-c-Sho r t -clrcult in p ut
cupa citun ce, common ­
source.
Co•• c- s uort-ctreuu o ut ­
pu t eapac tta nce,
common-sourc e.
C...._ ·SIII.rt-crrcut t
r ever se t ra nsfer ca l~U' i­
tance, comm on-sour ce.
F Of l" -:\"ui,,1' fur ure,
avera ge or spo t .
gf~ , ~i." g oo, ~,. "-Si g nal
(for wur d t ra nsfer,
input, ou t pu t, r ev er se
transfer ) conduc tance.
Gp ~ , Gp.- SllHdl-signa l
Inser tion power galn
(com mon-ga te,
co mmon- s ourc e).
(l l ~ , (h o~Snml1- sigml l
t m us d uce r power ga in
(eommou- eate,
common so urce).
I il(olt)- Dr ai n c uto lf
c ur re n t.
I U(on)- On -stn.t c drai n
current.
I lllo;f1 - Z,('w- ga t c-\'ol t,'tgc
d rain cu rrent.
I G- Ua w c urre n t, d.c.
69
 TRANSISTOR SYMBOLS-eoo'.
I Ct'- l"of wanl gat e g nte -s ource br eak­
cu r ren t. do wn \"ulllll!l'.
IHR -R.. verse eate ' "un. , . nn . " l'\s-~ IIJlply
eurr eut, \"o!t astt', d.c . (d rain,
1<;.,;,o-UrH'nK' ~at l' l{at <', sou rc e).
current. drai n sno rt­ Y I.(;- I )r.Un-ga te
etrcutted [0 source. vohe ee.
1u l;" ~'- t'tlr wafOl gate , ' I),,-J)rain-:ooU!ce
cu r re nt, drain short­ voltage.
ci rr-uite-d to SOIlU'C. ' -I."' onl':"'-Dram-so urce
l c;,." a - R e\",'!"M' gate on-sta te \·ol t<~ i/:" .
r-urrent, drain "Itort · , .1'1'- 1jrufn- substra t e
ctr-u ncc to source . \"lIll:li/:t'.
I n- :\Il j",· curre n t, Y( ;1\- ('ak-l\I,un'"
equivah-nt inp ut. \ 'lIlta gf' .
Imh "tI ), Imh ' I. ), " ( ; 1\ ~~t'Clr ward J:;:1lU"
IIII (Y... ), II1l (~'r _' ) ' !lOll H'" vol tnue.
l . - So u fl·(' curr ent . d.c. Y W<i~- R t'\'l'r"" ~at e­
I ;;(om-:-;l,un'l' ('111011 volteue.
lI< utr r-e
cur ren t. v ( ; !I (oal- ( Tnto-sour ce
I ~DS - Z\' rn·ga t e-\' 01t age I"lIlu lr\"lI\!aJ:;:l'.
source curren t, ' -, :1\(th)- ( ia t' ··""l11r ce
rd. (on )-Smal1 - ~j l-(n al ti lfl's ho l,l voltage.
drntn -sourcc on-state Y m;_ Clak' 1\uh"tratc
rcststcuce. \'"I t.lIl{'· ,
f IJli (ou)- St.n uc drnlu­ \" n. - :'l"o lll(' volta ge ,

r-quivnlen t. Inp ut.

source on-sta te
rcsrs tunoe.
, -i'!l' - ~(l ll r(, l" " lIbs t mte
t .i (oD)-Turn, o ll drl:\ }' \,o ll al!'l'.
li m!'. ~n. - common- source
t r- F;l ll t i me. :<lIIl1l1·"il!'lIal sh"rt,.

l "lI -Turn-u rr tune,

rl r('u it (urw ar ,llralls("r
t OD-Turn -nn umo. a dmlttn nce,
n . - e"m m,m·;.ourl't'

t p- l'ulsr t ime.
tr-IUSI' Unit'. "llUlI ·"IJ,l"nnl "hor t ­

t __ t'ulse a vc ru ee nmc. etrcutt in )JIIt admit ­

\" IRR )U:," - (;att'-sourec ranee.

br e-akdown vol ta ge . ~' ..._ rnm m<.n·"our('('

v tBR'I:,.,,,v-- For wa rd
"m:~ II-" il!lI ;1 1 shor t­
cue-source b r e-a k­ eireuit out put ud mi t ­
do wn vo ltaae. I :UU"" .
'-( lIa ,G~I' R -- H..verse

... 0_
1'I!. A..sn ~OS DATA

......
"ITL data
, au.<l 2 ~np", "'_ " " 0 Ga,.

"0'
,..,
a...., 2 ·"'pu. Poso, "''''!IID Ga,. to".n co' ''c,o< 0 11')

...
.......
740 1'" auad 2 ·.np", P01 " '~ !IIA!IID Ga'. lo"." col"c,o, 0 1PI

,.., Quad ' 2_puI P_ , !IIO R Ga'. to{>enco ll.c.o< 0 1 1')

, ....1 ..
Q..oad 2 "'" P_, NA!IIO Ga le lo"." co ll.."o. o lPI

,, H... ItI.Y4I>1 lolM'n coIleoc,o' O Il' }

t'!e. 1 rl lWfte . 30V o lp

".,
,,
loW. B.,ofte< 3OVo /p
P_""..
Quad 2 ...."'" A!IIOGa '.
Quad 2.input POlO" ' VOI" AND Ga' "
14 10 T"pIe 3 _pu' P_I>... NAIol D Ga'e
74 1Z T"pIe 3·on pul NA!I( D Ga' . tolM'n collec;'o< 0 11' )
74 13 00,.u,I .. -.npu1 Sch""" T .~
14 14 Sch"" n H.,. I~' Bull....
141. H... 1......,.,... / & 11.... 1S V Dip

14 17 H• • 8ulfe-flS V o lp

14 20 D..I 4.onpul Posolive !l(A!I( D Ga'.

1421 D..I .. . ~ AND 6.0,.

74 n au..:l 2-<npUl H.gl'l Volta<;l" In' . "ac.. NA!IID Ga ,e

7.21 T,.p'- 3 ~ npu' NOR Ga' e

742. Quad 2.onpu( NOR a"tte. lFan Ou' 3 D}
7.30 a -.npu ' Pos,,,... NAND Ga 'e
74 :12 Q...-d 2 .<tI.pul O R Ga, e
1433A Q"ad 2· ,n o '" NO R Butt". lS V
74 3 1 Qu..:! 2 ·,npu ' NAND Bulle .
74 38 A Qua d 2·tn pu ' NAND Butl e ' 1SV
744 1A e CD·, o·Oec ,m . ' D"cod", I N,• •e 0',.....
".,
.....
BCO.,o.D..."m . 1 DecOde.
r.., BCD" o.Dee.m.1 D\'t:Ode,/ On... , ] DV O" ' P'" O/C
,,
1448 A e CO. lO.Sew Seg m.n, Oecod " , /O e, ]OV I 40 mA
BCO.'o -S n Sellme n, Decode" 0 ' 1 5V 12 0 m A
,
7441 '"
74S 0
eCO .IO.S n S.llmen, Decod e. / O" ..", 15 V140 ", A
SCQ.IO-S n Sttgm"nI Decod e , / O" ... ,
E.pondable 0 ...., 2 ......de . 2 ill' AND·OR·INVERT Ga 'e
74!11 O..al 2 _ . 2 , I p "'!IIO·OR -INVERT Ga,.
7"'3 E. p;lrnda ble 4 ..... ' d e. 2 , I p AND·O R·INVERT G.,.
" ..
1480
4 wide :l.'np", AND.()R.lNVERT G. ,,,

Dual 4 ~n pu ' h pan(le .

7.70 PO$" '''' Edo)e-l "gg... O<d J .II: H ,p Flops

74 7 2 J -II: "'aSt• • - S la~ Fhp Flop. tAND onpu~

7U3 Dual J -II: M.a<' ''' Slave Flop Flops

741 4 DI.YI D·Type Edge Tng ge<fll Flop FI09t

...7.'5..
74 15 " -boo boSlable 10011;;1'1 .. o....s bosta'"'- 100 '(1'1

7416 Dual J- II: "'_ Sla Flop Flops + p<flet and (Olea.

,"" "
15--bo1 A<:l_ E ' M...-o<Y
2 ·bo' 80nary ~ Addde<
1M •• ....., E~' ''''''''''''''
4 -too, (" "...ator
 "..

'u.
,u.
14"
'4'2
Quad 2~npul e.Clu~, ."
6 4 ·b" IlA M (.6 . " WI

Deao"" Coun'IP'

8-brt Sh'h Rev '~le<s

o.v.es.-by-,......., eou,......

40' 8....,., eo.-.,..,

O. G. ,~

,...
1493

" ..
1495
"-bo. SI\oft F!e<;J.. Ie<S 1' ••,...,·ln 5"''''·0 ..,)
.-bol Floghl Stun . left Sholl FlI!1l ," r '

5-1)0'SJ>,h Fl~.s''' ' s (Dual Pa<s ·.,. P•• s -o ...11

14100 8-bo18 ,s~l_"

14 107 Owl J- K u n '•• Sllo~ Hop Ho p

14U1 MOIl'O$~ bIe Mu l.. ~.bt ..,...

'.1Z2 Monol. ....bIe M...I I 'w .~,or ,,, ' CM '

14123 0 .... Monosta ble M uIl .....b " ... w ., h ,~.

74 11 4 Uno~ Pulse e>e-<.1Of

74138 3 Itne 10 8 1ne aee- ,o..null,ple_...

74 14 1 8Co.IO-Deo~1 OecOd... 1 0. ..." "

14145 BCO·...s..-n ~""""I Ok_"O...... 1SV ou t p u t

741 ~ , 6bol D. ta SeIKlOl

74 15 1 B·b " 0",1.0 SeIKlQf (... ,tt> "'Otlft)

74 15 3 0 .... 1 .. 10 1 I.r>e 03 ' . Selecto, 1 M P ll,

74154 .. I,"e 10 16 I,,.. OtIco<l.,

14 15 5 0 .... 1 7-10-4 I..,e Decode' I [)o,M"' \ (10' " '''' po le ""'1',,11

14 15 6 0",,1 2· '0· 4 lone ~od.' / Oe M .. ll, (open cOllfIC ' o' OU' PUI)

1 4151 O".d 2 h n ~ ' 0 1 I,ne Smc 'o ,

14160 S ync h'onou. o..c"d e eoun,e ,

74 1& 2 S ynch,onou. Oeciode CounJe'

741 63 S, nc h' ono", B,,,,,' , Co<,"le ,

14 164 !UtI ' S", f' Reg ... " •. S e,,~1 'n P a ,. II~1 0",

74 165 8 -b,' Sh,f , Rell"'"'' P.. ~ll e l In-S." . I 0",

74114 He. T, pe " 0 ' fli p Flop

74 11 5 Oued '0 " fli p Flo p ..."" common ' e .. "

7 4180 B ·b•• Odd I E~n Pa " t, Ge ne ' Bto' I Ch<'C ke~

74 18 1 4 It.. A" ,Il""'lOe l og,c Ou'
14 182 C ."y -loo ~,Ahea d Un,t
14 190 Sync h.onous Up fDo _ D~ Coun ' e ' (S.n9 ~ CIoc ~ ' In'' 1
74 19 1 Synd>tt><'OO<n Up /Oo-oow<\ . -0.,B ~ Coun,e, (S ,nlllfo CI'>Ck
Uolo' ,
14192 S,~ 4 -Itot Up /o.-n Cou nt • •
' 4 1' 3 S,~ .I-bot Up /Oown Cou"'••
14 11 5 Sync"ronO<IS 4 bot Par .. nel SI>.1t R~",'e' ... ,,1'1 J ,I{ ''' 1>''''
14 1 96 SOtol'" P,.-wl1 ..bIe D<ea<:le Cou n ,e ' I l a ' c l> lB.·O,,"''''''''
2!>6-bot R....,om Ace..... toI .. m...., (I'lAMI
""'"
CMOS data
o.vc. O . lCn p'.....

CD4000 Dual 3-lnpu, ~OR 11"'" ""', In".",..

C04OO1 0uMI 2 ,'npu1 ~OR G.,,,

C04OO2 Du.I U nput NO R G",,,

CD4OO& 1B-S,- S... he SMt l'leg"te'

C04007 Dual Complemen'a<y P , ",,",S Inn"'"

C D4 OO1 4 8<11... ...-. .... ,1> P II'" taff'

C0400lI H". B"I1", reo""""". (Inv" rt,ng)

C04O IO "'" e...."". eon...",.. \ "Qn-l ,, ~ em"'9'

C040 11 Q;>lId 2 .fnpvl .. ..... 0 G.,.

C04012 0 ....1 4 ·lnpy , ~ A~ O G" ..

C 04013 0.....1 D Flop-FloI' ... ,,1> 5 . 11Reu'

C0401 . 8 ·S"ge S""IC SIt,1t Re g '"" ,

CDoWn 0u,.l4-Slag" Sla ' ''' Sit.!, A'"9"'''''

C0401 . Quad 8 ...,,.. ,,1 S..."" h

C0401 7 o.c- Coun1<" / D~
C0401. P' ewffllble O....cl...-8, . ..N · Count...,
C04019 au.d ANO-OR Selec l G. ..
C. . .. . 14 ·Sla g. 8 ", ,,,,,,, R'l'l' le COIl"' . "
C04021 8 -S'''lJ'! SI.., ICSM, Re-g"" ",
C04022 o.Y>Cle·lty ·e Couonle," 'O•...M<
C04023 T''Il'iI 3 ·lnpy l NAND Ga'e
C040 24 f, S':age 8""", C<>un.e .
C040lS T,opIe 3 Input NO R Ga.t
C04026 o.:.oe CounI,.. / ll<Y>Cle<
()...aI J It ~ .. SI;ove f lop-Flop
C. . ."
C0402e BCD TQ.Deomal Oecode<
C0402. P'_lable Up JOow n C.....,, "',
C04030 Quad bcl" ,,~ -O R Ga ,..
C04035 4 ·S.~. J""'!eIIN fOU T SI'I,I, R'II '"''' '
C04040 t 2 ·S,'"'ll' e. n.." R,l'pJ" Coun•• ,
C04042 O....d Cloe""" " 0" l a' e "
C04046 M,e. ol'''''''''' P roa", - loc~"" loop
C04049 He. euf fet /Con",," .., Clnvefl'''gl
C04050 He< 8" lf•• / Co<'''''' ''''' ' (N"".ln""n,nll l
C04051 Songle 8-Cltann,,1 Muh ,p l" . ...,

C04052 O,n ... en l,a l 4.(;It .nn,,1 M.. lt,I"" ' '' '

Co.054 4 ·lon.. L''f.. 'd C'Y.. ~ I O,. play O" ve '

C o.0 5 6 8CD-1-Se llm....' 0..:0 <1'" I O" ve'

Co.0 59 P, og , amma h lt D' vlde -by·N Co"nl e '

C04060 I 4 ·Stag " Counle, , nO O,c,II01 o,

C04061 2 56 -W"" d )( l· Bi' S' a tic R.. m

Co.0 6 6 Q"a d B,la, ,,,,,1S.... tell

Co.068 a ·lnput NAND Ga, ,,

C04069 He. I"" ""e.

C04070 O d h cl.. s ,... OR Ga ,,,

C040 71 O d 2-lnpy. OR Ga '"

C04077 Ou&d hcl.. s_ NOR Ga t.

C040Bl Oued 2-1"1'1" AND Ga'.

C. . . ., 0ua.I 4_lnpu' AND G. ..

C040as Owl 2-W~ 2- lnPIJI AOI G....

C04086 E<penCl"bIe4 -W,(Ie 2 ·Inpy . AOI G.",

C0409 ] a .....d 2 .lnpu' NAND Set" " ... T" III1'"

C04099 8 ·B., A6d, ....sablor 1.11(1'1

C045 1 0 BCD UP ,OQW N eo.....,...

C 045 11 BCO T0 7-Segment ~ /D~'

C0451. 1 10 16 Oecod .. (Oul py' " 'II" )

C045 n I 10 I 6 ~ .. COu' Pu' l o...,

C04 5 1. e.....ry UP foov.' N e-••,

C04518 [)wI8CO U P Coun, ...,
C04521 0.. R"" 'II9o-,.. toe Monos,able
73
 MC 14!>0 2 S uOt>ed H ~ . 1" "" " e ' t B,,lIe'
MC 14 5 11 Du ~1 5 4-b " S I" 'C $ 11,11 A.O"''''

MC14 5 21 24 S' Ole f , eq " . ncy 0.., ,<1..

MC14 5 2 2 PrQll •• m.... b le .,.",.,e by N ·'! b " Co" nle, (BCD)

MCI4 5 26 Proo,.m ""'b l.. d, ,,.d.. by '<·4 bo' Cou n'., (b,".'Y)

MC14 SJ 4 Reo! T,me S·D"".". COO-Me.

MCI 4 SJ I P' Oll':om bl. T '

MC I4S 4 J BCD·1Oo » ~, '" t l orch I D.cod e. 10"" ...

MC 14 553
MC1 4 5 66
ThrH ·0 'll" BCO eo""'"
,,,,,... ,,,. 1 "m e bil". C..t>e':Ol o,

LAWS OF BOOLEAN ALGEBR A

--'- + 0 - _\ --'- . A - .\
--'- +1 _ 1 _\ + :\ = 1
--'- . 0 _ 0 .\ . :t _ 0
--'- + --'- - .\ --'-.1 ... .\
A . R + A .C - .\<H+ C}
..\ -:-11. C _ (.-\+8) ( A + C)
.-\ .B .C _ l + 1\+ c
X . fi . (5 - A+ ll + C

TTL TO CMOS

FUNCTIONALLY EQU(VALENT TYPES

H e CMOS Tn CMOS
1400
740 1
4 0 11
4 0 10 1
7 4 104
74 10 5 "''''
.~,

40 2 /
140 2 4 0 01 7 4 ' 07
.~ ,
7 404 .~ 40 4g 7 4 11 0
7 4 06 4 00'l 404 ') 74 ' 11 40 7 1
1 40' 40 ' 0 " 0 0,0 ' 4' 71 4 0 41 4 0 '111

"'" "'"
,. ~ 4 0 81 14 121 4041
, ,, , 0 <1 0 7 3 14 173
1 <1 1 1 40 / 3 / 4 17 5 4 50 2
74 20 40 12 7 4 17 6 4 50 2
.~ ,
1 4 25 '4 00'
015
7 41;11
74 1J b 4 0 30 4 0 10
" 21 40 2B
74 28
7 4 30
'eoee
00 ' 7 4 14 1
1 4 145 40" 8
143" 4 0 71 14 1411 4532
7 43/ 4 0 11 ' 4 1'>(1 406 7
' . 40 4 0 12 14 151 4 0 !>1 .~ ,

7 . . .. 4 018 741 51 40 5 1 .~ ,

7 4 45 4 0 :16 14 ''> ] 40 5 2
74 4 6 4 ., ,, .~, 7 <1 1'>4 4 5 14 4 5 15
1 4 <1 7 4 511 .~, 14155 4 55 5 4 5 56
" 48 4!>1 , . ~, 14 ' 5 6 4 '; ";"; 4 55 6
1 4 4 '\1 45 " 4055 14 ' '' ' 40 ' 9
1 4 ';0
1 45 3
"",
' 00'
7 4 11;4
/ 4 165
40 15
4 0 11
7 4 '>4 40 8 6 1 4 166 4 0 14
1 4 '0 .~, / 4 ' 0;7 4 '>U
7 41] .~, / 4173 4 0 76
1 .,3 ·OU 1 4 17 8 . 0 35
«ns
,.,,;
1 414 4013
.~ ,
1 4 11 9
7 4 ' ''Q
7 4 181
40 10 1
<lO UII
141 6 4021
1411 .~, 14182 4 0 181
14 18
7 "83 .,..
4 0 .:'1 , . 190
7 4 1':t l
" S ID
4 5 16
' ''85
1 48 6
4 0 f»
.,'"
4 5 Ut
. 0 10
7 . 1')4
7 419!>
1 4 198
.,,.
4 0 l Q<l

40) .
4 0 1')4

1490
7 4'11 4 0 ' '!! . ~. 7 420C ' 00 '
14 ') 3 4 5 20 7 4 2 !>1 'M' .~ ,

1 4 "1<1
7 4 95
4 0 35
4 0 104 4 0 194
14 :17 9
1428 3 .,..
. ~.

4 !J18
,. ~ 4 0 l Q<l 4 0 1'\14 1 4190
1 4 1 00 4 0 34 " "93 4 '>2 0

7 :1
 USING TTL :
SOME NOTES ON THE 7400 SERIES
Ma xim u m Rati ngs
Temperature rflnqe : (}-70~ C (74 00): -55--120 ' C (5400).
Supply rol/(/ge: Absol ut e max . .. Y. xever usc on mor e
tha n 5· 5 Y, or on !ell'; t ha n 4"5 Y.
[ 1IJ!!lt vcaase : :-'Inx . 5·5 v, h" l\t kept b elow 5 v. 1'0 mak e
sure ~~ gut e r,,(:ogllis("s the level, kl'l'p to . LO' s ta tes
belo w 0·4 v, a nd ' I I I' st a tes above 2·4 Y.
Un used In puts on AND Gates and NAND Gates
Don't leave tueso lIontin J!. tr rou can helplt , Switch-
ing time and nois e i mmu nity arc bo t h help ed .:n'atly Ii)'
cit.her :
(i ) connecnng a ny unused inputs to a used IIll1ut-
b u t wa tch that t he rltl ve capa cit y o f th e p n ' l ~t'l l i llll: ga te
is not ex ceede d.
( i i ) taki ng t he unused ter minals to Vee t hro ugh a 1 k
res ist or (fl iis Is so t ha t any Inco ming s t r-p Which ( ~ XI' I'( ' ll s
t he max. Input volt a ge meet s a high cucugh Imp eda nce
to protect t he gate). One resistor will tit> up to 25 »111'1 .
Inputs.
Dri ving I nputs wit h Outputs
At low level each sta nd ar d TTL ou tput ra n s ink
cur re nt. from 10 s tn nrlard loads , an d a t high lev el can
source Into 10 o r 20 stan dard loads .
Certnt n devices ha ve special i IlJl utS/ (l1ltPll ~ a nd as
su cu ha ve a d iffere n t drive capublllt.y to tll , ~t uu-n uoned .
Gent' rall~ ' tho ugh , I ~ ftj.(u rc of 10 Is sa fe to ass ume.
Since 10w-IeYPl i lljlu t curren t Is a fun ction o f the
l nte r nal huse resistors (m'a rly!), at a low leve l up to fou r
in p ut" of th e m ille .xA:' U'/AXD J.:a tc can he tak en a s
one loa d when ti ed toac nie r .
Decoupliu g
0 0 lay outs wit h severer chips in volved , it Is helpful t o
d eco uple the 1I\l}lp l y ralls cvcrv t hr ee chips or so, to
prese r ve s tablll t y. 0'1,,1<' Is su ffi c ien t .

76

CMOS AND TTL PINOUTS

These are t he conn ect ion di agrams for m os t
of t h e common logic ch ip s n ow in u se . I nter n a l
log ic is sh ow n whe re a p p lic able.
' N' ",» QU oo.u,u l-'"l'tI, III7<lZO 1III . ' .... . u, S. '''''l leO- TO-
""."'WI""... ..... '"""" " ...C .... TlI SlWIJU I _ oT DlctlDlIRf
.~.

("@
[rJ.l!Qig]
• • ,"", guso. u. , t
O ' ! . - ~ DltlC TO.
.·I"'U ,
UNO
Gon '

SIII _ QU•• •
~Slml
U"" , .'o'uT
"0 " GoTlS
$07<1" J _O,.. . ,," 1/."1
fU. ...UII'$

rjl
.,J.!.... .

• " ,., 0 , .'..1 1-'. ...,

PQSrm! "'''0u ' n SN1Q lIU'OIlU ..1 2-'. 'UI ' '' ' 47<1 01101. D· " "
1""' -'. ......O.....fllWS
I'OIJlrn..... . .....

r~
\~l r~

~
":~
" ' B~~
~J
lIUAl ..oo

a . "'
~
SN' " " .,

~~·:~·:':" :
." ..,
" " 'q"
.~lt-l ... ' 0""
U ICII/;I
4-&I' II SUI((

77
 '.14,.
st' " .". ...,..,.
' ...l .... .as .... -
l ll'_f l l " . E6lS1I1 1 "'"' SIO '" ...,.,~ Inu;.'.UU
.. UlTI". . ITOII
Ol• • 1
"ITH

r~~J.
1'll1·$O b l tUU

[Xl":Fh".~
LJi:i1~fr ~ '~

...
"<l'l. ' ! " " .'
t r~~~~J
~ .. , . '
r"',.,.,',-v -]
1.,<11l . 1110 I U" ' UP' . '
S.WI' DllID' ' '' · 'WO

j I"
~ ... ~ , .; :
I I
1
DIO'D'-I ' · " •
1:0\1. . .. .
... ,.. .. ' . "" • • " ' 113
IT " U IO . IU S '-1"
l -.·.. .,. -~

~~

;!J" I ~',i..~-:;:::...,:"",;=- '"

.,.... ,.,... _""",,,1$.n

~; ·,~"i..· ; · i ;~

~!L

:"::'~ ';;"":";~;"~;,\;'.,,

(t~'3l

~l.ut_ . '

( t" 7- ~'] ...11 ". '"

( Q~~j

' .1492
""".TEI, ~~'.
. '.iL',/~~$' ~
10'''1 . _It! '. ... ." UD! r~; ] 1-11141" ..... I
DIll ~ " .L . .", . EGIS-
~ AI ....LU-

&O "~ AlTO "

".,
lP'X"'3'
~
f~QJ

o o.~.: .
' 01495. 4--II ' ~ T _ S'" ''
............ .." Ltn-lOI'" M oIST. .'

r: , r:~it +.~
.:~ ~:~ ~.~ .:.. .; J'I :, :. ~.:Jt'~~~
..., ... QUIOII..,U
U OlUSftO(.(I. O"U
l4 _' ~~M~]
r.: 't - ' r "''''fS "" "U l · L ~' O
S" "$
~,
.... nS. " T . .....

••7
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'" .... " l fAO, ," . II,
• • " '..... nOJ_. Il •• TE.·
Sl." FU Hl O ~S ~4~
...;,,,:.' : : n~ .
c~~'tJ

IO(lO-II"

"' EIlOll' II l1' -Il ~

~, ~
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C ~ .

r.
.:.!. ~- ~ ~': :
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,.",
DI'
.OII O. TII...
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$'''''0 ...c.o H O""" AS ILP -IlllP

L~!,
[l~D

("';~~-::-"]
.>'--,~ ' ~ ~~ .

78

aOItao11
"'"1 a w n l'IU£T
l ... . .T &0<1.,,,

&'~~- J
.g!~Jt.:.
SIl TOIIl . 0Il M" " ", lPGIC
ol li S

[t~~
;,~t·, ;~; ;· ·~ :·tN~
............ ...
$lI mau c .. U TI..

~
.~ ";;:'.'".~.
' ;;
~ 'I
... .
[,
" " ' "
S1I701'111
SM14ltl $'~ C •• OIIO" $
U "C~ W ~ COU.TUS w".
" UOI I:llIITI Ul

,.""'Du
•••• .."..O'
~ AT '
~:~~ H lI ~."tUL
SHIfT 0'."'."
~
~ .:.. ~~ ~~-,=.:.. -
.....,... ,
"."""l 1li011' "''
• UUU'UUS
CfI _".'.'..,,,,,•
,"II . ,...,,,,, .

III""
i ll~'i(i~tgJ
~fi t~ f.l ';<
70
 .-.... .
.... . _.......... .....,
""" . .
:>i
'~.r
1~rt

·~ r V!'

::;:'=..".C1 . . . .......... . . .... . LIIO'

...d .: J! ! ~..

[&1]J
~. 1 " 0· .. j-t- ~
.....,•• _ • • u.... .-n"
=:':. i:""".III... .... . ....
...............

-, ..

< _ OIC"••
<"""".·0 '''',"
i {1tj~

' ~.....'::;:1
1 ..
....... ,...'....."'''1
r--~ I .::..

_ . ' ''..... ... n ..n cDilm ' ""O ...O•••TI.

Gl)
1:':,':,-' -
H ~'

[l:~lD

r.d2:."~

~r!
-~
--.
"d · .0; _
_ _ ' UI. n
.... " .... .c.
,, ~ ~ .. ~
.......-.'.-
_ on

~ , l;' ~ I ; ; .:; ;
.-
t.S1
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.
, ••
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<....... _ .....

. ,.".
<_,M .

,H
1.'i~BgI 4l,
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r ,,;y
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1;'
81
 ....." ""' ,..,aUII.' <0«."...... .._
.C•• ~". 'U
~
~ .~:l
~.. .. ..

:d arNS TRA NSFORMER DATA

By mea ns o f a constan t obta lned from til ", table below
t he turn" o f wire for a pri ma ry of a transforme r ma r
ensily btl ascerta ined, For example, t h l' eousta nt of It
t ra usronuer Ior a ~u Jli'lr of ~~O volta 50 he r t]; j,~ 1,. 60.
T hl.'n'fon', wit h a co re o f 'H 5 '1t; IIl1n: eross-sce tton al
area use 1,76 0 t urn s of wire for prnncry. lo'ur a core of
1 290"3~ mm ! use 1"260 = ~ao t ur ns , anti so o n" The
se condary i" d irt"CtI)· proportional to till' vo ltage ratio.

..... . "'".. '" '".. ....,... ",.. '"" ,,,..", ,,..,,,...... ,""'"",..
R_I }'~.rJ i" kr1 ~
'"oil.,. ,. M

,..... """..
21 0
1:. 7:1
2 2115
97:1
1012
u:.~ ""
,,,, ,,""
u:.u
'.! " ~J1
~
976
13 ~2
177 :' .. "'''.... ....'000 '"'"'"
,'"1200
rsoc 11;;0
72 ~
'i lli
nee
1:133 1 3f":; 1207
19:12 I , GO 1 :;~ ~ 11311 1 2 r,~
6:.0'
~7:1
n:.

1 0;;(1
2 20
2 :10
2 3111 \l Ur,
2~1Ii 2'H3 2HH 1M') 16lJ6 14 'J ~ 132 1 ""
'" 11;;0
2.fl1

""
25 20 2 JU
2·, 2:' 2~'l:l
19'1 O 17:19
" '" '"'"
22 20
1378
11110 1625 143:1 "'" 1200
12:.0
9i18

"'"
DIN STANDARD CONNECTIONS
Amplif ier Tape deck

L out l 0 3 L in Li.n, 0 3Laut

Rou t ~
2 R au t R In 4 ~5
2 R aut
Earth Earth
I Looking on socket lugs)
 RESISTANCE VALUES FOR DECOUPLING
RESISTA NCE VALUES FOR DECOUPLING AND VOLTAGE DROPPING AND VOLTAGE DROPPING- colltinued
r. .I'I I!!"dropptd V olt ag/, d roPlHd
Current 2 .J 20 .1' so :;0 60 ('Il"",1 7. so !JO 10 ' 125 150 m 200
I' "'.I
ili A
33,000 3!I,OO() 17,000 se.ooo 1 68 ,000 82 ,000 100,000 100,000 120,000 150,00 0 I ~, OOO 220,000
I 2,200 4 ,'; 00 l U,OOO 22 .0 00
., 1, 000 2,700 -I ,7UU 10 ,000 1 5, 000 :!::l,OOO 27 ,00 0 :J:l ,OOU " 33,000 3 0,000 47,000 H ,OOO 6t1,OOO 82 ,000 100,000 100, 000
2,:;OU a.oou ;,, 1100 8 ,200 IO,llUU 12,000 s J 5 ,000 15, 000 rs.oou ~2 ,OOO 27,000 33,000 33 ,000 39,000 .,
"
10
20
:)\10
22 0
1UO
\ ,0 00
rrn
270
1,000
..l i O
2,20n
1,000
3, 300
i.non
3,0 00
2,200
·1,i UO
2. i OO
5 ,60 0
3, 300
~
.< II I
~o
6 ,800
3 ,300
s.aoo
3,1100
10,000
4 ,i OO
10,000
4 i ,000
12, OOU
0,800
1r.,OUO
8,200
18 ,000
10,000
~2 .000
10,000
00

r,o 1,500 1,500 1,800 22,00 0 2 ,7 01) 3,300 3,300

so an roc 2:;U 3\.10 rillO 820 1,00 0 1,2011 ' ,000
i.soo
l Oll
-- " '00 22 0
100
3:10
l !iO
:i\lO
2 20
470
270
[,('>0
:130
lUeI
2 04.1
08 0
,"0
l:t ! O
300
1,000
~;u
1,000
.rro
1,200
0' 0
1,50 0
820 1,000
2,200
1,000
200
' 00
10
:1·0
:.:i
10 "
.~.~
:m sn 1'2 100 120
r,I KI 150
es
150 '"0 220 2 ';0 33 0 33 0 :iOO
1,000 2 ·2 I '; 10 -- 33 :m
Hl's lsl :\I1\'(' "nine l:ivl'n 10 III'an' lit jll(·rt'rr ,',l value, I' uleula tc l " x 1 til 11 111 1 wn t t uge
n 50 1,IMIU 1:12 100 100
1t " ~I l\f :U lf'C v a lue gl w lJ III fU'll rl' lIt jlrt'ft'r rt'tl \'111111'.
120 150 '"0 220
Ca lr ula t r V )( I til lin t! waling"
11I111Ill' .
r nt lng.
 REA CTANCE OF INDUCTORS AT SPOT FREQUENCIES
REACTANCE OF CAPACITORS AT SPOT FRE QUE NCIES m» IIJIi .H I/z
soHz W(J H z I kl l : JII 100 k Il z I .HU t 1 1! .\1 // :
Sf) liz } OO l iz 1 k ill, 10 k H z ] 00 nu i sm» J() J l llz } OO J [ 11;; 1 Ji l l cc a 0 ·3 1I3 G30

1 1'F 1 ·(1 ) [ 1GO k 1I1k l -tI k [, /111 - - - 0 .3 1 3 ·1 J1 "0 3·1 k

10 p F - - - 1 -G ) [ 16 0 k 16k t-n k " 0 111 Jil l - - - 0·63 0·3 63 (130 0·3 k
50 flF - - 3- ~ )[ 3 ~O k 3~ k 3 -2 k 3~O 32 [,U /111 - - 0 -3\ 3· 1 31 3 III 3-1 k si k
250 pF - 11--1 ) [ (H O k 6-1 k 6 -,1 k (),IO 01 (i -{ lUll JI ll - - u-na 6 3 03 630 (1-:1 k 03 k
1,000 p F a-a )[ io ) 1 reok 16 k 1 -H k reo
,
III H I :! ~, U /I ll - U-H; Hi in HiO ( ,0 k 10 k 160 k
,.
2 ,00 0 p l:' in )1 K(J(l k I'll k n ' k '00 K() () -H 1 111 11 0 -3 1 0 ·03 u.a (I:{ G30 (\-3 k (I:) k 0 30 k ~

0 -01 /1['- aeu k Hl O k In k 1 ' (; k I HO I II H I (J-1f\ ~ e-n lIil l 0·' 1' (\ 1<1 l GO Hi k lII k t oo 1, 1-1I) 1

- ca k oa liT
0 -0;1 p I"
0 -] /ll"
HI k
:I:! k
aa k
HI I,
a·:.! k
H Ik
aen
100
2~
I II
:j -:'!
1-0
oaa
0 -\ (1 -
I D III I I
:':[, m l l ,
s-i 11,:3
I II
(\:1
100
B:W
Hl k
6 -3 k
1/i k \ llO k
0::10 I,
l· U » -
1 pF :I·:! k 1-(\ k \£10 III H I 0 -10 - - I UO 11 11 1 31 e» osu 0 ·3 k ea k (j:30 1, e.a )( -
2 -:, p lo' 1-3 k
"'O ",32 lJ' 4 0 -6-1- - - - III :110 n:1O 11 -3 k ua k 630 k 6·3 ) 1 - -
fip l-' ll-l- O 320 3 ·2 O- B ~ - - - [, II \ -5 k s.r k 31 k 310 k 3- 1 ) [ - - -
10 p I<' :120 11I0 I II 1"\3 e-re - - - lU ll :1·\ k 6 -:1 k na k (j30 k 6·3 )1 - - -
30 p i,' 10j ri3 5 ·3 0 - 5 :~ - - - - Wil li 3\ k {\:lk (1:10 k ()· a .\1 - - - -
100 JII" 32 IIi t-o 0- 16 - - - - vei uos abov e ] 0 )10 a m] bclow 0 -] n n ot show n . Va lues III oh ms.
I, OOO /IF 3· :.! I -Ii u.t u - - - - -
Y IlI U l' lI l1bl) Vll 10 )10 an d belo w 0 -ln no t sh own. " a ll1 r ~ in ulnns,
 SHUNTS AND RESISTANCES

SHUNTS FOR AMMETERS

VAL UE OF SHUNT
R E SISTAXCE
Il _R,x A
I- A
R , _ I ntern al res. of
mete r
A "" Ma x. readjng of
met er
I = Current to be
measur ed
MULTIP LYI XG
r-owun-
I _R.l
R
+1

SERIES RESISTANCES FOR VOLTMETERS

YA LUE OF SJ<:ll mR
n }<;SISTAKC B
E
R= y - R ,
R, = In terna l res. of
meter
I _ Curre nt, full
scale d eft .
E _ voltag e to be
measured
)lU J.TI PLYIX G
P O\Y"E R :
R. + R
--n;-

KIR CHHOFF'S LAWS

(1) I n an electrical cir cu it, at a ny j u n ction
wh er e cir cu its branch , tho algebraic s u m of
the currents m eeting is zero .
(2) T he t otal e.m.f in 8 circuit equa ls the

L------1. - - --- ----J.----~

n 1
xrc. I.- A simple eerles -pa rallel circuit, Involvlug
on ly an a p plicati on of Oh m 's L'1.w.

sum of the resist a nces of its part s mult iplied

by the current.
Kirchh off 's Law s are in some wa;ys closely
r elated t o Ohm 's Law, b ut t he former enable
89
 u s to solve problems wh ich w e co u ld not
manage wi th t h e la tt er a lo n e .
Con sider F ig. I, which shows a b a ttery co n -
n ected to a n etwork of fo ur resistanc es. Sup.
p ose it is required t o fin d the cu rrent d eli vered
D

l.-.------j
A
I-- - - -- -- ~ 1-------'
F
ED
:FIG. 2.- Tlw ad ditional resistor R5 whlch
curuplicntes the circuit of Fig. l.
b y tho b attery. the curren t s in each of the
re sisto rs, and t h e p. d. across the en ds of the
res istors . T he problem is 0.. v ery st ra igh t for -
ward on e. The res istors are in a si mple series-
'0

p a rall el arrangement and the p roblem neces.

sit ates onl y a systematic application of Oh m 's
L aw a nd the law con nec ti ng e.m.f and cu rrent
in a sim p le circ u it t o a rr iv e at i ts solution .
Now suppose t hat a resistor is a d de d to
t he ueru ngom ent. and it is required to find out
ex ac tly what is occurrin g in the n e twork of
five resistances shown in F ig . 2. This is n ot
so simple, and, in fa ct , Ohm's Law and its
associated f or m ul e am n ot au fficion t to cope
wi th t h e prob lem. A ttempt to work out the
p ro blem u sing the m et h od s su it ab le for deal-
ing w ith the a rrangemen t of Fig . 2, and it will
so on be found t hat t h e fifth r esis to r con n ect -
in g t ho p oints C fin d D has complicated the
m a t ter far mo r e than an in itial co m pariso n of
t h e two systems m ight suggest.
T hc problem can be sol ved b y t he a pplica -
ti on of Kirch h off 's Laws.
Kirchhoff';:; F irst La w.-The a lgebra ic su m
of t he currents me eting a t a point is ze ro .
Th is is Kirc h h off's first la w , an d to understa nd
tho m ean ing of t his co ns id er F ig. 3, where
si x con ductors a re seen m eeti ng at n p oint.
Currents are flo w ing al on g the conductors in
the directions indica t ed by t he arrows ; and
these a re d esignated it, i 2 • etc. It will be se en
t h at t he current flow ing int-o th e p oin t is
i4+ i ii, and t h is must equa l t h e t otal current
flowing out of t h e p oint,
it + i 2 + i s + is ,
or (£4 + iii) - (it +
i : -I- is +
is ) = O.
Ifit is agreed t o distingu ish 8 cu rrent flowing
91
into a point fro m a. current flowing out of a.
point by assigning to the fo rme r a posi tive
s ign a nd to the la t ter a negative sign , then
t he currents meeting at the point in Fi g. 3
are " e nd i , positive, and i i ' is ' is a nd is nega-
t ive. T he sum of t hos e six cu rr ents is :
f,+ i, - ' 1 - ' 2 - 11 - "
a nd K irchhoff 's first law states t hat this s u m
is equal to zero , t h at is :
"+ 1, - 1} - 's - " + " = O.
T h is is t he sa me expression , e xc ept t hat
t he brackets a re re moved , a s that a lready

13

FIG. 3.-Curre nts f1owin;;c to end from a point,

derocnsreanng the tint law.
obtained by equating tho cu rren t flowing in to
t he point to t he current leaving t he point, 80
t ha t the first la w is sim ply a mathematica l
.',

wa y of put ting the se lf-evident fact t ha t whe n

se ve ra l cond uc tors mee t at a. po in t the to tal
cu rren t entering t he po in t is the sa me as t he
to tal cu rrent leaving the po in t .
K ircM ojJ's S ea md Law. -In a ny mes h of 8
network the awn of the electromot iv e forces
is eq ual to t he sum of the products of t he
resistances of. and currents in . the various
parts of the mesh. This is Kirchhoff 's second
Jaw. and to understand it s meaning go back
to 8. consideration of F ig. 2. A mesh m eans
a completely closed circuit and in the figu re
there are five such meshes : BCDB. BDECB,
F ABD E F . FA B OEF a nd F A B DOE P, T h.
la st t h ree of t hese mes hes in clud e t he be t -
te ry , 80 that t he total electromotive fo rce in
eac h of t he m is the electro motive for ce of th e
ba t te ry. a nd th e other two meshes B CD B a nd
BDE CB do not in clude t he ba t tery , a nd t he
total e .m.f in ea ch of them is zero. Kirchhoff 's
seco nd la w a p plied to the above .mentioned
mesh es gives the following eq uat ions :
F or mesh B CD B :
E = 1 2R 2 + I sR , - I IRI = 0
F or mesh BDE CB:
E = IIR I + I,R , - I , R , - I sH 2 = O.
F or mesh FABDE F : E = I I R I +
laR a'
F or mesh F A B CEF : E = I , R , + I , R ,.
F or mesh F ABDCEF :
E = IIR I - I ,R, +I sR s'
when wo rking round the va rious meshes
in 8. clockwise direction , a positive sign is
affi xed to cloc kwise cu rren t s a nd 8 nega t ive
.3
si gn t o anticlockwise cu rren ts . A co n ve n t ion
of this so rt is an ob v iou s necessit y: clearl y
t he product I 1R t is t he poten tial difference
between B and D a n d , since the cu r re n t is
flowing fro m lJ t o D , the potentia l of D is
lower t h an t h e potentia l of B . Tho produ ct
I ~ R$ i" the pote ntial differen ce bet ween J)
and 0 and wi th the cu r re nt flow ing R 8 the
a rrows in th e figure indica te , t he point 0 is at
a. h igher pot ential than D . If. then. t he
ch a nge of potentia l Ir om R t o D is given a
positive sign , it is necessary to accord a nega-
ti ve sign t o t he potenti al ch a nge from D to G.
sin ce t his change is a rise a nd n ot R fall of
potential. .
H a ving obtained a eeriea of equations
similar t o those above, it is I t simp le m a t ter
to solv e these sim u lt an eous ly and obtai n t ile
cu r ren ts flowing in the variou s branches . The
solv in g of sim u lta n eo us equations is a
la bo r iou s t h ou gh b y no mea n s diffi cult task,
a n d in a p plying K irchhoff's L aws t o p ract ical
problems care should be taken to keep t he
number of unknown quant it ies a t a minimum.
T h e n u m ber of equation s req uired is a l.....aye
the sa m e as the number of unknown s, so that
the fewer the unknowns t h e fewer the number
of e quat ions require d. Some examples oro
n ow g iven . full y wo rked out, and a study of
these sh ou ld enable t h e r ea d er to f ull y under -
s tan d t h e method of employ in g, and t he g reat
im portance of. Kirchhoff's L a ws.
Worked E xa mples.- In Fig. 4 is " h OW11 a
battery of c .m .f. 10 volts a n d negligiblo in -
Ol

ternal res istanc e connected to a network of

resis tance s . It is required to find the battery
cu rrent and t ho cu rrent in the v arious re -
sis tors.
Tho first t h in g t o d o in a probl em o f t h is
D

L--.-1I----:; .---1I-- F
---l
Fro. -I.- Th e exam ple net .....or k solved by the
a pplicati on or KIrchho ff's Laws.
nature is to m ark in on the d iagr a m symb ols
an d a rrows to denote the various currents .
This means a n application of Kirc hhoff's first
la w . L et t he cur re nt from the battery be t,
0>
and t he cu rre nt o ut a long BD he x . T hen
obviou sly t he current out a long B C w ill be
(i - x ). I n t he sa me way let t he current o ut
a lon g CD he designat ed V, so tha t the cur -
ren ts in CE a nd DE w ill be (i - x +
y ) a nd
o

~---1 1-- - -~.:: --

A
Eb
-11---------'
FIG. 5.- An exa mple in which the battery has an
internal resistance of 3 oh ms.
(.1: - y) respectively . These a re marked on
t he di agram . Notice tha t t here a re on ly three
unknown q uant ities, i , x and y , so tha t only
96

three different equat ions need be fo und t o

provide a comp lete solution of the problem .
The re ader m ay object a t t h is stage a nd say
that it is n ot a lw ays p ossibl e to te ll a t sigh t
in w h ich d irec t ion a part icula r c urre n t ma y
flow , t he a r row indica t in g t h at c urre n t may
be inser ted in t h e " TOng d irec ti on. This d oes
n ot m a tte r , h owe ve r , as the so lu ti on of t h e
p rob lem w ill then sh ow this part ic ular curren t
w ith a nega ti ve sign , in dicating an incorre ct ly
m a rk ed arrow.
H a ving now ma rked off t h e circ u it ,
Kirchh off 's second la w is a pplied t o form t hr ee
eq u ations fr om allY th ree meshes in t h is m an-
n er :
::'Ilesh BD CB-
E = 0 = 5x + 10.1 - 5(i - x)
l Ox + lOy - 5i = 0 (1)
)Iesh B E OD -
E = 0 = 3(x - y) - 2( - x + y ) - lOy
5x - ] 5.1 - 2i = 0 (2 )
)[csh A BDEFA -
E = 10 = 5x + 3(x - y)
s.. - 3y ~ 10 (3)
These t hree eq ua t ions can now be solved
simultaneo us ly:
l Ox + lOy - .'ji = 0
5x - l ily - 2i = 0
8x - 3y = 10.
Eliminating i from t he firs t lind sec ond
e q uat io ns giv es :
5x - 9.'ly = 0 (4)
9i
 a nd combining this w ith the t hird eq uation
giv es t he simu ltaneous
5x - 9uy = 0 Bx - 3y = 10.
Solving for x a nd y from this equatio n gives
x ~ 190 /1 4 9 Y _ 10/ 149
a nd, finally, sub stituting t hes o va lu es in an y
one of t he firs t three equations g tves
i _ 400/149.
The com plet e a nswer t o the problem is
ther efore as follow s :
Current from battery = i = 400/ 149 amps.
Current in B D = x = 190/1 49 a mps.
Current in B O = (i - x ) = 210/ 149 a mps .
Current in CD = y = 10/ 149 a m ps .
Currentin OE = (i - x + V) = 220j 149nmps.
Current in DE = (x - y ) = 180/ 14 9 amps.
E xa m ple X o, 2 is very sim ilar to t he first
excep t t ha t it is n ow sup pose d t hat t he h at-
tery h as internal re sistan ce . The a rra ng e-
m ent is sho wn in Fi g. 5, where t ho internal
r esistance of t he battery is represented b y a
3·oh m resistance in one of the ba ttery lea ds.
The p rocedure of marking in sy m bols and
arrows is j ust the sam e a s t he first ex a m p le ,
a nd three equ ation s are obtained from a ny
three m eshe s as before.
MeshDEGD-
E = 0 = 2(x - y) - l (i - x + y) - 12y
3x - 13y - i =0 (I)
),Iesh BDGB-
E = 0 = 4x + 12y - 3(i - xl
7x + 12y - 3i = 0 (2)
98

~Iesh F.-!BDEF-
E = 10 = 3i -i- 4.r -T ~ ( .r - y)
6.r - 2y + 3i = 10 (3)
Eliminating i fr om t he sec ond and third of
t hese equa ti ons gives
13x + l Oy = 10 (4)
and eli m inating i fr om the first a nd third
eq ua t ions giv es
15x - 4 Iy = 0 (5 )
Sol ving for x an d y from (4) a nd (5 ) we get
x = 510/ 683 Y = 20 / 683
and su bstit u ting t he se va lu es in anyone of
t he first t hree e quations gives
i = 1,270 / 683.

STROBOSCOPE
A device fo r d e te rm inin g t he speed of ro ta -
t ion of a d isc, etc., by means o f an in te rr u pted
ligh t su p ply . In its sim ples t fo rm it consists
o f a di sc of paper or simila r materia l arou nd
the periphery of which are arranged a n equa l
n umber of ligh t a nd dark seg men ts . when
ill uminated b y a sourco o f ligh t in te rru pte d
regu larly (for in stance, a n or d inary A .C.
sup ply ), the d isc will appear t o re main sta-
t ionary at the correct speed . The for m u la fo r
d etermining the n u m ber of segmen ts is
120 X f , where f is the fre qu ency of t he ligh t .
r
in g su p ply and T the n umbe r of revolutions
per m inute . A noon la m p gives a more d efini te
image.
99
 DECIBEL
Tho d ecibel is one -ten th of a bel, u nit of
s ou n d int ensity . It if; a m easure of po we r
r a tio , b ased on lo ga rlthm e to t he b a so ten,
a n d may h e express ed a s e ga in or los s ; it docs
not express a bs olut e v a lues, but by h a v in g
a d at-u m of refere nc e we ca ll ex p ress a bsol ut e
valu es in d ecibel s , u p or d own fro m t h la
d a t u m . T he zero output le vel of 1 milliw a tt
in 600 oh m s i;; frequen t ly c h ose n in t h is
co u ntr y. America n engin eers frequ ently n RC
6 milli wa t t a in 600 or 500 ohm s. The fact.
t h at the d ecibel is logarit h m ic m ean s t hat t.he y
can b e add ed , a lt ho ug h t he p owers t hey re p ro-
Ren t a rc m u lt ip les .
If we h a ve t wo p owers 11'] a n d 1V2 the gain
o f t he secon d p o wer 11'2 on tho fir'lt p ower WI
e xp resse d in d eci bels is
11'2
Gain in ( l ecibe l ~ (dB) = 10 log WI .

Al t h ough t he d ec ibe l is u sed as u rel a tion

o f power , i t ca n a ls o ex.press v oltage or
cur rent ratios . If t he inpu t and ou t.put
res ista n ces a re equal the p ow er rat io will b e
p ropo r t ional to t h e sq uare of the vo ltage
o r c u rr ent rat io a s shown below :
L e t 11'2 = 1 2 2R WI = lt 2 R
t h e dB ga in of 11'2 o n H\
JJ'2 1 22 R
10 log ~ = 10 log I I?"
t2
A s t h e in p ut and outp u t res ist a n ces are eq ua l
100

I.? If
ga in in dB = 10 log 1 = ~O log 1-·
M

.,

r- ,
I t ca n al so b e si mi la rly sh ow n that , as
1".,2 1"1 2
1V2 = R and WI = R
gai n in d ecibels of 1V2 o n WI = 20 log ~~: .
T h e a bove o n ly hold s good in t h e case of
equ a l in p u t a n d out p ut resi sta n ces. If t ho
in p u t a nd outpu t resistances nrc e q ual tho
fol lowing is obt a in ed :

Current Ratios with Unequal Resistance

L et TV'!. = 1 12R 2 a n d H't = h 2 U J .
Gain in d B o f lV2 0 11 Wi

10 log
I .,2R 2
-=-z---- (12) B,
= 10 log -I 2 + 10 log -B
It RIl l
12
= 20 log -
It
+ 10 log -RR 21.
Voltage Ratios with Unequal Resistances
r 2 V 2
lV2 = ---.!. WI = --2..
R2 RI
Gain in dB of TV'!. on WI
V2 2 /R2
= 10 log T't2/Rl =

10 log (~:)2 +
1 01
 "0 log 1',
- 1'1
+ 10 log R"1.
R, .

As RI
R2
= (R,
R
)_,
I
t ho nbovo can be w ritten n~ :

· ·' 0 I 1'2 R.
(lH ga m = - og""i"; 10 log R~'

Exa mple.---ealculntc t he cu r re n t in a 600­

o hm ree is te uco in whi ch tho power dissipot cd
is 6 dB above I IIIW'.
IV..
Gain 6 d B = 10 log: IJ'~

II'
0 ·6 = log ..2
11"1

or 10-' = 11', ~ W,
WI I .
Th erefore 11"2 10- 6 m W = 3 ·9S1 m' V.
The current flowing in th e 6OO-ohm
re sistance-
H' = 3 ·98 1 = ] 2R
2 1,000 .

I = J 6
3:S

1\. = 0 -002 57;; am p .

= 2 ·57 5 lilA .

To conve rt decibe ls to ncp ers, multiply b y

O·1l5 1,
10 2

DECIBEL TABLE
Th e dcr ihel llJ;:UTU a rt III tb e een t .... M I" rnn : fiJnlru to t h" left
T.p r n ent <led " "I I".., a nd tl10ft (" t h" r l&'lLt declbt l Il"ain. The ,",,\t a llt
a n d cu rr.. llt 1I1 "r,,' a .... llh~n oll the"."mllt~on t UI t here i. n o cha llge
Inlmpeda n .....

f oil. ,..
.... .... ,..111
r(IIlio
P ow • •• Uo
~
,.-
+
r oll" !I"'
'>T Tolfo
non",,' P ow:r ra ti o

,,.,
~

' 000 ruon H'" ' ·000

0- 9$ 'J 0 ·')17 1~12 l·re1

ee
,".
0 -97 1 11 ·95;; 1 >tJ23 } -(lH

o-see 11·9;13 l 'O ~ H 172

0-9:.J
0 -9.l.l
0 ':11'
O $'JI .., 1'1U7
1-1.1:'9
1·l)9<i

1 ' 1 2~

0- 9:1.1
lI' IH~
1I·lIil
II-II.1"J ,.,
"t -u
l -(l;":.!
, .",
I'H~

1-20'J

O'l'lH
1I·lIn
0 - 79 ~
0 -19 ~
O· 7 B ~ ,., l·l2'J
1·1119
1·2 f>9

] --U 3

, .",

0 ·1',.:11 2·' 1·:::'9

,., ] -778

..
,. ,...
0 ·7:iU O-M:! :!·5 l ' lI B
O·7otl
O 'I>Ii~
0 ·63 1
0 '5116
O-:I<H
o ur
O ' 3'J~
0 '1~
..", I -U :lI
) -.l96
1-:,115
r ers
H 195

2·239

2- 512

2-818

0 '5$2
O-~ I
0 -U1
, .",.
0 -355
0 '1111
0 '2:'1
0 ·2 00
0 ·15»
0 ·126
..
s-e
s-o
••
} ' 77 11

:.l·2~
2·512
~Hl ll
3"162
' -16:!
' -!Ill ]

6-0]2

6·3 10

7 -9n

0 -316
O'l!~
O·HIO
0 -il19~
"n ' -:'5
10·00

)2 ·6

..
"..

0 '25 1 0 ·06:n 12 ' -911 15· 9

0'22 4
0 -200
O-(l:.o l
0 -039l1
n ""47
5·0t "'.
25-l

..."
0' 178 0 '0 31 6 5-l1'Z 3 1-6
0-159 110'151 f1-11
0 ·126 IHlU9 ; -94 '"
63-1

0 ·100
', 16 x Ilr l ,,....
O-tllOO I O·M 100-'

".-,· n' .....

".
~
,"3-t6 x 10
'"
,,.
'"
,.... ,....
., ,,­10'
x ) o-l' 3 -)'1 X )0 '

,..... "" ,'"

,"'.
' ·16 X IO-! lO-' 70 3- t 6 X 10'
".
,... ,,­lOU

, ~- 10'
3· 16 x 10-"
~- 1 6 x 10'"
,~-
l o-I t
Ilr- u
,,.
3, ]6 X 10 1

run

,,~
10-" '"
120 ,"
3-)6 x 1lJ'
}OU

103
 2

LAWS
A mpere 's Rule.c-cH cfcrs t o the defice tio n
dir ect ion of a m agnet ic p oi nt er t h a t is influ ­
e n ced by a current ; a n ana logy be ing t hat. i f
a Jlerson is assu med t o b e s wimming wi th t he
curre n t and fa cin g t he in d ica t or , t h e north ­
seeki n g p ol e is d eflec t ed t owards the left. hand,
the so u t h pole be in g tl dlpeted in a ll o p p os it e
d irec t ion .
Amp er e's Theor em .-The magn et ic field
fro m c u rrent flow ing in a cir cuit is equ iv a lent
t o tha t d ue to a s imple magne t ic shell , the
outer edge coinci di ng w it h the el ectrica l con ,
duct.or w it h su ch gtren gth t.hu.t it- equa ls that
c u rren t st re n gt h.
Baur's Constant.-Th a t vo ltego ncccsr>ary
t o cause a disch urgo t hrou gh a dct.crt rriu ed
in sulating m a teria l I m m th ic k . T h e la w of
d ielectr ic strength is t h a t b r-ea.k dow n v olt age
necmmul'y t o cause it d ischarge t hrough a eub ­
stan ce proport io nal to a 2 / ~{ powpr of it s
thickness.
Coul omb 's L aw.- Implies t h at t h e m ech­
anical fo r ce b e t w een t w o cha rged bodios if>
dire ct ly p ro por t io n a t e t o t h e ch a rg es and
inversely so to the squar es o f tho cnste.nce
sep arat ing t hem .
Faraday's Law s.c-T h a t of in d u c tion is t h a t
t he e.m.f. in d u ce d in <1 c ir cuit is p roportional
t o t he rate of ch a n ge in t he l in es a fforce l in k­
ing it. Tha t o f elect rolysi s is (1) T ha t t h e
qua n tit y of a s ubstan ce d eposi ted in d efin ed
104

t.ime if.; proport ion al to t h e current. (2) T hat,

differen t subs tan ces a n d q u a ntities d eposi ted
by a s ingle c urre n t in a s imil a r timo arc p r-o­
portionnl to tho electro -chemical equivulcuta .
Till' F arad a y E ffect st a tes that when a l ight
beam passe ~ through a str ong m agnetic field
the p lane of polar isa tion is r otate d.
Fl emin g's R ule.- By p lacing t h e t h umb
a nd t wo fin ger-s a t right -a n gl es , respect ive ly ,
t he forefinger ca n re p r es e n t the d ir ec t ion of
m a gue tic fo r ce lines; the second fin ge r , c ur­
re nt d irect.ion ; t.hc thum b , mot ion d irect ion .
H all E ffec t. - If a n elec tric c urrent fhm ·f.;
a cross the li m ' S of flu x of a m ag netic fic lcl , an
e.rn.f. is o bserv-ed a t, ngh t -auglcs to t h e p ri ­
m a l'y current. a nd t o th e m agnet.ic fiel d . W h en
a steady cu rren t flows in a m agnetic fie ld ,
e .m.f. ten de ncies develo p a t ri gh t -a n gles to
t he magn etic fort-e a n d t o t he c urrent, p r o ·
p ortionat ely t o t h e p ro d uct of the c u rrent
strength, t he magnet ic fo rc e aIHI t he Hille of
t he an gle between t he di r ection of q uant ities.
J oule's Law.- As l-t form ula this iH J 2Rt
joules. It. r efe rs t.o t h at heat. develop ed by t he
cu rre nt (1) which is p r oport.ional t o th e s quar e
of I mult ip lie d by Rand t , lett in g R = r esi s t ­
a n ce a nd t = t im e . I f t h e fo r m u la is se e n as
J Il = R1 2t it equat e ED , le ttin g ,J = j oules
equiv a len t. of h ea t , a nd IJ = t he n um be r o f
h eat unit s .
Ker r Eff ec t .- I llUi>t rat es t h a t an a n gle of
r otation is p ro p or ti onal to a mugnc t isa t ion
10 5
 in t e n s it y undapp lios t o the rot a ti on of polur-i­
sat ion plane of pl u.iu polarised l igh t a s ro­
fleeted from till' pole of It muguct. . T h e n urn ­
be l' (a conat.nu t.) V lt l'iP1'l for d ifferent wa ve ­
le n g t h s a n d «pcc lfic mat e ri al" , making
nP'f'f'R:'iary th e mult.iplk-at.ion of m a gnet iset.ion
int.cnsit y ill ord er t o fin d the an gle of rot a t ion
form in g tho effect.
L enz' s La w. - T h a t in duced cur rent s h u ve
s uch a d irection t h at the re act. io n fo rces
ge ne rated h an) a ten dency t o oppose the
m oti on or a ct io n prod ucing t he m.
Ma xwell ' s L aw.- (ll) An y two c irc u it s
e8 1'1'ying cu rre nt tend so t o d ispose t.hcmsclvcs
as to include the largest p os s ible number of
lines o f fm'cf' co mmon to tho two , (0) E ve r y
oloct.ro.mngnet.io sys-tem t e-nds t o c han ge it.s
ccuftgurar.ion so t.hut tho e xci ti ng ci rcu it w ill
embrace t he larges t Hu m be r o f lincs of force
in a po sit.ivc d irect ion ,
Ma xwell's Rul e.c--Maxwcll 's twit t ubee o f
electr ic or magnet ic in duc t ion arc s u ch t h at
0. unit po le delivers 41T u n it, t.ubcs of fo rce.

Miller Circu it.- A Iorm o f circuit in which

t he time- oonst ant o f a resi s tnnce-r-apacitencc
co mhination is m ult-ip fied hy moans o f the
.;\Iille l' e ffect on t he ca pacitan ce. Xnmcd nft c r
J ohn ::\1. ::\Tiller.
Miller Effect.- I mp lies tha t t ho grid input
im ped ance of flo valve with alou d in t.hc a n od e
ci rcui t is d ifferent from its inpu t impedance
w it h a zero anode load. Should the loa d in the
106

e uod o h e rcai st anec , thc in p u t impedance is

pu rely ca pacit a t iv e . If t he load im po dau cc
hus I~ react ive co m po nent, t h e input hupcd ­
auce will have a re si st ive co u ipo u cu r. I n
pre -d et ec to r amplification, with n .v.c. t o
s ig nal gr ids , t h e capacity a cross t he tuned
g rid circuits tends to vary w ith t he ai gnul
s t re ngth, evidencin g d e t u n in g , tho effect
ca usi ng a charg e (electrosta tic ) to be induced
hy t h e a n od e Oil the grid .
Planck' s I lonstant.e-Quante of energy
radi a ted when a t omic elec tron s transfer from
onn st ate to a nothe r, a ssu m in g bo th t o be
e'l!f'rgy a.aee w it h elec tro-m agn e t ic rediat.ion.
T he co n stan t (II) is given t he value o f
6 ·6 :W X 10 - 3,1 joule se co n d. h is u su al ly
coup led t o t he sy m bo l (1") t o rep re se n t tho
freq u e n cy of t he rad iated e nergy in horta .
Tha t i", t he freque n cy o f t h e rad ia t ed c n orgy
is detcrmi unble by the rela tion TVl - H'2,
this eq u alli ng Ini . If} and TV2 equal t h e values
of t he in ter n a l e nergy of t h e a t om in initial
and fina l stages , Some text books o n rad io
refe r to thil'l co n s t unt. us t he Qu.antu m T heory.
'fhevenin's Th eor em. - T hc curre n t throu gh
a r esi s t a n ce If connected aCl'O >;S any t w o
p oin t s A a n d II of an active network (I.c . a
network eontei ning one 0 1' more so urces o f
c.m .f.) is obt a in ed by di v iding t he p.d . be ,
t .woc n A a n d B , with R discon n ec t ed, by
(R+t'), whom r is t he re s is t ance of t.he net­
work m easu re d betwee n points A and B wi t h
R d is connect ed nod the s ou rces of e .m.I.
r epla ced by their in te rnal resi sta nces .
107
 THE IONOSPHERE
400 250

350

200

•
-"
••
-Z 150
100
"
~ II ,"::''- :," '''' " ,E t:. i·~, , ~ ·1
100

50
St ratosphere
10-80 kM

Tropospher e to 10 11 M

108

>

0 ;:;'

~. 6

:I: i5~
0

~. <
~.
~ >

g
...:Il
§
g . ~
:;

,
'"
r­
e
~ >

'"

o.
~.
...
'"

'"
~
~. 0
~ i':
~.
es >
~.

'"
...''""

" ~
0 "-
0,:.
~.

~.

0 .

"
~ ~ ~

'"
::;;
OJ. ~ ~

c,
,
es 0 ;:;

0=
~ ":" >
-e
o~
s 0;;;
o_z
'"

'"
'"
2 °":' 0,
a,
0
"
...'"'"
~
0 ,"

0"
co:
0,:;
0 0;
i':

~
s;)
109
 .=
~..
H
n.

110

B.B.C. A.M. RADIO STATIONS

H I< kW

'",
R adio 1 !I/o m ~W
Ram. ta l·l..
Rar,,"'''
H 'lI:1
]llll :1
:!~~
:!~.~ ,r. Li . " "~;u,· "y
Lon.\o lld.-rry
10Ml
W 5.1
'.!,11
:! ~ 11
R..~h ill
B ou r n. ",out h UMII
\II:;; l :!":;
'.1....1 ; )fo" .. i,l.- }~ l , c
1'" . t,,-k k
I O) ~ \I
1U.5:'1
'.1;'6 I:'"
'.1":; io
Rrio:hton
B rook ma n-
1":;:1 '.1 ":'
I n"" 2i.~ Ill"
R" I".",.
H.-,Iru l h
H I"~
1O",
'.1,:1
:m~ ,
ec
.....,
I't .. ,r.h..... 11l5 ~ ~"'11
Par k
But~ ...... d
IJ ro it ..-id 'l
10 :;:1
lIJIIJ
'.1":;
",,,:, ,., ,
"lart .... ;n l
""w,,"n
) U5 :1
10":/
:! ~!I
::711
'00,
,, I O ~ '.l :!'i ll

"'",
l.lund..e 1011:1 '.1" :; W .. . h lo, .1
:!.:; w.-ot..,,,1t-n
Fa ... h am
F olk ..I" ","
101-\1
11':' :'1 e-e , Whi lt~nD ''''''
111-'"
'!OS
r, :;
no" '''' :!'<J

R" io 2
Barrow (,!l:! ,U ,, U .."'., .......,. "',
"" ,,,,
,,'
Kn hill 6 \1:1
'" ,, L<>n,lolklen,
""
""13 H"',,
~,
Do urn""" ,ul h ~ :\:/IJ )T"onid" Wet:
6!l J ":
'"
lI ri l; b t ,, " 6" 3 n)-u",uth
R mok n.a n.
... "
00'.1

',9:1
""
HOI
,,,,,,
P"",t ...k k
ft .-.l nM.n
R",I..,l b

ti\l 3
' ;'.I:!
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'"
4:13
.133

....'" ""
BUIrhead .1:1:1

'" "",,,
,.,
C1 t ~ o n ~, !\ lalr"b.a..-
IJroit..-!cb 69J "" ,, Torq uay

••1 '"
I ""
Eut... "': 4.'\;1 W.Olorql..n ~")

""
Y" ..ham
.;!l ~
~,
, Wh it ....a ......
"" ""
" " Im t _
'"
........",
Brl Chh.n 1"115 ',H7
, )lotIrsi<.., Ed~'" ltl ~

'",,,

:I~'

...'"
Bl'O<>ktm. ... I :! U :!H "'corea. 11e I t lll ::.0'"
1\u 'I""',,<I l "1U 2 47 ~,

...-
l 'l yml>ulh
Pott .. kl<
1::?15
11 15
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:I ...

.
Can ,b.;'I,;., 1197 '!31 U.:I 12 15 :I ...
l'roi t ..kh
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l :l l ~
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".!-I7
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T)",' -"n
1 :!1 ~
l :/ I ~
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"LbUl:'afwy 1:115 :l H u. HI W . .hf " .. 1 1:/15
mo
:.04.
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Lobd...n dm"y
It l ll :! 17
1:115 ".! ~ 7 " tl,t f,
W... Icr;J....
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Rad iO 4
e N /<n.;••
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lr~lfl
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:<,.,.. e• •U., ...,
' :'~ J 4 17
4,g ,
0.2 ..
l '" rh ole
Ilro il ..-J,·h :l nll I :'<M ' 4(MI
7:11) m
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W, II... ; I..,
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l.<>ndun
U...U Koad )
.....11 417 II ,.. '" 21.1{1 l ~

rn
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B&r... t .. pl t Re<lr ul h .; :'97
J::u ltr !~"'J
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T" I'l"&"
t' nno..11I
Rdl O) Scotla.d
lh u C...... d ", 3, u , 3 . U 100 n~n_. , ," ;s'u ,
V\lu,l r~ Wc.tcr,lfil r., '00
''" '"
R&4io Dh tt r

u.o... ,u ,~,- 1341 1"24 100 wlld"udcu,. 1341 Z"!t 1J .~"

& 410 Will"

,,, i ,o
P~", n
T:r-:r n
t""!
b~"!
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W...h1vrd
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~"! "" 'Il

a-l'J

U. K . C.B. RADIO
27 .lfJll blind: :!" uOl :25 10 :!'·\l!112" ;\I H ~ .
·Uld ult llwJ,; n t, IOkH ~ s pa d lllo::.
) Inx . r.r.p. :!\\'; max . tr nusnutter outp ut. ,tW .
.-\('r la l : Si ll j! 1t' [(1(1 or win', l ·."llll uvernll Ir-ugth, un se
lonlk d . If JllI_HIllI Nl l1iglll'l' than r m , tra ns mitter
" lItl' llt t o hr r edur-t-d at b-us t. 10 IIH.
) 10011 n tfnu: 1-'.) 1. unl y, th' \' ia fjoll ± 2' 5 k H z ma x .

9J J .111/: bn'ld: t)3-l·0::!5 to !I;I·HI' ;; ) 11[ 1..

:?O rhallll<"l~ at- .'i0 k lIz (m:l~' Ill' "'tllwed t o :25 k H z
laky). If "~' ll thNi,;(" f used !Ij\; t l'i ll :': ma)' be :25 kH z
on l'f N'i"l' (' haull(') ffN III( 'I\('It'!l "pr r ifi,'(1.
) lax . e.r.p. ~5 w: max. t f;I II ~lII it te-l' outpu t 8 '''' ; i f
nrTI31 i l\t.~m l , mnx. e.r.p, 3 W ,
.\(· r lnl: IlIn)' tmvc II)' to Ionr elemen ts. no n e ex ­
r- ....lillt! 1. em. If 1lI1l1lOtl'fi hlJt!lrr t ha n 10 Ill.
tra namtttcr output to bt- retlucr-d at. toast 10 d jj.
) Iw u)al lun : )<')1 on ly. dcvlatlon = 5 '0 k H z max .
Sl'uri"u. tm iu im/il: For hlltll h;u uli . no t exceeding
o-25j\lW , ex cept for speclfted fn'llllt' llr)- bands whe re th e
limit I~ 50 nw .
For full srect nceuons 1;('1" I'u hllrallons MPT 1 3 ~ O
(2 , :\I1b ) and :\IP T 1321 (93'& )1111) fro m 1I.:\I. S .0 .
112

B.B.C. V.H.F./F.M. RADIO STATIONS

S...I(I SI..li""
n ..d lo
11:.1 ,
ntMll o
,
R ..iIio Jl",, ·_ tr p
.t 1l"

...,
LDIl4.... 0 " 1<>/0.1 MJ'~. 91-,. 93·9 .
",

..'".".."
a ,, ' 80Iltl>- g.. iD~ a tc (D<>n:r) OO ·~ !l2 .~. 9 ~' ~ '
W r-ot h ..m 1<910 1I1·3. 93·~. 120

101111> R ......idg t I>!I':" 00'. se.s

'"
" G.
" ,,.. ",
' B r ijrh lOD \i(l" o 9 ~:ios
· ' ·. nlnor 810· " IlI· 93·~
Wc n"", " .",
WK' ~".
""..., 92-12 ".

.....
' & 110 ,,~
lO3·2.
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b ire
"+'
T.,!O,"I. --t10 +u Kln' bu. +1 +8
Tba iland +' +' Lumu... ~b.i +3 +3
.-
TImor +' Zambi a.
" +3

121
 INT ERNATIONAL ALLOCATION OF CALL
SIGNS
Tile n.. l "h"ra'1.e r or U", ll.. t 1..-0 ( ........(kr. "I " U lla;;!" iwli <"ll l ~ I t...
no,U." ..UI,' " I LILt a.... U"n .. ~lllll it. In t ill. n_ t tt,e " 1oI"-,,,· ;,,lIo n o : r . la
u.~ ,1 for ,,,·., ..... u krrilo nuor 'lalu a d ml " l. trr( " 1».. ... lor ,,'lIlt h the
Inl. ru H.l.l" Ml ",l " ti,,,~•• ~ t he ",," pona lhilit y 01, the """ " l ry Wlbled •
..1. .'1. .-\- ..1. 1.1, ' "_"\•.\.. nUA -IIt!1. ~"I"" do r
.\l!.\- AU/. :>pa.in Il V.\ - I1 YZ ' ·...lica n :;t.~le

--"- l' ." _ A ~ Z l'...k i.tan IlWA-H YZ ",~ .""ea lld o:r.

A T ,I _A WZ (".Ii" H Z.-\-II ZZ !'ia " .11Ar Al"...

AX .-\- .-\XZ A" . t ....U.. 1.\.-\-I1.Z 1t ...1)' "nd O.T .

A \" .-\- 101.1. A lll e ntlna J .\ .-\-J " Z J _ pa n

B .-\.-\- B Z1'. Ch ina JT .\ -J"YZ )IU<LlWl1a

C.~-\--eEZ Chile JWA -J"X Z S o","_}'

C F.\-<:KZ C._d. J Y-\ - n · z J ordan

CL.\ -C)lZ Cuba JZ-\-J"ZZ .>':eth. S e..

C S.\-CSZ )I uroct"O K_\ _\ _K ZL l".S,.-\. W .. i .....

CO.\-COZ euha L..-\_\ -I5 Z :-;"r".,·

Cf' .\-CP7. Bolhia L OA ·I, \ \ ' Z A'~"b t i"..

CQ ,\ -e RZ Portuguu"O.T. L X1. - 1.XZ l. u, . "' I......f l[

C:H-CI'Z Port";!"'1 LY A-I.\· Z Llthuanl.

C\" .\ -CX Z eNg ... )" IJ..\-I J.Z B ..IKa r i..

C ¥ A-CZ 1. Ca",,,I,, ) 1-\ .-\-lI ZZ U. K .

D.l .t - Inz n OU n " II } " :-;.-\ \ -S ZZ IT.I'.A .

jI UA- J);\ Z J'h lll W IM I O.\ A- OC Z l'eru

~aA -t; IIZ >iva i.. OO .-\-O IlZ L<:hlln on

E (.-\ - }:J Z l; i re IU : A- OI -:Z .\<latria

EK \ - }: K 1. c.s.s.u . 0 1'.\ -0,11. .-I n l" D,1

}:L.\_K U U ~ r1. ()K .-\-O:llZ C.(hoaloul<i..

E1L-\- FoO l. (·_'U:l . Il. O S .'I.-oTZ a.,1" lu ",

EI"A-t:l,l Z l rall O V ,-\-HZ Z I", o,ma rt

ER.\-K KZ t l.II_"\ .R. P A.-\ ·I' l t: :-;~tbf, rlan".

E.-H-EIIZ Ea toIWi. l'J.\-t'JZ S~'bf,tl........-\n ­

E T .\- t;TZ K l hiu pi ,. P K." - 1'0 7. h "d Of\l"..... lu n...
ElT .\-}; W:.!: B~lo>rUSSiI 1'1' .\ - 1" ' 1, Brazil
EX.\ -E.l.2: l· .~.~.ll. I'Z.\ I'Z7. K .. ri m
F.\. \-.·ZZ I'nn<'O'a n.I O.T . Q.\_\ -Q Z Z ( Q (' <1.. 1
G.\. \-uZ:t r.x . It.-\ .\ - MZ Z
S.-\_-\--l'HIZ
l" .s. ~. lI ,
r<,"·~den

H .' .'l.- II\Z n U' l!:A!"J'"

HU .'l.- H IIZ ~"";h.. t lA, ,,1 I>S A-Il I! Z r-" Ia n,l

H CA-lf Il Z . :,·" " .I" r ~l'i.\ --l'I)l ) 1 E KYI.t

U EA -II E Z :h11t u rl anil ~>5 ~ -Wl'1. I'\u.''''\

I H '.'l.-I ' '' Z P"I~n, 1 KOA- ,\I ·1. F. ~ nl t

H ( LI._lI fl Z nllf\l! UY !'i\'_\-.'IZZ G .e ...'"

U H .\ - HH Z HaIti TA.\-Tt:.'Z 'tu'ke y

H I .\ -IlI Z l)<>ml..lcal4 R~ puhllc T llA- T Il Z (h t em al,.

W .\ -H K 'T. Co I(l",I~. T E.\ -TEZ ( ta R ie,.

H L A -IUIl; K<>r n T ".\-1'I"Z J ,~I" n .1

HS .-\ ~H S Z I ra q n U - iUZ n ....wma.la

1I 0 .'l.- II I"Z I'.""ma TH.-\- TlIZ F .. ~.ndO. 1'.

HQ_\-H RZ 1I.....lu . .. R~ public T U-T IZ CoIta R.....

H SA.-U $Z Tl\Ioila n<l. TJ .\ - 1' Ji Z F '''Mll .. ndO.T .

UTA- U T Z S i". ra gua 'D>.\-TS )t T .. nbd,.

T:!S-TZZ Franuand O. T . ~ J) .\ -HZ l"hI lIW lbU

1:.'l..'l.- I:<,lZ l'.$.IUt. 4J.\- ~ LZ t.'. ~ ~ . R ,
CR.\ ~I:TZ l'J..'2oio. ~ )U- UIZ '·eo.nu~ la
t T .\-1' 7..z (' _" _'S. R. ~ "" .\ -~OZ Yu,...I.. .-J"
Y.\.\ - n;z c.."..da ~l·.\-' '' Z ...n
(.·~J1
' ·H.\ -'· :s zAu . trall... n_-\-'T.t l"el1>
" 0 .\ -\"070 Caaad. n :A- n ·Z l!bitN X...Liuu&
C.". H·.\-H-Z lI..tu
YI'.'l.-\"8Z
\"T .\-Y\\"Z t .. ,lI a
\"X,\ - \"'· Z Can..d ...
O\-eu"", 're e.
~ W.\_~WZ
n:A-.lXZ
\" . ",. ..
I. r..el
\" ZA- YZZ AOl.lJLr"II . HA- HZ I nV!rn .. U<>n .. \Cl "JI
WA .\ -WZZ V.IS.A. A~ i .. ~ l"b OrKa " I."
XAc\- X 11. Me " ico ~ Z .\ -~Z :I. hrul ...ti lt n
XJ_\_XOZ 1..'.. .... <1 a 6 .\.\ -5 .-\7. Li lly",
Xl'A-X I' Z 1'<:tlln" rk ~ C A -5 G 1. ) f"ro"C(l
X <,lA -X IIZ Chile 6 H .l-61 Z Tll ng",nyik a
X SA-X S Z Chin. :..I.-\-:; KZ CoI"n>!,l"
XTA-XT z "'''''''I'''n<lO,T. 6L. \ -6 )IZ U Il"ri.
Xl.' A- Xl·1. C. ml_II .. ~ :-A -:; OZ :Sil:el1a
XYA-X\·Z \ 'letn.. m 6('.\ - SQZ Df"m.. rt
XWA -X\\"Z L:a.,. 38..\ -:>n: "'''DU aDd O. T .
XX.-\- X XZ P.of1.uguu" O.T. 6\\".-\ - 6W 2: W.IIa ... ...
X Y.\ - XZZ B u r m .. ::;'- .\-:.ZZ K en y..
\" .\.\ - Y.\7. AI~ha,,;.tan 6.l .\ -ClBZ . :".pt
YR.\-Y HZ I "'.... OC.\-6I.:Z Kyria
\"I .\ -Y I Z I , 6 1' .\ ---#.JZ Ioln i....
YJ .\ - \"JZ S Hebr id u ti K _\~""Z K"n a
YK .\ -\"K Z 11)11... 60A. 4iU-", ~"Il
Y LA -\·LZ La~,·h" ' il'.-\ -til'-:I. /'"tl. t an
\"}[.\ - \" .\{Z T urk ey 6T.- \4il" Z 11,,,110 11
\" .....\ -,·:-;Z "'kar n ~u .. 6 X A~ X Z ) Iul .. !!"~.l'
\"0 ..\ -\"117. Hllh,a" l_ ,iYA-6YZ .J",,,..i, ',,,

\"1L\ - \ ·SZ lI_ h·ad" r 1 A"' - 71Z 1" . I" "... ia

YTA- n : Z \ ·" g "" I.. \"I... 7J ,\ -,r;7. J a l"' ''

\",·_-\- \·,·Z ve eee..e l. 1lt.\- 7R Z _\I~erla

\"Z_\-\"Z Z \"" KOII...d. 7,1.\-'''Z 11. ·... 1.. ..

Z_-\.\ _Z.\ :I. Al bani. 1T .-\-1 \"Z AllIe ri..

ZR _-\- ZJ :I. C ,K ,O\" ~ rae .. Te r , 7I': A-07.7o lWIudI A•• hi a

Z K.\ - Z:\IZ :- ... z..... lan.1 IIA .\ ~~ IZ l a d ""' ...I...

Z "".\ - ZOZ C . K . O\"e~'" T. r . llJ .\-8 ""Z J ...p.&a

Z I'.\ - Z I'Z )'a '''lU&T l'.'\A-IlSZ S..-..d ~n

74.'l.-Z<,lZ 1'. 1\. ORr.., Tet, IITA·8\"Z Ind l.

7.(l.A- Z1.' Z ", ... th _-\iri... 8ZA-!lZ7. ,,"," d i .\ hl ...

ZV_\-ZZZ B.n il 9AA-9AZ ""n )f ln"

2.\ -\_2Z Z 11. K . 98.\ -9 I1Z

Ir.. "
1I.'l..-\_3.\ Z ) I.,n.. "" 9 E. \-9FZ I! ~b l "pia

~ n A-:'I FZ C..u d... 9H .\ --'JIl Z m .. na

3(1.'1.-301. ( ~b ll e lI K A-9 KZ K .. ..·...it

31l.-\-3e Z l':hi"" ItLA-9L Z K i~ rr. I"' <>ne

;l VA-3 VZ T""lo l... 1I)[A- 9:\1Z )laJ a )·.I",

3\\".\-3\\" Z VI.!·" " ", 9S.-\-9SZ li!el'", 1

3Y A- 3YZ :SorWa}' OO.\-9CZ ( ':.-mK"

3 X .\-3 X Z !Juln. . 9 L"A-9C Z Bur undi

3Z.l-:l7.Z I' <>l.ano:! 9VA-9 WZ .'11.. 1..,.&1...

~ .\.-\- ~CZ )(~:ti .... 9 X A- 9 X Z R ... nd ..

123
 AMATEUR BANDS IN THE U.K.

Amateur (Soun d) and (Sound Mobile)

Licences

F t t q lU -I I l'Y .l l ar i llllU H J r,
b<lllf/s j" J"d pow",
( -'1Hz)
} -8- 2 lOW
3· 5-3·8
; - i -10
1 ~ - H ' 35 } iso W
2 1- :::!1· .j5
:!l! - :!!) ';
; O ' O~5-jO ' i 50 W

H 5-Hfl
14 01- 14 5 ]
-I3G- U O
1,21[,- 1,325
.J suo-a -HiO 11;0 \Y
a:.HlO .'3:'1', 5
'.,<>50-'.," 0
10,000- 10 ,500
e I ,(K IO<~ :! .OOO
:!,3" O-':!, 400 ') 2;, W ll\C'a n
[., 700 -a,l'.00 I power u ud
1O,Oa0-1 0 .-I50 J~ 2, 5 kW
:!I , I[,U-:! I,t'50 j ll,· nk )MJW t'f

T h"r o:- aft' ('('rla in rc st rict iore Oil ti ll' tn'" o f broad-est
and 1'1;, ...... of l · mi.;.~j.() 1\ 1111 all frt'(II1ClIt"r bands. .\ d et ailed
Ij,.,l Is :\\':l.l Iabh' (Will t ill:' ;\lIn llit ry nf 1',,,,1.;; a nd 'rete­
("ollllllu nil"a lhm,;.

DIPOLE LENGTHS FOR

THE AMATEUR BANDS

A maI n ., IJ(m d lJ jpol r ! .,,,,./th

(tIlt trt~) (mttN'.)
so so
-1 0 :!O,:!
20 10-1
15 6 '7
10 5·0
12 4

MICROWAVE BAND

DESIGNATION SYSTE~IS

J/ .O.D. .\"tlC S ...!. . T .O.

d ilt'Olltill iu d ,,,.Um d",ig"atia/l .ysltm

P
I.
O· o...~·39
Gllz

0-3 9--1-0
.n, GH ,
0-0·25
oes-os
,c
L, 1 -0 - ~ · 5
2 ' 5 -01-1
4-1-;'0
o
IJ
E
0 ,;; -1 ,0
1 -0 -~
2-3
; -0-11 ,5
X
J 11 ·5- 18 ·0
I d- 33
""
II
3---1
H
'H
"
Q
0
33--10
. 0-60
1
J
8- 10
10-:W
v Go-90 K 20- -10
I. 40-60
eo-roo
U .I\ . 1./1'.1'; .

uru/ll/l ~ /I(lt'd ~ Ylllt'm

" U .S.A " y llfm l

O Il~ o tt»
,T. ]-2
2--1,
P
L
0-22 5- 0-3 9

0' 3 ~1- 1 -55

C H H 1'55-5·2

X 7-12 X 5'2 - 10-9

J rs- re K 10 ' 9- 36

K 18- 2fi 36 - J 6

Q
v
26--10
40-60
V
W
45-5n

56 -100

0 60-00

 INTERNATIONAL ' Q' CODE

ORA
What ls t he name or The name or mT sta tio n
:rour , tatton? is • ••
ORB
Bow rer appro ximately The ll" pro s:imllte dis-
a re rcu (rom my ta nce is ... miles
nation?
ORD
W here are TOU bound I am bound Co r • • •
l\ud ....bere are )·ou from ...
from ?
QUO Will you te ll me mv Your exact frequency
CIbCt rrecuencr in ill . . . k Ilz.
k H.r:?
QRlI Does my Irequenc v Your Ircnue ncr vartee,
vaIn
ORI b mr note good? Your n ote YlH iei!.
ORJ ll o t Oil re ceive me I cnnno t receive rou.
1xI.d ly ?
Are m y lIip ml" .....eak? YO\1f III ll'Il (l,I~ are too
weak.
QRK P o you recerve me "' ell? I receive you well.
Are m y signals good? Y o ur l>i.ltna L~ are good.
ORL A re )"0 0 busy ? I am busr. P lease do
nut int erfe re.
OR" Are YOUbeing i nterfered I am belli&' Interfered
with? w ith.
ORN Are TOU t roubled b)' am trouhled by
a tmospherics? atmo.pher1OJ.
ORO Shall I increase power? I ncrease power.
QRP Sha ll I decrease po'l\;er ? Decrease power.
ORO 8lu.l11 send (aster? Se nd fader I. •• word~
rer minute l.
QRS S hall I sen d more Send rtlOrll Illo'Wlr C.••

Idow b"? wo rds per m inutel.

ORT ShaU I step semlim:'! gton r.end! ns:.

ORU B are YOU anyt hing (or I ha,-e no t hi ng (01 TOU
me?
126

INTERNATIONAL 'Q' CODE

QR " Are )'ou read)"? I am ready,

QRX Shall I ~"ai t ! When wm Wa it (OJ' walt until I

)"OU een U te agai n ? uave fin ished. com­

mllnl <'ati ~ wit h ••• J
I wiU ceu YOU at . ..
GMT.
QRZ Who is calling me! You are ter ns eall ed
by" ,
QS_\ Wha t is the etreucm of The stre ng th of you r
m y signals? (1 to 6J signa ls 13••• (1 to s t.
QSB Does t he stre ngt h of my The s trength of your
signals va ry! 1lil:1la1ll vanes.
QSD ] 15 my ke)'iwr correc t! Your "e)'j og I.i Ind ls ­
Are ruj- siJma ls d is­ Unct. Yo ur shma ls
ti nct? are ba d ,
QSL Can YOU erve me ark­ I erve ) "0 0 ackn owled g­
nowledgmcnt of re ­ ment of receipt.
ceip t?
QS~f Sha ll I renc nt t he last Repeat th e last te le
tele gram (llifSlmgel I gmtn (mess age) YOU
sent, y o u ? ImvlI llCnt m e,
QSO Can TOU communtce to I can comm unicate wit h
with __ • dtrect (o r • •• direct (Or throUi"b
t hrou gh t he medium the medium of , . .1.
of . , .J?
QSP Will y ou r elay to .. •! I will relay to . ..
QSY
Sh a ll I send a se ries of Se nd a ser ies of V 's ,
\" s?
QSX
W ill )'OU listen for ••• I am list enlm~ for ..•
(call sign) on . , . (call sig n) on
kH d kHz.
QSZ Sha ll I sen d each wo rd Send each word or
or l:JOUP t wice? croup tw ice.
OTH W hat is you r pcsitlon liT position is • • , lati·
in latitude and icnst­ t ude. ' • 1oul;:I~ude.
tude?
OTR Wb at ie the eeect t ime? The uact time is • • •
127
 JdISCELLANEOUS INTERN ATI ONAL

ABBREVIATI ONS

~ ...rft'. x .........
A_ . x~" " u.,
e
s
w
"-'
Y.
So
Won!
Allll.!tu •• •
liS"
GA
~'W
O.
A_
Rnu..... "'odiJ>c
}( lo l1te l minutM
I rNI1me tn.ot.mi.MOll
..u. _ ..... t'eM !

AS
.L
All be f ore • • •

-,
All Ul&t h&1I jwt bHn
UA
w.
"B
WoroJ"'ter .. •

W ord bef ore • • •

BS All bri......... U Atm'*l>beric'a
eL 1 WQ doa" , my ataUo..
AMA TEUR ABBREVIATIONS
A_ . X •..,..", .4 No,~ p . JI......,.,
AST A bou t :"'IL :-'"ol.bl ",
AGS" Altai D N~ So more
AN I Ao, HR ~ l1mbe r
BA B I1t1.r amplllle"r HW S" OW

..
B e l. Droa.d c.MI.li&k n. r GH Old OOy
BO B" OM Old )[0."
Bl B, OT Old timer
B' B... ak III rA P o" ·' . -.mplillu
~
B:-'
eK
B U ll
Check ""
R Re eel ....d all .. nt
CKT
CLV
CO
CUD
Cir cuit

""'"
Clj. u.l o»cllbto.

""""
..
RAe
xcu
BX
Rectified A.C .
Rcc<:lved
Jl,eoei .... f
>0,

.,
_ yo u b te r 9a.id
CO L >E O
O. Lollg d i&1.a.Qce
8 108 llJit!W_
Elect.ro n--eoup r~ .,.,U·
BIGS flls na t un!
EC"O
W.,
.....
,.".""....
SillS'" ligna! INper­
EO
._,

1'\"" b...........
A Dd , • bourod yne

-
FB (JOOd
. .0

FO
FY
LA
Frequenq d ""bln
00 ~. w e-J
TK'
T.MS
TH X
TFTO
......
To-mo rro..
T uned pla te t uMd end

--,
TX T ruwnitter
GB """'~
Good· by e U \ ' 0 11
GK
Ca l:
Cood~"ll"
Good QloOI't>.in( ,.... ,...,.
UR Y <N ve

\\' 01'1 _
GS"
"'DS
HAY
Iladio a"",teur W KG WorII:;"I:

"'
HR
,-'W
Dea•• or b....
WL
W UD
W i ll
Would
HBO H...u wx 'Wather
He
LTB
"a....
.....r
YF
YL
Wife
YOUDllady
Y"
no "
:4I.II1am~reo YR y~
K ind repnl.
S [)
)I.ter oocilla to r
Not hh li d oinll'
12~
"" 1.0\'1.,.<:111:1.......

QSA CODE (Signal StreDi"tb)

05Al lI anll:, perce ptibl e : u nreada ble.

08A 2 Weak . readable IIOWand t hen,

QSA J F airh ' good : readable. b ut with d illicult J'"_

QSA4 Good ; readable .

QSA 5 verr good: perl"ecUJ'" readabl e.

QRK CODE (Au dibilitJ)

RI t:"nreadable.
R2 Weak sisrnals : berets- nadable.
R' W ea k si~als : but can be cooted ,
R' }'Bir sill"nals ; easil )' rea dable.
R' )lode n. te ly st ro ng .ignal!J.
R' Good 'b:nab.
R7 Good strong I<im al6.
R' verr ~troJIJ' silrnals.
R9 E.J:tremelr s trone signals.
RST CODE (Rea da bility )
1 Unreadable.
2 R.1rely reada ble, occasiona l word3 d isthu::u khable.
a Reada ble with considerable dlnlc ult)-.
•
s
Readable wit h prac ti ca ll y no d lttlcult )-.
Perfectl y re-ada ble.
(Sign al Strength)
1 1'·l\ln t . s hr n als bl~rel y percepti ble.
2 Ver y wea k gi,mals.
,a Weak Rign a is.
}<'tllr slgnals.
;
, }'-a lr])' R"oOO. sig nals.
Good ~ i ll:n....ls,

,
7

9
:\Iode ra t eh- stro llll' sh:nab.
f' t rolUl: sig nals .
Ex tre mel y strong si gnals.
(Ton e)
1 l-:lI:tremeh- rouzh hisslm: no te.

2 verr ro ugh A .l,. note. no trece of mu.~i("ftlit)·.

3 R o ug h, low -pi tched A .C. note. s1lght l ~' m usica l.

4 Ma t her roulth _~ .C. note . mod e....tely rnuJlical .

5 :\.f u.~i call r modula ted note .

6 ),Iod ulated note. glight trace or wnuue.

7 ~f'fIr D .C. note. l<IDOOth ril ,p lc .

8 Good D ,C. no te. iust a t race 0{ ti N.le_

9 Purest D .C. no te .

(If tb e note appea rs to be crntaI-oontrollcd ad d e n X after

the approl'riate nnm ber.)
129
 INTERIIATIONAL IIIORSE CODE
A d it cWI
B dah d it <lit d lt
C
D
E
p
C
..,
dab dl t dab dit
dab dit dit

d lt dit dab d it
d loll d&h dlt
B d lt dit d it. d it
,
I
E
en eu
dl t. dab dah dah
dah dl t dab
~
L
x
........

<lit d&h di ! dit

dab dlt

"p

~
dab d'lh d ab
d lt. dllh <1al:I. di t
dLb d..h dlt d ab
d lt dab d it

T
e ....,
oIi t d lt <lit

U d lt dlt dab
v di t d lt d lt dab
w d lt dab dab
X dab <lit d it dab
,Y d-.b d lt dab. dab.
dab .....b di t dl t

Number Code
1
:l
41t dah <WI dah
d1t. d1t dah dab dab
<I."
3 d lt d it dlt dah dah
4 d it dlt ,lit d lt dab
S dlt dl t dlt d it dit
• dab dlt d it <lI t di t
'1 dah dah d it .lit <lit
S da.b. dah dab d lt <li t
9 dab. dah daI:l. dab dit
(I cIab. dab. dab. dab dab

:SoW oIIDtem>pUoD d it dlt dah dab <lLt dlt

"_.

~oW 01 n damaUoD

A,....,'"
Fn.<:tl ......l bar
B-"w
I nn:rted eommu
dab dab dit & 1 dab dab.
dlt dah dah da!I d&h dlt
dab d it dlt dlt dlt d&h
dah d it d it dab <lIt
dab <lIt dab dab dlt d ab
di t. dab dt t dlt daJI (lit
l:llderU... d lt d.l\ dah dab <li t dab
Prellm. " '1 dab d lt dab dl t dah
R reak alp dab dlt <lit dlt dah
E nd IDl:l Uge d lt dab dl t dah eu
.~, d lt dl t d it d lt d l t dit
1 30

-- _. _---- ~-----

PHONETIC ALPHABET
T o a voi d the possibility of tho letters of a
ca ll-eign being m isunders tood, it is usual to
use the words given belo w in place of t h e let ­
ters. F or example, G6 PY would be giv en as
G6 P a pa Yankee.

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138

METRIC SYSTEM
List oj Prefixes
m ega m eans a millio n times.
kilo means 8- thousand times.
hecto means a hund red times.
deca means t en times.
deci mean s a ten t h p ar t of.
centi means a h u n d redth p ert of.
milli mean s a t h ou sandth p art of.
m icro means a m illio nth p a r t of.
Square ..l Iea.su re
100 sq . me tres = 1 a re
10 ,000 sq . m et res = 1 h ec t a re
W eight
10 g ra mmcs 1 d ccagrcmmc
10 deca gram m os 1 hcc t ogt-em me
10 h ect ogrammos 1 k ilogram m e
1,000 kil ogrummes = 1 t onno
Capac-ity
1 litre 1 c ub ic d ccimetre
10 1it res 1 dccalitre
10 decalitres 1 hectolitre
10 h ectolitres 1 kilolit re
L ength
10 m illimet res 1 ce ntimet re
10 centimet re s 1 d oeirnot.re
10 d eei m et re s I met ro
10 m e t res 1 de ca met .re
10 d eca metres 1 h ectome t re
10 h ectomet ree I kilom et re
10 kilometres 1 rnyeia met re

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 Linear~l!elJ.'rure Eq ll1't'alenls

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1 yard = 0 ·914.a. m e t ro
I m ile = 1·6093 ki lomet res = 5,280 fret
1 m ill imet re = 0 ·0 393 7 inch
1 ce nt ime t re = 0 ·3937 inch
1 d ec im et re = 3 ·93 7 in ches
1 m et ro 39 ·3701 in ch es
3 ·28084 [ eet
1·09361 yard s
1 k ilometre = 0 ·62 137 m ile
1 decametre
(10 m etres) = 10· 036 y a rd s

METRIC CONVERSi ON FACTORS

To eo nver t-c-
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C'l'ntl mf"t n>s to inch es x 0·3V3. o r -:- 2·5-1
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) [E-t rn to feet x 8·281
) [et re a t o yards _ x 1,00"
) IE- t re s pe r secon d to ft'("t pr r
minute . x 197
Kilom.. t",s to miles x 0·621.1 or -:- 1·6003
K iloml' tre. to feet x 3.2.S0·8693
Sq uare mnnmerree to square
(n('hts x 0 ·00155 o r -. 6..15· 1
Squa re eent tmetres to square
Inches x 0·155 or -:- 6· ..151
Squ are met res to sq ua re fl:'f.'t X 10·764
Squa re met res to square va eds x H
140

METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS

-s-canti nu ed
To eo n vert -«
Square kilometres to acres • x 2 -l7-1
Hect ares to acres X 2 '..1 71
cuuc centimetres to cubic
Inches • X 0-06 o r -:- 16-383
('ubie m..t ree to cubic fed · . X 35 ·316
Culolc me tre s to cubic yard s X 1·308
Lit ru to cu bic Inche s • x 61-(}')-2
Lltres to gallo ns _ x 0·21roS o r -:- ..1·5..1 5
H ectoli t res to cubic fed X 3·53 1
n eetout res to cubic yards X 0 ·13 1
<;ram mu to ou nces (a\lolr -
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Grammes per cu bic cm. to lb.
pe r cubic inch . -:- :l.7·7
J Ollies to foot -lb. x 0·73 73
Xflc gramme s to oz. X 35·3
Ktlogrammcs to lb. X 2·2046
K i1ol,lra m m~ s t o t on s x 0 ·001
l\llogr am mes per sq. em . to
lb. per sq ua re inch .
Kllogramme-met res to
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Ktlog ramme pe r me tre to lb.
pe r foot .
Kilogranulle pe r cu bic metre
to lb. per cubic foot X 0-062
x ncara mme per cheve-\.• peur
to lb. per h.p . _ x 2·235
Kilowatts to h.p , X 13"
waue to h.p. -:- 7·46
Watts to foo t -lb. per second x o·ni3
Che\lal-vapt"ur to h.p. _ x o·ms63
Gallons o f wat er to lb. x 10
At mospheres to lb . pe r square
inch

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 EQUIVALENTS OF IMPERIAL AND METRIC

EQUIVALENTS OF IMPERIAL AND METRIC

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES - coni.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

] )ll'E HIA J, :m HRIC
Cubic Jl eusu (1!
Ull' BHIA L
Linear .lleasure
)IEl'R IC f cu. i nch
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3.'i·3 1..P.1 cu. feet
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1 foo t aOH! nulltmetrcs 1 ce ntimetre o.eear inch Capacity JI easuJ'e
1 ya rd
1 chai n (:! ~ ya rds )
1 fur long (220 ya r ds)
O'!HH tuet re
::U·lHitl met res
201' 16$ IIwln'li
1 metr e
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1 m et re
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1·75980 pints ;::;:
1 ga llo ll " 54 6 lit re" 1 lit re Q·21 9fl gallons ....
1 mil e (8 furlom r s) l 'GOtl3 ki lome t res 1 k ilometr e 0 '02137 mile
Sql mrr _lIeas!l re W ri ght
1 sq. in ch 645 -16 sq. mm 1 sq. em 0 ·15500 ,,11. inc h 1 g ruin o 'Oft-l 1'l erauunv 1 mnusremmc 0 ·015 gra in

llVi(l:m SQ. fect 1 dram 1', , 2 g rcnunvs 1 couna renune 0 ·15-1 gr a in

1 sq . foot (Hl!l :!H !<Q. met ro 1 sq . met re

1' 10(,;0 sq. ~ ·:If( I;; 1 ounce 2 ~ · :l ;, O I! rI ~lI11 lle 1 cmmme 1 ·5-13 grains

1 sq. y ar d U-t-\:lHI2 6 sq . metre 1 sq . me tre

1 puuml O·-l:,3;,n2 k tlourummcs 1 hectoz ra mmc 1 :; · 4 :~~ grains

1 rood (1,210 !>(I . ~' d) 10 ·11 7 «res 1 a re (100 sq. Ill) l IlHiO s(/. yn nls
1 stow' tj -3:>O kik ununnuos 1 k llogrunuuc 2 ·:!U-1 {i2 1b

1 a cre (4,8 40 sq . yli ) fH OWt\ h ectare 1 hectare (l00 a n' s) 2', 17 11 ac res
1 sq . mile (640 a cres) :!(i!J'UU hectan-s 1 sq . kilomet re U,3::\tiOn "(1, mil es Luuurtcr 12--;0 k ilog ra lllll )('S 1 myrlugrumme 22·0-16 Ib

1 ewt ;:;0·/,\0 kilournnnm-s i qulntul (I OU kg) 1, % tI cwt

1 ton 1'0\ 00 tonne, 1 tonru- ( 1,0 00 kg) 0 'llti-l2 tou

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26 6;6 I i ,a il! s.oec 2 '~162
27 7211 1 !) . ~3 5-1 96 3'UOll
Zt( i s'' 21,95 2 5' 2 92 3·037
29 8n 24 ,38 9 5'~ 3'072

30 900 27,000 5 ·.&';, sro r

31 .61 29,791 5 ';) 6,.« S-H I
32 1,02" 32 .7~ 5·6;), 3·175
3:], r.osc 3" ,937 S,H ;; 3·20!'\
31 1 ,156 39,au4 5·8 31 3-2 4U
35 1 ,225 4 ~,8'5 5·916 3·271

".

POWERS AND ROOTS -eotlJinued

S Q. S'luarts Cullts ~
J100U

36 1,2 U6 46,65 6 6·00 0 3 -30 2

37 1,369 SO,653 eosa 3·332
38 I , U4 5 4,8 72 6-HH 3·3 62
3. 1,52 1 59,319 6·245 3-301
4. 1,600 64,COO 6·325 3-420
6-403 3 -0148
"
42
I , GSI
1,764­
1,849
68 ,921
74,088 6 ' 471
6·5 57
3· 4-.6

"ee""
79, 50 7 3 ' 50 3
1,93 6 8 5 ,184 u.oaa 3·530
" 0-' 01,12;:' 6·708 3·557
i:li
2_
97,33 6 6' , S2 3-583
47 103,1fl3 6-856 3-609

44.' 2;30 4
2,40 1
110 ,592
11i ,6 4- 9
6-9"
J;I
7'000
3-634
3'659
5.
5\
"500
i:601
125 ,0 00
132,1151
7-071
7' 14 1
3·68 4
3·708
52 2,.0 4­ HOM S 7-211 3-73:1
53 ~ , S0 9 U~ , 8i7 7'280 3·7 56
7 ' 34 ~ 3-780
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56
2,YI G
3, 025
3, 13 6
157, 464­
Ui6,3 7i>
17 5 ,6 16
, , 416
7 ' 483
3-80 3
3·826
57 3,249 185,193 ;.r.SQ 3 -S-HI

.
50 3, 3 64 HI5, 1I2o 7-616 3-871
5. 3, 41H :!OS,370 1 -68 1 3-893

3,600 216,000 1 ·746 3-9 15

si 3, 72 1 2 ~6 ,ng l 7·810 3·936
tl;! 3,8U 238,328 7·8 74 3'U50
63 3 ,l lfJU 2[,0 ,0-1-7 7'!l37 3·979
n 4,0 9 6 262, l H eoo c 4-000
es 4,2 25 ~ 7-4 ,6 2::> e-oee 4·0'! 1
ee " ,3 56 28 7,49 6 8 '12-1 4·0n
67 4 , 4 ~U 300,763 8· 185 ·1-062
66 4,624 3 14 ,4 ~ 8-24 6 H)S~
.9 4,7 6 1 3~ 0 ,m 8-30 7 4'102

H7
- I- -- ­ -
 POWERS AND ROOTS-eolttinued

c.",
s« I S q ll Uft t
c.". _I Su_
quar'
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7. -I,M II
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3 ~ 3 , OOO 8 -36 7 -1-12 1
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s.aan
35 7,9 11
3:'3, 2-1 1:1
389 ,017
IH2 tl
/:I- HI;)
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-1 ·161.1
·1-1.9
74 :>.4 76 "\0 5,22 -1 8 '602 .H 9.i
~ . U2 5 -1 -21 7
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76 a ,771;
5,!1:?!!
-1 21,1:17 5
43.'1 ,976
"56 ,f1 3S
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8· 7 18
e-rrs " · ~3 '"
-1 -25-1
71' 6,0 8 -1 474,552 1'l·l'(32 -1 ·273
7!.l o.au -1 93,0 39 tH~S::l -1-291

80 1l, -tOO 5 12,000 8·9 -1 -1 -1·3 09

"sase 6,56 1
. 53 1,.1.&1 .·000 -1·327

.
6,72 " 5 51 ,3GS 9·055 -1·3-14
!iil ,ill? !H IO -1·36 2

"' "
t .ose
7 .~'"
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li H,125
9,16.-,
9- 22' 1
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811 7,396
7 . !)6(J
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G;.B.503
9· 27 -1
!1·32.
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4·-131
8S 7.7.... M I .";:.! 9·3,"'- 1 '; '-I -t8
b9 ; ,\r.!1 j ().l.969 !)-,13,1 4·-165

90 e.roo 729,000 9- -1"', ·H81

91 1i,2S 1 7~. 571 j) ·53\l -I·-1M
se 8,46-1 jjS ,l\AA 9059"2 .,I·5 U
.3 8, 64 9 80 -1,35 7 9-GH -t·531
•• 8 ,8311 tlSO,584 , ,695 -1-;)47

.••

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ll, 2 16
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9,80 1 970 ,2!J!:l esso .r.oec

100 10,000 1,00 0,000 10 -000 4·G,(2

1"

C en ti gr ad e-Fahrenhei t Conversion
Tab le

Tempe rature Conversion Formu lae

- F. to "C. "(. _5 ·9 { - F . _ 3~ 1

"C. to ' F. -s. _ !I -" . ,', ea +

· F. t ,, ' X. · It. _ 4; " C· F. - r.)
· H . .... · I'. - v, _ 9; . · R . + ;;:.:
- • • I.o "C. •• • •• - t-. _ ; :,-a - .K.
A boool" toe ..fO _ .;. 2 7J -U ' c.

14.
 SCRE WS.

BRI TISH ASSOCIATION (B .A.)

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19 0'>4 0 ' 14 181' -1 0'0"21 0·0055
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17 0 ·70 0 ·17 1-&9· ,1 0' Q">J1 (1-006.
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It is recomm ended th " t for SC re W R I t's~ th a n l in. dia­

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was origina lly propo sed by t he British Assoctauon In
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l)-l)'~l U ' ,)ll l
1-14;,
,"00 I 'MI X I ·'IX! ~ ., 2:1·11 ~ f1-lHIoIl71 5 fI-:II\I.1 I J.,~ .1 1 n· ~ l~ · l tII-· O ·O ~II00 31 'Ub
""
1I· f,M
}700 1 ·11'1 I ·M 3 !70 2n· ]M o-/ H1;~.1 IB 1)'31M II) .U u-aau (I ·O~" 1 1 31)M;; I ' ll ~"

t 4 11.\ .on r " J"" n,on' ioI "' I " ;" .~·,, t t" 3.'.11. '"''I''' I""r 1,,_.
'H.:I" ,, · n ~ 1 " .:-~ ~~

1. ·6,1 "'''I_I'''' ,,,,,,I ~. '·' I " ,,'ool.~' l I" 3.'".' ""1"' 1""
""
ill ' .
I .... rr .-...l .,. ... ..tI" ... n ,n .......,.)' print I ·...·r.·'..·,j K' .... . ), 0"" , to I". .. ,·y I''''' ) '

It' J~
 8m . ••r
= 0 = 0 <:> 0 = 0=<> c Ct ~ ... o 0 = 0 "0

~ l! ~8~ rg~ ~::i ~

. = 0 0' 0 8~E g~

.
0 0 ,
i:lliBa~
0 0
=== 0

a ¥ ~ ~ ~ f~ ~ ~i
0 = = o C ,?

..
•• f
.~i~:~ •
== ====0 ::: C = : C e ce ,e
0 0 0

~ :: E~ ~ ~ !! ~ ~ ~ ~~r:;~~ !~S~~ ••se

o ,", <;lee

~ ~ ~~i
C,?,? ,? ,? 0 = 0 0 0

~t ~g ~ s 3i~:: ~ ; ! ;H;
:=~ :E ~ ~ ~~;~f
<;> oo,?=
•'. ,
j ~.
•
t
==== 0 .~ § ~ ~ ~
00 ; 0 ; 0 0:<: =
-----
5~~E~ . ~ ;;
. g:t ~ ~ :::
;: ~~ ~~ ~~~~~ t~

i. ~ >

·.,,
O C Q OO 0 00 = = <:><:>0 0 0 =eo o e
~ :t ~ :; i;
~~i ~~ f
~~ ~ i ! z;~t:~ !i
~ :.;;; ~g It ;;: ~:'i:~ ....
- ~~ i
1
f
,I
l:==
i~~~
.... ~~~~ =
c ="' ''''''
: ~*i~
.:. ..
.;" ,: . ::lc:~ g
';'i: ~.;: ~
,>
,'
- ,t •
0

. ,,
Iftr
ec c e ,:,,:::: ec OCe> :<:>0<;:=
.;.. ~,;,,;,,~
i
...f~~~~
:t ~ ~ ! ~
g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~! ~:: ~ ~ ~ "". : 1

160

___ 0 0
~ :i::-~:;; .. 0 " ..."," ..... '... 7
'" 8~ ± li:;1 :~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ f.g f.~ ~ ~~

' 61
 METRIC WIRE SIZES: TURNS

PER l Om m

..""
.,· ~", j ..

d UJm~ l t'
tU
r ..rlU~r
JO "' ...
m i..
,.,
.."
S o... l,,,d

."
fllamtltr
T..,. ru ~r
J(J "' ...
min
~·OOO 0000 18 '3
4,-750
H OO
4 - 2~
2 '0
22 ,.,.
0· 4. 3 19 ·2
:W-j!
0· 425
4000
3 7M!
"
2·~ 0 ·400
:11·3
2 :! -6
:It -I
3 -:;~
3'300
"e-e
2'7
0 ·3 75
0 3'»
1/·33.:>
25 ·3
2 6"
3-150 a-r O·:U S 21l·4
3 ·000

''''
2 -6:.0
,.,
"
a.e
c.seo
e.eee
0-26 5
29 ·7
31· B
333
2 ·500 a.s 0250 35 ·2
2-360 0·236 3 7-2
2-240
2"120
"., J 0-224
0' 21 2
3 9 -1
.n .a
e-eeo 0200 43':;
1 -901l
, .", "s.c
:;·3
0 -190
1 ·160 '"
. 7·9
s .e
1 ·700
' 000 ,., 0 ·11 0
0 -160 ""
5 3 ,,)
' ·500 e.s 0-150 00·'
1 '400
1-320 ,.,
"r-e O-UO
0- 13'':
eo-a
63 ' 7
1 '250 0 ·125 67 -1
1-180
H 2O ,.,
"s-e 0 ·112
0·100
74 -6
eas
,l -ee,
'l)fJO
,.,
s.s
'0·071
'''
, .", 00·'
1 02 -1)
0'950 113- 6
0 '900 10 ' 4 0053 128· 2
0 850 H ·O n-ceo 13.1·3
0 800 11-11 o.osa H2·9
0-7&0 12 · j O-OSO 161 ·3
0 710 IHI IH ,l45 17 8·6
0· 670 13 ·8 0 -040 2 0lHl
0'6 30 J.H; 0'0 36 222'2
0'600 1:1·3 0'0 32 250-0
0'560 111· 4 0' 0 30 2li3 '2
0· :;3 0 17 ' :1 0 -0211 :lRS-7
0 (125 3 2'.!-!'

Prd~ne<l alzu I Il<lWll in hu \"y ptillt.

102

Sra'lJ6.rd
Inre ()a ,,~

00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0

~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~§~~ ~

~~ ::'l ~:;:;;:", ...... t: !i~ "'''''''

~ ~ ~ : ;~~ ~g~ g g ~ ~ ~~~;

g g ~-~~~ t;li ~~~ ~ ~~I

"' ... Q _ <:io .. . ... -.QO ... O
nlt ~

!~%~::~ ~~~ :;~~:g;t I

163
 $I..."l ..'"
Wi" G.... 9~

'0<

~~ ~~.~ ~~ ~~~.~~. ~~ 9 0 ~~J

eg ~ ~ ~~it~~~~i~~~ t ; ~~ ~~

•
,~
,••

165
 o ,

i "~

•
~
c
,~
,.
... ~
:"
'"
,. '"
OC C CCC: C O c O O O O O O O o ~ o o o
>
~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ c;

• '"'"""
;,
I to

;;;
<
s ••0
!I ~<>:
t~i
~

~~
~-~

!~r
166

METRIC SIZES OF INSULATED

ROUND WINDING WIRES

.r ~",ilwl N",lud,,' d,,,,,,£IeT

1' ../ " ," " X ,,,, ·p ,-ej..,ed A p p ro x i ", ,,le
", . lrI~ ri l e mt l'ic J la iu d.
"qu i"" I" "l
"""
(H)( JlJ ()·1969
~ ' j 50 (I·Hn O
4 ' ~ O IJ 0 "17, 2
4 ' ~ ;;O 0 ·1673
4' OllO 0 ' lu75
a.tso
:,,;;;;0
(1-14 7 6
U' l :l9 ll
a-uoo u-tmu
:l· I(;1) O ·l ~ .jU
:l-l11JO onsi
HlfJO 0·110'.1
2-6:.0 l)'lU 4:J
:H . UO O·UO!!·'
2-:160 O'lI!l Z9
2·240 0 ·088 2
e. reu 0 -01>.1:;
0· 0787
''''"
H I()l) (1,074 8
1.""
1·700
0-07 0')
ij·(ll1l.9
H iOO fHIIl3 0
1'l100 0, 0,,\11
l ·.jOO 0,05,, 1
1 ·320 (l' O:J:lO
1·2[>1f 0 ·0 4:12
i .rso 11-0 46 5
1· 1211 0 044 1
1 ·060 (l'Ul 7
r-oue 0 '0 30 4
O·!l50 \1-0:174
u.soo (joO :!.; 4
O ' 8 ~ () O'1I 3 : 1 ~
(1·8 111) o.uais
U-7;;U 0 ,0:\: 1:;
(I·7l0 O ' II\l ~ 1J
0 ·6 70 0 -026 -1
0·030 0'024 11
0 -600 O 'O '.l ~ 11
0·;; 60 0 ·022 0
0 ·530 O ·O~()'j

167
 METRIC SIZES OF INSULATED
ROUND WINDING WIRES - -con{inucd
X o"" ••1 t<; . . .. et", 41.. _1n­
I'"f~"" X_-JlU!","

--
.4PP'u iINdfo
md ,lc , h.

c-oco
O·4 W
--
_I, ;o,'::r

0- 475
i ,u ll
#fOI 1..- /, ..,

0·019 7
0-<118 ,
U-(II 77
0·42:; 0 -4116 7
0· 400 lH' ) ;;, ;;
.m 0-3 7';; 0 ·0148

...

O-UUO
0 -33$ 0-01:1 2
o-n s 0 -01 24
0 ·0 1l1l
o·ze.) O-(}1I0
O·2GJ 0-0 10_1
0 ·2:10 e-eces
0 -2'H
0-2311 o-eos
I>'OO!'.'j
0 ·21 "1 o -oo~
0·200 0 ·0079
u 'l9l) 0 ·0075
0· 180 0 001 1
0 -170 0 ·0007
0·160 U·OQl;:1
0- 1;;0 O-00J9
()-uo e-eoss
O· I:r.! O·OOU'.!
0-123 , ..."
0· 112 o~u
0 -100 O'OUJ !H
c-ecc 0 00.133 4
O·Ollll
0 ·071
o.oon:i
O · O!r.l~
u-eea IHI&l411

0 ·0:10
'0·0:;6
''' 0 ·00 2 3 6
0'00'220
0 -0)0197
0 ·043 0- 00 1 77
O'O.fll 0-011157
0 ·0:16 O·OOU 2
O , O ~ ;l
0 ·00 12 6
0 '0 30 O-OOIHI
O-Q';!S O' OOll O
M Y.!Z 0 -00098

l OS

FLUXES FOR SOLDERING

FIII Y I
1 -,
1"IUX( S geu erally

Iron
xt ect
C I
eChC"-'-'dC,-o-'-,C'-o-'-1 C hloride tinc­
Sal-am mo niac (killed sp irit)
;c
Copper Chlorid e of zinc
Rt'&ln R estn
Brass { Sal-ammoniac
ZmC
zin CDf"w)}
c (oldl
Lea d (\\ Uh fine
l eI"ucr Iue' 0 " 7.: nc
I Hydroc hloric
I
sold er) acid
Lead ( wnn CO RfU Tall ow a nd restn I
1IOldl'r )
Tin I
!~ ~l~w__ ~ __
P..wtf'r ~· et'_I_O_'_' _

COMPOSITION OF SOFT SOLDERS

S old" C"...~ilion M elli /lf}-po int

Ffne 1 : !l.1.f1.ls l in , 1 part )(';\<I 168 'C

'rtmun n's 1 lIurt tin , I part It ad. rss-c
l'lu mhf-r's 1 pa r t t in, ~ parh lead 22, "0

A mixture of 11 pa rt s t in :II1f1 I p'l r t lea d fuses a t a

lower tem perature t han a ny oth er mixe d proport ion of
t hese metalM _

SoU",
Hurd hru i ng 3 purts coppe r, 1 part zinc
H a rd lJl'ilzing I ~lf t co pper, 1 p art atne
sonce braalng -I pa rt ll co ppe r, 3 parts aiue , a llll
1 »llr t ti n
169
 MUSICAL NOTES FREQUENCY
The r un ge of n ot es o n a p ia no k eyh oard is
Fr om :!7'5 H z to 4 }S6 H z. ) li d d le C (t h e ce n tre
n o te o n a s t u ndurd keyboe rd ) has n frequency
of 26 1' 0 H z. Standard pi t ch ici A a ho\"l' m idd le
Cat. 8 f req ue ncy o f .uO H z. X o t e t ha t ra is in g
t he pitch of 1\ n ote is equ ivalent t o d ou bl in g
t h e fre q ue ncy for eac h com p le te octave .
A 27 ';) G ~8' O F :U !I·:! E 1318·;)
B 30·9 A 110 -0 G 39 2·0 F 1396 ·9
C 32·; H 123 ,;, A ·140-0 G 1;;68·0
D 36·7 C 130 ' S n -In3·!) A 1760 -0
E -1 1·2 D ue­s C :i:?3· 3 13 197 5 ,;3
~' 43·7 E 164 ·8 D ;i87 ·:J C 2093-0
U 4 tH) 10' 174 ·1) E (iii!!·:? 1) 23H ·3
A ss-n G 196-0 F OmH i E 2637· 0
B il l ·7 A2:W-O G 7H-l ·O F 2793·S
C 1\;) -4 B 246·!J A H!'lO·() G 3 13()'O
n 73·-1 C 261 ·1\ B !lS7 ·S A 3520-0
E 82 ·-1 D 293·7 C lO ·W·;'j n 3951 · 1
F 1:'17 ·:\ E 3::W·6 D 117-1-0 C -11 86·0

170
 MENSURATION
A and a = area; b = base ; C and c = cir­
cumference; D a nd d = diameter ; h = height ;
nO = number of degrees ; p = perpen di cu la r;
Rand r = r a dius ; 8 = span or ehord ;
v = ve rse d sine.
Square : a = side '; side = Va;

diagonal = side X 'l/iJ

R ec tangle or p arallelogram: a = bp .
Trapezoid (two sides parallel ) : a = moon
len g th parallel sides x distance between
t hem.
Triangle : a = lbp.
Irregular figure : a = weight of te mplate
7- weight of sq uare in ch of sim ila r material.
Side of sq ua re mult iplied by 1·-H42 equals
diameter of its circ umscribing circle.
A side multiplied by 4 ' 443 equals circum­
ference of its circ umscri bing cir cle.
A si de m ultiplied by 1· 128 eq ua ls di ameter
of a circle of equal a rea .
Square inches m ulti plied by 1·273 equa ls
sq u a re inches of an equa l cir cle .
172

MENSURATION- continued
Circle : a = 1Tr 2 = d ' ?:"= O·7 85 !d' = O·S er.;
4
c - 21Tr = d 1T = 3· 14 16d = 3'5!y a = (a p ­
prox .) J71 d. Side of eq ua l sq uare = O'8862d;
side of inscribed square =O·70 71d; d =O ·3 183c .
A circle h as the maximum a rea for a given
pe rimeter.
Annulus of circ le : a = (D + d )(D - d)~

= (DZ _ d Z)"::'.
4
Segment of circ le:
a = area of sector - a rea of t riangle

= :rv
,I t· .
I
(0· 625v)' + (lS)' .

Length of arc = O·0 174533 Ii or ; length of

arc = 1(8 ~~ + ~.z - s);

a pp rox. length of arc = 1 (8 t imes chord of
l a rc - ch ord of whole arc ).
d ~ (1 choM ) + v;
v
82 V
radius of curve = 8 V + '2.
Sector of circ le: a = O' 5r X leng th a rc ;
= n O X a rea circlo -;- 360.
173
1

ME NSURATION -e-continued
Ellipse : a = iDd= ,"Rr; c (a p p ro x .}

D: d + Z
Da
= " / ~ X nj C (ep prox.) = 11 j .

P a rabola: a = SM .

Cone or pyramid : surface

eire. De base x sla nt length L. _

:1 + ~;
co ntents = a rea of ba se X i verti cal height.
Frustum of cone :
surfa ce = (C + c) X i sla nt he ight ends ; +
conte nts = O·2 61 8h (D 2 + rl t + Dd):
- j h(A + a + V A X aj .
W edge: contents = .~ (len gth of edge +
2 len gth of back )bh.
Oblique prism : conte nte e aro e base X height.
Sp here : s urfa ce = d 3 7T _ 4 11'73 ;
~ 4
con tents = d IG = 31'TrJ.
Segmen t of sp here: T = red . of ba se ;
~
contents = tih (3r 2 + h i): r = r nd . o f s p h ere ;

co ntent s = ""'iht(3r - h).

Sph er ical zone :
~
cont e nt s = t hU h2 + Rt +r t) ; su rface of
con vex pa r t of segment or zone of sphere
= m:l(ofsph .)h = 2-:rrh.
1; -1

MENSURATION-eontinued
)Iid. sp h . zon e : content s - (r + !hl)i
Sph eroid :
content s = revolving axis' X fixed ax is X ~ .
Cube or rectangula r solid co nten ts = leng t h
X breadth x t h ickness.
Prism oidal for mula : contents
end a reas + 4 times m id . area X lengt h .
6
Solid re volution : contents = a of gene rat ing
plane x c descri bed by centroid of t his pl ane
during re volution . Areas of sim ila r plane fig.
ures are as the sq uares of lik e sides. Contents
of sim ila r solids a rc a s tho cubes of lik e sides.
R ules relative to tho circ le, sq ua re , cy linde r ,
e tc. :
To find circumferen ce of a circle :
Multiply diam ete r b y 3·14 16; or divide
d iameter b y 0·31 83 .
T o fin d di am ete r of a circ le :
Multipl y ci rcumference b y 0 '3 183 ; or
d ivid e circumfer en ce b y 3 ·1416.
T o find rad ius of a circle r
Mul t iply circ umference b y 0 ·159 15; or
di vide ciroumfore nco by lJ·283 18.
T o find the side of a n inscribed sq ua re :
.:\luJt.iply di ame ter by 0 ' 7071 ; or mu lt iply
circumference by 0 ·225 1; or div ide cir­
cumference by 4·4 428.
liS
 ItlENSURATION-continued
T o fmd side of a n equal square :
)lultiply diameter b y 0 ·8862 ; or divide
d iameter by 1 -1~84; or multiply circu m ,
feren cc by 0 -2 82 1; or d ivide circum fer ­
ence b y 3·54 5.
T o find area of a circle:
Multip ly ci rc umferen ce by t of the di a ,
m ete r ; o r m u lt ip ly the square of di a ,
me ter by 0 ·7854 ; or m u lt ip ly t h e s quare
of circum fere nco by 0·0 7958 ; or multiply
the sq uare o f ! diameter by 3-1416 .
T o fin d t he s u rfa ce of a s p here or g lobo:
Mulr.iply t he di ameter by the circumfer ,
ence; or mult ip ly th e square of diameter
by 3·141 6; or m ul t ip ly oj, times t he sq uare
of radius b y 3 ·14 16.
Cylinder.
T o find t he area of s urface :
Multipl y the dia m eter by 3~- X length.
Capacit y = 3~- X radi u s> X he ight.
Va lues no d P owers of :

1T = 3· 141 5926,1)36 . or 3 ·141 13. or 1 73. or 3 ~;

1T = 9·86965 ; V;; = 1' 772453 ;

2

!1T = 0 ·31 831 ' ~

' ~
1' 570 796 ;

w
:3 = 1·047197.
Radia n = 57-2958 degrees.
176

A~·
•

•
.'16. 1. Diagram for FI G. 2. }>iajtram for
T able A _ Ta ble B.
TABLE A
Sec Fi:!. 1

Par/$ Parts to
Gil-t il ' !.If! F OIw rl Form llli#!
1_ ­

(l b t' A cos A
b' + r' - 01"
':!.bc

bx sin A
o1 b .t B sin H= - - ­
•
Q II .~ c C _ l80 " ~(A + R)

/( _~ B b

i as in C (/ tlin( l BO" -.-t - R)

II
11..l
Ie- sin .:t = sill A
I
- 1-
ab C ! n B - l30" - (.4 + C)
- - -'- ­
177
I • I
.,

. ,. .....
• I
.,
~l I
-.
1
~, , I

I :
J!
• .' I
II
• · I ~ i·
_ I !
F ig . 3.- 10 an y
an gled tria ng le :
r ig ht .. FlO. 3. •
ta n A
Be Elin .-l
R('
- AU ' - A B

AC A.C

cos A. - A.B' cot A. • B C

~t'c A
AD AD

cosec .-l
- ..Ie ' - BO ,
178

<~
Fig. 4.-1n an y right.
a ngle d trian gle :
0 1 _ c 1 + b:

c "at _ bt
b 'I/(l I _ C1
• FlO.... <1 " bl + c1
F ig . 5.-c + d :a + b : :b - a: d - r ,

~
d r -s

+ ~
z _ vbt _ d~
< d
Fl o. 5.

In I"ilr. 6. wh ere tho

lcn c t hs o f t h ree sides o n ly
a re k no wn :
fIorE'a _

V', (. _ a f(s b)(". r-}

FIG . G.
where ~ _ 11
,
+ b + ,.

F ig . j .- l n t h is di a gr a m :

a : b : : b :c 0' .' -
a
,.

FlO. ..

179
.­ •
c
F ig . 8.- Tn a n e qu i­

latera l t rianglc ab _ I,

then cd _ , / 0 ' 7/) _ O-BDU,

and wi "" 0· 5 : li b = 2,

t hen ('(1 "'" ,/3-0 _ 1'7 32,

and ad = I ; cd = I,

. L.~_-".-_~"--" 1. t hen ac _ 1· 1.'),j a nti nd

= O' 57i ; cd =- (I . j . t he n

at: ... 0'5 77 a ndad _ 0-288 .

Fi g'. 9 .- ln a rig h t .
nr.g:lf"d t r ia ng le wi t h tw o
e qual a cute flllg h·l'I , b,. _ 'H.' ,
M
be = I , the n au _ ,,':1
}-·U4; ub ... I, t he n
\'0:5 .... 0' 70 7. •
Ltd c

F ig. 10 shows
t h'lt pu ral lelc ­
J::ra mll on the
& \l UO lrn1'\<: 'l a nd
betwee n t be
same pa ra llels
are equal ; thus
ABGIJ
Fl O. 10. - A DE F .
8
.F ig . 11 de m­
on et r utee that.
tria n gles o n t ho
e nrne huse ami
between t.ho
p n r Jl I1~'I >I
sa me
B fO
area:
equal in ...
t hu s ,
"'=-- - - "" C

ABC = A DC. FIG. 11.

18.

IND EX
A
Abb rcviations. u- Tj

amateur. 128

int ern ational. 127

Acceleration . :!O

AdmiUancc . 49

A erials. TV . 136. 137

a mate ur . 1::!4

Alpha . 49

A lphabet . G ree k. 13

morse. 130

p honetic. 131

Amateu r abbr evia tio ns, 128

hands. British . 124

bands, dipole lengths , 124

Amm ete r shunts, 8R

Am per e . 16. 20

hou r, 16

Ampere's ru le . 104

theor em . 104

Audi o frequencies . W9

B
Bauer"sronstant , l04

BBC a.m . rad io stations. I J I

f.m . radio srauo ns, 113. 114

loca l rad io sta tion... 114. 115

stereo test ton e tr ansmissions. 116 , 117

u. h.I. T V sta tio ns , 133

181
8 e la . 49
Bias . 49

res istor. 21

forward . 50

Boo lean algebra. 74

ll nt ish thermal unit . IR. 19

C
Call signs . international. 121. 123

Ca lor ie. 18. 19

Ca pac uo r. colour coding . 30. 31

reactan ce at SpO I frequ en cies . S6

dig it rod e . 33

tantalum , J J

Ca pacit an ce , 20. 21. 30. 32

Capacity. metr ic . 139

Cat hode follower . 26

C. B. rad io . U.K_ . 112

Ce ntig rade /Fahre nheit con version . 149

C MOS. data . 72-7-1

pinout s. 79-82
Code conversio n, 62~M
Complemen tary pa ir. 49
Co mpo nen t symbols. 14. 15
Conversion fac tors. 29
Copper wire data . 163. 164
Cosmic rays. lOt)
Coulomb. 16
Cou fcmb'slaw.fju
Country prefixes. 122. 123
Cube roo ts . 146- 148
Cube s. H 6- 1..l8
Current de nsity. 20

o
D lave r. IUS
Dariington pair . 49

IS2

Decibel, 100- 102

table . 103
Decim al m ultip liers, 17
Dia c.-l 9
Dime nsio ns of physical prope rt ies . 20
D IN co nnectio ns. 83
Diodes
data . 37-41

e ncapsulations , J-l . 35

light c miui ng. 43

se micond uctor . 49

D ipole lengths for the ama teur bands, 124

Drill sizes . 151- 15-1
Dr opper resistor val ues. Sol. 85
Dynamic e ne rgy. 18
resi..u anc c , 21
Dyn e . 18

E
E laver 108
Edd'y1\;"". 28
Elec tric field stre ngth. 20
Elec trical cquutions, 20
E lectro magne tic wave spectrum . ! O<)
E ne rgy . IS
E rg. 18. 19
Eu ro pean v.h. f. sou nd broadcas ting channels. 13K

F
Rlayer , HI
Fahrenhci l1Ccnrigrade conversion . l-lll
Farad . 16. 20
Faraday's laws. 104
Feedback . negative , 23

183
F.E .T " 50
svmbcls , (1) , 70
Fle min g's rulc , 105
Flu xes fo r solde ring, 169
E M. broad castin g channels
BBC statio ns, 113. 114
s te reo tes t ton e transmission s. 11 fI, 117
Foo l-pound . 18. 19
poundal, IS, 19
Force . IS. 20
Form ulae . 21
For ward bias. 50
Frequency. 21. lOY
/wavclcngth convention, li S

G
Gamma ra ys. 109
Germanium . 50
Greek alp ha bet . IJ

Hall effect, SO. 105

Heat . 19
"
sink. 50
He m }". 16 , 20
He rtz. 16
h n and hIT ' 50
Holdi ng cu rre nt. 50
Ho rizon distance. 22
Ho rsepo we r hou r. 18
metric. 19

Hybrid circuit . 50

Hystc revis loss. 28

1R.l

Impedan ce , 22
Imperial/metr ic equiva len ts, l ot!, 143
Inch . fraction s with metr ic equivalent s, 144
Increment al permeability . 29
Independen t rad io . 115
Inductance , 20 , 32
single layer coils . 22
Inductors . rc ea ctancc i l l spo t freque ncies. 87
Infra-red . I OQ
Integrated circ uits. 50
Inte rnational abbre via tio ns . 126
call signs, 122 . 123
o code, 126 , 127
Io nosphe re. 11m

Joule . 16. 2U
Joule's la w, lOS
Junction ca pac na ncc , 5 1

Kerr effec t, 105

Kilogram rorce . 18
Kit ovolt -empcrc. fe
Kilowatt . 16
hou r . 18
Kineti c ene rgy. 18
Kirchh o ff' s laws. 89-98

L
La w v. 1<»
Latch, 55
Lea d connec tio ns o f transisto rs , 3~, 35

"5
LEOs.")
Len gth. me tric . 139
Lc nz·s la w. lOti
light sensitive devi ces, 51
vefoci t v of , 17
Line ar measure equivale nts , ).10
Loca l radio stations , BB C. 114. 115
l ogic. famil ies , 59, 60
symbo ls. 58

te rmi nology , 55-57

terms. 55

Magn et formulae . 27
Magn et ic flux . 20
Magnetising force . 28
Maxwelrs Jaw. l06
ru le . 106
M ediu m W3 \ "e band.
srauo ns . BHC , I II
Mensuratio n. 172-180
Mei er conversions, 22
Metric conversion facto rs, 140, 141
eq uivalents of tractio ns of an inch . 144
hor sepo wer . II}
Imperial eq uivalents. H 2. 143
prefixes. 139
sizes of co ppe r windi ng.wires, 162
svste m. 139
wire sizes. 167
?l.lho .1 6
" licrow3\'e . band des ignation. 125
"filler eff ect . 106
circuit. ios
Mo rse code. 130
Mo to r curre nt table , 171

1M

.\l .O .S: r.. 17. 51

Mu ltipliers. 17
Multiplexe r. 55
M uslcar freq uen cy notes. 170

N.tHJC materi al, 51

Negative fee dback . 23
Ne utralisation. 5 1
Newto n. 16. IR. 20

o
O ctal. 55
O hm . 16. 20
Ohm's la..... . 23
On e sho t. 55
Op-amp circu its . .4(..-.48
O pen collec to r. 55

p
Pa rit y. 55
P-1) pe mat erial. 52
P~ j u nct i o n. 51
Pen du lum . 19
Pcrmcabilil) . 27
Phon etic alphabet . 131
Picofar ad , 16
Planck 's constant. 1(17
Point co ntact device. 51
Pound for ce . IX
Poundal. 18
Power . 19. 20. 24
Po wc ~ .I .46-I 4H
of p i a nd~. 145

IX7
"- -===============1
Power s u ppli e~. ·U. 45

Pr opagation dela y. 55

Q
o code. 126.1 27

o fac tor . 24

Q RK codc.l!9

Q SA code. 129

Qu ad . 55

Q uiescent. 55

Rad io freq uen cies. 109 . 110

U . K. C. R.. 112

wavebands . 110

l{c<Jctilnce. 2-4

of capacitors a t spo t frequ en cies. Sf)

of inductors, S7

Refri geratio n. ton of. 19

Resistan ce . 3D

values for dccoupli ng and voltage droppi ng. 84, 85

Resistor colour code , 30 . 3 1
digit code, 33

Resisto rs . preferred value s. 3 1

Rcsbt lvih ", 27

Resona nce . 21. 2-1.

Reve rse bias. 52

Roots. 1 ~ 1 .f8

o f pia ng):. 1-t5

RST code , 129

s
Satur atio n, t ra nsisto r 52

Sch mitt trigger . 55

J""

Screw s , B .A .. ISO
SC'~lO d. sid er eal. II)
Seco nd. so lar. 19
Semico nductor de vice . 52
glo~ ar~·. 49
mate rial,52
Sho rt wave ban ds. IIO
Shu nts ,8S
Sieme ns. 16.20
Silkon .5:!
SIf'\POcodc .1l0
So ldc rinl.! Iluxcv, 169
Sold ers. co mposuion of. 169
So lid sta te circuit. 5:!
So und . velocirv of. 17
Spect ru m. ele ctr om ag netic wave, 109
Squa re roots , 1 ~6-- 1 -IS
Squa res , I .u.-I -t.~
SI..gc gain. 16
Sta ndard drill sizes. 151- 157
units . l b. 17
wire gauges. 15 1- 157
Ste reo r. m. rest to ne tra nsmissio ns. 11(1 . 117
Sl ratosp he re . 108
Srroboscorc.vc
Super afphn pair, 52
Symhols .9- 12
co mpone nts. I~ . 15
tran!>hl or. 66--69
Synchmno u\ . 55

T
T ant alum capacito rs. 33
Television ae ria l d imen sion s. IYl. 137
chan nels , L'\3
cha nnel groups. 134
svs rcms . wor ld . 13:!
Tcsla: 17

JR.
 Th erm . 18. 19

The rma l runawa v. 52

Tb crm tstor . og ­

Thcvemn 's theorem . 107

Thvristor , 53

T ime . 19

constant. ~5
zones. 119-121

Toleran ce . resistor an d ca pacito r. 32

T on force . 18

Tr an sfor me r da ta . 83

equalion. D

for mu lae . 27

rat ios, 15

T ransistor circuits and cha racteristics. 36

data . 37-4 1
lead connections, 34, 35
sym bols, 66- 70
T ran smitt er s. BSe. 111. 113
IB A . 115
Tr iac. 53
T ro posp here . 108
T ru th tables. 58
ITLdala . 71. T2
to C \I OS. 75

pin outs. 77-71)

svm bols . 66

u·sing. 76

Tu ne d circuit , 24
T unnel diode 53

U
U .H. F. TV channels, 133-135
U. K . C. S . radio , 112
Ultra-viole t , 109
Uni ju nctlo n tran sist or. 53

19(1

v
Va lency. 54

Valve char acte ristics . 25. 26

Varicap diod e . 54

Veloci ty. ZOo2 1

nf light . 17
o f sound . 17
V .H. F . broadc asting cha nnels. 138
radio statio ns. 113-1 15

Visible spe ctru m , \09

Vo h .17- 20

ilmpcre . 17

Voltage depe nden t resisto r. 54

d roppiog. Bt

Volt meter sh unts . Sf;

w
Watt . 17. 19.20

Wattage rati ng. 26

Wa velength . 2 1

frequency conversion. l IS
of tuned circuit . 26

Wcbcr , 17. 20

Weigh t. mel ric. 139

Wire dat a . 15 1- lllS

gau ges. IM- I66

metric sizcs. 15R- 162, 167- 168

Wor k. 20

Wor ld tim e , 119- 12 1

T V sys tems. 132- [35

z
Ze ner diode , 42 , 54

19 1