Lecture-01

Outline
Modeling and Simulation What? Why? Uses Taxonomy Model Development Life Cycle

Modeling and Simulation

Model
A

model (usually miniatu e! is a ep esentation of the const uction and "o #ing of some system of inte est $t is simila to %ut simple than the system it ep esents A good model is a t adeoff %et"een ealism and simplicity&

Modeling and Simulation

(Cont)
$t

is desc iption of o%se ved %ehavio ' simplified %y igno ing ce tain details& Models allo" complex systems to %e unde stood and thei %ehavio p edicted "ithin the scope of the model' %ut may give inco ect desc iptions and p edictions fo situations outside the ealism of thei intended use&

Modeling and Simulation

(Cont)
Simulation
simulation is a tool to evaluate the performance

of a system e!isting or proposed under different configurations of interest and over long periods of real time" Simulation of a system is the operation of a model of the system" #he operation of the model can $e studied and hence properties concerning the $ehavior of the actual system or its su$systems can $e inferred"

%hy Simulate&
't may $e too difficult dangerous or e!pensive to o$serve

a real operational system (arts of the system may not $e o$serva$le (e"g" internals of a silicon chip or $iological system) )ses of simulations * +naly,e systems $efore they are $uilt
-educe num$er of design mista.es Optimi,e design +naly,e operational capa$ilities of systems Create virtual environments for training entertainment

+pplications/ System +nalysis

0Classical1 application of simulation #elecommunication net2or.s #ransportation systems 3lectronic systems (e"g" microelectronics computer systems) 4attlefield simulations Manufacturing systems Logistics

+pplications

5irtual 3nvironments
)ses/ training (e"g" military medicine

emergency planning) entertainment Simulations are often used in virtual environments to create dynamic computer generated entities
+dversaries and helpers in video games 6efense/ Computer generated forces (C78)

+utomated forces Semi9automated forces

5irtual 3nvironments
(Cont)
(hysical phenomena

#ra:ectory of pro:ectiles 4uildings 0$lo2ing up1 3nvironmental effects on environment (e"g" rain 2ashing out terrain)

3!amples

Simulation 8undamentals
+ computer simulation is a computer program

that models the $ehavior of a physical system over time"

(rogram varia$les (state varia$les) represent

the current state of the physical system Simulation program modifies state varia$les to model the evolution of the physical system over time"

6efense Simulations
#ypes of simulation Constructive/ simulated people operating simulated e;uipment 5irtual/ real people operating simulated e;uipment Live/ real people operating real e;uipment Ma:or application areas
+nalysis %ar gaming logistics

6efense Simulations
#raining
(latform level Command level

#est and evaluation <ard2are9in9the9loop

#ypes of Simulation Models

Stochastic vs" 6eterministic

Stochastic simulation/ a simulation that

contains random (pro$a$ilistic) elements e"g"

3!amples

'nter9arrival time or service time of customers at a restaurant or store +mount of time re;uired to serve a customer

Output is a random ;uantity (multiple runs

re;uired analy,e output)

Stochastic vs" 6eterministic

6eterministic simulation/ a simulation

containing no random elements

3!amples

Simulation of a digital circuit Simulation of a chemical reaction $ased on differential e;uations

Output is deterministic for a given set of inputs

Static vs" 6ynamic Models

Static models Model 2here time is not a significant varia$le 3!amples

6etermine the pro$a$ility of a 2inning solitaire hand Statistical sampling to develop appro!imate solutions to numerical pro$lems

Static = stochastic > Monte Carlo simulation

6ynamic models Model focusing on the evolution of the system under investigation over time

Continuous vs" 6iscrete

6iscrete
State of the system is vie2ed as changing at

discrete points in time +n event is associated 2ith each state transition

3vents contain time stamp

Continuous
State of the system is vie2ed as changing

continuously across time System typically descri$ed $y a set of differential e;uations

Overall 5ie2 of M?S

Model 6evelopment Life Cycle

6etermine 7oals and O$:ectives

%hat do you (or the customers) hope to

accomplish 2ith the model

May $e an end in itself

(redict the 2eather #rain personnel to develop certain s.ills (e"g" driving)

More often a means to an end

Optimi,e a manufacturing process or develop the most cost effective means to reduce traffic congestion in some part of a city

6etermine 7oals and O$:ectives

Often re;uires developing a $usiness case to

:ustify the cost

'mproved efficiency 2ill save the company

money 3ven so may $e hard to :ustify in lean times

7oals may not $e .no2n 2hen you start the

pro:ect@
One often learns things along the 2ay

6evelop Conceptual Model

+n a$stract (i"e" not directly e!ecuta$le)

representation of the system %hat should $e included in model& %hat can $e left out& %hat a$stractions should $e used
Level of detail Often a variation on standard a$stractions

6evelop Conceptual Model

3!ample/ transportation

8luid flo2& Aueuing net2or.& Cellular automata&

%hat metrics 2ill $e produced $y the model& +ppropriate choice depends on the purpose of

the model

6evelop Computational Model

3!ecuta$le simulation model Soft2are approach
7eneral purpose programming language Special purpose simulation language Simulation pac.age

+pproach often depends on need for customi,ation and

economics %here do you ma.e your money& 6efense vs" commercial industry Other (non9functional) re;uirements (erformance 'nteropera$ility 2ith other modelsBtoolsBdata

5erification
6id ' $uild the model right& 6oes the computational model match the

specification model& Largely a soft2are engineering activity (de$ugging) Cot to $e confused 2ith correctness (see model validation)@

5alidation
6id ' $uild the right model& 6oes the computational model match the actual (or

envisioned) system& #ypically compare against Measurements of actual system +n analytic (mathematical) model of the system +nother simulation model 4y necessity al2ays an incomplete activity@ Often can only validate portions of the model 'f you can validate the simulation 2ith 100D certainty 2hy $uild the simulation&

Steps in Model 6evelopment

Summary
Modeling and simulation is an important 2idely

used techni;ue 2ith a 2ide range of applications

Computation po2er increases (MooreEs la2) have

made it more pervasive 'n some cases it has $ecome essential (e"g" to $e economically competitive) -ich variety of types of models applications uses

+s easy (actually easier@) to get 2rong or

misleading ans2ers as it is to get useful results +ppropriate methodologies re;uired to protect against ma:or mista.es" 3ven so