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ECE 308-2 1
F=
2
Tp =
1 F
ECE 308-2 2
xa (t + Tp ) = xa (t )
Increasing the frequency means decreasing the period of the signal, so that increase the rate of oscillation of the signal
ECE 308-2 3
A j ( t + ) A j ( t + ) e + e 2 2
A/2 t+ t+ A/2
Re
ECE 308-2 4
f =
and the signal is
2 f 0 N = 2k
or
f0 = k / N
ECE 308-2 6
Hence, 2 is an alias of 1 .
ECE 308-2 8
Discrete-Time Signal
Quantized Signal
Sampling :
Conversion of a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal Taking samples of the continuous-time signal at discrete-time instants. x(n) = xa ( nT ) Sampling interval is T.
ECE 308-2 9
ECE 308-2 10
Analog Signal
ECE 308-2 11
x ( n) = xa ( nT )
The time interval T is called the sampling period or sampling interval The sampling rate or the sampling frequency is found as
Fs = 1 [ Hz ] T
The relationship between the variable t of analog signal and the variable n of discrete-time signal is
t = nT =
n Fs
ECE 308-2 12
xa (t ) = A cos(2 Ft + )
Sampling frequency is Fs = 1/ T , so that
x( n) = xa (nT ) = A cos(2 FnT + ) = A cos(2 F n + ) Fs
or
x(n) = A cos( n + )
f = F Fs
2 F = = T Fs Fs
ECE 308-2 13
Discrete-time signal
= 2 f [radians/sample]
f [cycles/sample]
=T , f = F / Fs
= /T , F = f .Fs
1 2
1 2
Range
< < < F <
Range
Fs F F 2 2 2
ECE 308-2 14
Fmax =
Fs 1 = 2 2T
max = Fs =
Example:
x1 (t ) = cos 2 10t
x2 (t ) = cos 2 50t
The sampling rate is Fs = 40Hz Find discrete time signal x1(n) and x2(n)
ECE 308-2 15
We know that
cos 5 n = cos 2 + n = cos n 2 2 2
Hence
x1 (n) = x2 (n)
The frequency F2 = 50Hz is an alias of the frequency F1 = 10Hz at the sampling rate of Fs = 40 Hz. Even
Fk = ( F1 + 40 k ), k = 1,2,3,...
Fs F F 2 2 2
ECE 308-2 17
F=10 Hz
F=50 Hz T=0.025 s
>> t=0:0.001:0.2; >> x1=cos(2*pi*10*t); >> plot (t,x1,'--') >> hold on >> x2=cos(2*pi*50*t); >> plot (t,x2,'r--') >> n=0:0.025:0.2; >> y1=cos(2*pi*10*n); >> stem (t,y1,'g-') >> Title('Discrete-time signal with x1(t) and x2(t)')
Fs=40 Hz
ECE 308-2 18