Analog-Communications-Lab Manual and VIVA

Analog Communications Lab
INDEX
Assessment of mar!s "#ax $%#&
S.No
Name of the Experiment
age No
Date of erformance
Date Of Submission
Sign. Of 'acult(
1.
Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation Diode Detector Characteristics !re"uency Modulation & Demodulation $alanced Modulator &re'(mphasis & De'emphasis Mi*er Characteristics Digital &hase Detector &hase -oc.ed -oop Synchronous Detector A1C Characteristics !re"uency Synthesi2er S"uelch Circuit A)erage mar!s
2. .
#.
%. ).
+.
,.
/.
10
11
12.
Signature of Lab-In-charge INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
HOD
Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology
Dept. of ECE

Students shall read the points given below for understanding the theoretical concepts and Practical applications. 1. Listen carefully to the lecture given by teacher about importance of subject, curriculum philosophy, Learning structure, skills to be developed, information about equipment, instruments, procedure, method of continuous assessment, tentative plan of work in Laboratory and total amount of work to be done in a semester. 2. Students shall undergo study visit of the laboratory for types of equipment, instruments and material to be used, before performing experiments. 3. Read the write up of each experiment to be performed, a day in advance. 4. Organize the work in the group and make a record of all observations. 5. Understand the purpose of experiment and its practical implications. 6. Student should not hesitate to ask any difficulty faced during conduct of practical / exercise. 7. Student shall develop maintenance skills as expected by the industries.
,. Student should develop the habit of pocket discussion / group discussion related to the experiments/
exercises so that exchanges of knowledge / skills could take place. 9. Student should develop habit to submit the practical, exercise continuously and progressively scheduled dates and should get the assessment done. 10. Student shall attempt to develop related hands - on - skills and gain confidence. 11. Student shall focus on development of skills rather than theoretical or codified knowledge. 12. Student shall visit the nearby workshops, workstation, industries, laboratories, technical exhibitions trade fair etc. even not included in the Lab Manual. In short, students should have exposure to the area of work right in the student hood. 13. Student shall develop the habit of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. those included in the scope of the manual. 14. Student shall refer to technical magazines, proceedings of the Seminars, refer websites related to the scope of the subjects and update their knowledge and skills. 15. The student shall study all the questions given in the laboratory manual and practice to write the answers to these questions. on the
Dept. of ECE
Exp No* $ A# LI+,DE #OD,LA+ION - DE#OD,LA+ION AI#* To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation A A.A+,S .E/,I.ED* S. No. 1 2 Component Transistor 7esistors Capacitors # % ) + , / Diode !unctions 1enerator 7egulated &o;er Supply $read $oard Cathode 7ay =scilloscope Connecting ?ires Specification $C10+ 10089 #.+89 2+0 9 9 #.+:! 0.001:! 0A+/ 1Mh2 30' 06< 0'20M>2 Single Strand
Date*
3under modulation4 perfect
modulation & o5er modulation6 and also to calculate the modulation inde*. /uantit( 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 As 7e"uired
+HEO.0* Modulator section illustrates the circuit of modulating amplifier employing a transistor as an acti5e de5ice in C( mode. 71 & 72 establish a "uiescent for;ard bias for the transistor. The modulating signal fed at the emitter section causes the bias to increase or decrease in accordance ;ith the modulating signal. C is bypass capacitor for carrier. Thus the carrier signal applied at the base gets amplified more ;hen the amplitude of the modulating signal is at its ma*imum and less ;hen the amplitude of the modulating signal is small. C 2 couples the modulated signal to output of the modulator. Demodulation in5ol5es t;o operations. i6 ii6 7ectification of the modulated signal and (limination of 7! components of the rectified signal.
The diode in the circuit diagram of demodulator does half ;a5e rectification. The rectified signal is applied to a lo; pass filter to e*tract the modulating signal.
CI.C,I+ DIA1.A#* <CC @ 12<
Dept. of ECE
Analog Communications Lab 71 7 C2 =utput C1 7! Input 72 7# A! Input Demo2ulator* D1 AM Input =A +/ 18 1n! E3 EC+ED 4A5E'O.#S*A! =utput $ $C 10+ ( C C -1 100 >
.OCED,.E* 1. Made the connections according to Circuit Diagram. 2. Measure and note do;n the fre"uency & amplitude 3p'p6 of the fi*ed carrier signal.
Dept. of ECE
Analog Communications Lab . Measure and note do;n the fre"uency & amplitude 3p'p6 of the fi*ed message signal. #. Apply fi*ed fre"uency carrier signal to 7! input terminals. %. Apply modulating signal to A! input terminals. ). Aote do;n and trace the modulated signal en5elope on the C7= screen. +. !ind the modulation inde* by measuring <ma* and <min from the modulated 3detectedB traced6 en5elope. m@3<ma* C<min6B3<ma*D<min6 ,. 7epeat the steps #4% & ) by changing the amplitude of the modulating signal so as to obser5e o5er modulation4 under modulating and perfect modulation. /. !or demodulation4 apply the amplitude modulated signal as an input to the demodulator and 5erify the demodulated output ;ith respect to the applied modulating signal .ECA,+IONS*
.ES,L+*
Dept. of ECE
/,ES+IONS Tm Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology ) Dept. of ECE
1. 2.
AM is Defined as EEEEEEEEEEEE Dra; its spectrumEEEEEEEEEEE . #. %. ). +. ,. /. 10. 11. 12. Dra; the phase representation of an amplitude modulated ;a5eEEE Modulation inde* is defined asEEEEE The different degrees of modulation EEEEEEE ?hat are the limitations of s"uare la; modulator Compare linear and nonlinear modulators Compare base modulation and emitter modulation AM Demodulator is EEEEEEEEEEE Detection process EEEEEEEEE The different types of distortions that occur in an en5elop detector areEEEEEEEEEE (limination of distortions in (n5elope Detector EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE techni"ue ;e use.
Dept. of ECE
Dept. of ECE
Dept. of ECE
10
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab Exp No* 6 DIODE DE+EC+O. CHA.AC+E.IS+ICS AI#* To perform demodulation of an amplitude modulated signal using 3i6 Simple diode detector and 3ii6 &ractical diode detector A A.A+,S .E/,I.ED* S. No. 1 2 Component Transistor 7esistors Specification $C10+ 10089 #.+89 2+0 9 9 #.+:! 0.001:! <ariable 0A+/ 1Mh2 30' 06< 0'20M>2 1008 9 Single Strand /uantit( 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 As 7e"uired Date*
Capacitors # % ) + , / 10 +HEO.0* Diode !unctions 1enerator 7egulated &o;er Supply $read $oard Cathode 7ay =scilloscope &otentiometer Connecting ?ires
Demodulation in5ol5es t;o operationsF 3i6 3ii6 7ectification of the modulated ;a5e and (limination of 7! components of the rectified modulated ;a5e
Simple Dio2e Detector The diode is the most common de5ice used in AM demodulator. Signal 3AM modulated signal6 is applied to anode and output is ta.en from cathode. Diode operates as half ;a5e rectifier and passes only positi5e half cycle of the modulated ;a5 e. !urther signal is applied to a parallel combination of resistor 37d6 and capacitor 3Cd6 ;hich acts as a lo; pass filter. This -&! allo;s only lo; fre"uency signal to output and it by passes 7! component to the ground. This simple diode detector has the disad5antage that the output 5oltage4 in addition to being proportional to the modulating signal4 also has a dc component4 ;hich represents the a5erage en5elope amplitude 3i.e. carrier signal6 and a small 7! ripple. >o;e5er these un;anted components are remo5ed in a practical detector lea5ing only A! signal. CI.C,I+ DIA1.A#*
11
Dept. of
ECE
E3 EC+ED 4A5E'O.#S*-
AM Modulated signal
ractical Dio2e Detector*
12
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab In practical diode detector the cathode terminal of the diode is connected to one end of the secondary of I! transformer. The other end is grounded. Secondary is tuned ;ith the capacitor C1. The capacitors C 2 and C are used for 7! filtering. The modulated signal is applied at the input of I! transformer. The 5oltage applied is negati5e and hence the cathode of the diode passes is connected to the I! transformer. So the diode passes both the positi5e and negati5e half cycles. The 7! filtering is done by C2 and C . The output is ta.en at the 5olume control. .OCED,.E*1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and s;itch on the po;er supply. 3 Measure the po;er supply 5oltage4 D12< and '12<6 2. =bser5e outputs of 7! and A! signal generator using C7=4 note that 7! 5oltage is appro*imately 00m5 p'p of 1M>2 fre"uency and A! 5oltage is 10< p'p 28>2 fre"uency. . Ao; connect the modulator output to the simple diode detector input. #. =bser5e the A! signal at the output to the simple diode detector at appro*imately %0G modulation using C7=. %. Compare it ;ith the original A! and obser5e that the detected signal is same as the A! signal applied. Thus no information is lost in the process of modulation. 3AoteF =nly ;a5e shape and fre"uency ;ill be same4 amplitude ;ill be attenuated and phase may change6 ). To obser5e AM ;a5e at different fre"uencies4 connect A! signal from e*ternal signal generator to the input of modulator and obser5e demodulated ;a5e at different fre"uencies. +. 7epeat the e*periment using practical diode detector circuit. .ECA,+IONS*
.ES,L+*
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab A! output
/,ES+IONS Tm Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology 1# Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab 1. Selecti5ity of recei5er is defined as EEEEEEEEEEEEE 2. Sensiti5ity of a recei5er is defined as EEEEEEEEEEEE 2. The purpose of diode in diode detector circuit is EEEEEEEEEE . The disad5antages of simple diode detector circuit are EEEEEEE #. The factors influencing the choice of intermediate fre"uency in recei5ers EEEEE %. The ad5antages of practical diode detector areEEEEEEEE
1%
Dept. of
ECE
1)
Dept. of
ECE
1+
Dept. of
ECE
1,
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab Exp No* 7 '.E/,ENC0 #OD,LA+ION AND DE#OD,LA+ION AI#* To study the functioning of fre"uency modulation & demodulation and to calculate the modulation inde*. A A.A+,S .E/,I.ED S. No. 1 2 Component ICs 7esistors Specification H7 220)4 -M %)% 100894 #.+89 1089 2209 #+89 0.01:!40.001:! 0. 1:!4 #+0p!4 0.01p! 1:!410:! 1Mh2 30'126< 0'20M>2 Single Strand /uantit( 1 (ach 2 (ach 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 As 7e"uired Date*
Capacitors # % ) + , +HEO.0* 1. A! 1eneratorF !unctions 1enerator 7egulated &o;er Supply $read $oard Cathode 7ay =scilloscope Connecting ?ires
This is an op'amp placed ;ein bridge oscillator. A !(T input "uad =p'Amp 3ICT-0,#6 is used here to generate lo; fre"uency signals of %00 >2 and %8>2 to use as modulating signal. In this e*periment4 a s;itch is pro5ided to change the fre"uency. 7e"uired amplification is pro5ided to a5oid loading effect. 2. 7egulated po;er supplyF This consists of bridge rectifier4 capacitor filters and three terminal regulators to pro5ide re"uired dc 5oltages in the circuit i.e. D1% <4 '1% <4 D%< . . ModulatorF This has been de5eloped using H7'220) integrated circuit. The IC H7'220) is a monolithic !unction generatorI the output ;a5eforms can be both amplitude and fre"uency modulated by an e*ternal 5oltage. !re"uency of operation can be selected e*ternally o5er a range of 0.01 M>2. The circuit is ideally suited for communications4 instrumentations and function generator applications re"uiring CI.C,I+ DIA1.A#* 're8uenc( #o2ulation Circuit Diagram* D125 Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology #.+8 1/ Dept. of
ECE
1008 A! IB! 108
4 7 XR 2206 14 0.01 ! 5 6 1 10 13 3 2
#+8
#.+ 8
10 !B) 5
!M =B& 0.1 ! 220
1 !B) 5
're8uenc( Demo2ulation Circuit Diagram* D %5 108 0.1 ! 8 ),0 LM 565 7 4 3 1 ),0 9 #+0&! 5 A! =utput 18&!
108&! A! Input
10 2
C %< sinusoidal tone4 AM4 !M or !S8 generation. In this e*periment4 IC HC'220) is connected to generate sine ;a5e4 ;hich is used as a carrier signal. The amplitude of carrier signal is %5&& of 100 8>2 fre"uencies. #. DemodulatorF
20
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab This had been de5eloped using -M#%)% integrated circuit. The IC -M%)% is a general' purpose phase loc.ed loop containing a stable4 highly linear 5oltage controlled oscillator for lo; distortion !M demodulation. The <C= free running fre"uency f0 is adJusted to the center fre"uency of input fre"uency modulated signal i.e. carrier fre"uency ;hich is of 100 8>2. ?hen !M signal is connected to the demodulator input4 the de5iation in the input signal 3!M signal6 fre"uency ;hich creates a DC error 5oltage at output of the phase comparator ;hich is proportional to the 5ersion of the fre"uency modulated input signal. .OCED,.E* 1. Connect the circuit as per the gi5en circuit diagram. 2. S;itch on the po;er supply. . Measure the fre"uency of the carrier signal at the !M output terminal ;ith input terminals open and plot the same on graph. #. Apply the modulating signal of %00>K ;ith 1<p'p. %. Trace the modulated ;a5e on the C.7.= & plot the same on graph. ). !ind the modulation inde* by measuring minimum and ma*imum fre"uency de5iations from the carrier fre"uency using the C7=. Mr = S ma*imum !re"uency de5iation = f modulating signal fre"uency change of fre"uency f. This error 5oltage pulls the <C= to the ne; point. This error 5oltage ;ill be the demodulated
+. 7epeat the steps %& ) by changing the amplitude and Bor fre"uency of the modulating Signal. ,. !or demodulation apply the modulated signal as an input to demodulator circuit and compare the demodulated signal ;ith the input modulating signal & also dra; the same on the graph. A=T(F Aote do;n all the input and output ;a5e forms of the signals applied and obtained respecti5ely. .ECA,+IONS*
.ES,L+*
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Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab E3 EC+ED 4A5E'O.#S*
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Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE
/,ES+IONS 1. !re"uency modulation is defined as EEEE 2. The ad5antages of indirect method of !M generation are EE . Modulation inde* and fre"uency de5iation of !M is EEEE #. The ad5antages of !M are EEEEEE %. Aarro; band !M is EEEEE ). Compare narro; band !M and ;ide band !ML +. Differentiate !M and AM EEEEE ,. !M ;a5e can be con5erted into &M ;a5e EEEEE /4 State the principle of reactance tube modulator EEEEE 10. The band;idth of !M system is EEE 11. The function of !M discriminator isEEEEEEEEE 12. 7atio detector differ from foster'seely discriminator EEEEE 1 . -inear detector is EEEEEEEE 1#. The dra;bac.s of slope detector are EEEEEEEEEEE Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology 2# Dept. of
ECE
2%
Dept. of
ECE
2)
Dept. of
ECE
E Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology 2+ Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab xp No* 9 :ALANCED #OD,LA+O. AI#* To study the follo;ing of the $alanced Modulator as a 1. !re"uency Doubler 2. DS$'SC 1enerator. A A.A+,S .E/,,I.ED* S. No. 1 2 Component Modulator IC 7esistors Capacitors % ) + , / !unctions 1enerator 7egulated &o;er Supply $read $oard Cathode 7ay =scilloscope Connecting ?ires Specification MC1#/) 1089 #.+89 2+0 9 9 0.1:! 0.001:! 1Mh2 30' 06< 0'20M>2 Single Strand /uantit( 2 2 1 1 # 1 2 1 1 1 As 7e"uired Date*
+HEO.0* 1. RF Generator: Colpitts oscillator using !(T is used here to generate 7! signal of appro*imately 100 8>2 !re"uency to use as carrier signal in this e*periment. AdJustments for Amplitude and !re"uency are pro5ided in panel for ease of operation. 2. AF Generator: -o; !re"uency signal of appro*imately %8>2 is generated using =&'AM& based ?ein' $ridge oscillator. IC T- 0,# is used as an acti5e componentI T- 0,# is !(T input general purpose "uad =&'AM& integrated circuit. =ne of the =&'AM& has been used as amplifier to impro5e signal le5el. !acility is pro5ided to change output 5oltage. 3. Regulated Power Supply: This consists of bridge rectifier4 capacitor filters and three terminal regulators to pro5ide re"uired DC 5oltage in the circuit i.e. D1254 ',5 M 1%0 MA each. CI.C,I+ DIA1.A#*
2,
Dept. of
ECE
4. Modulator:
2/
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab The IC MC 1#/) is used as Modulator in this e*periment. MC 1#/) is a monolithic integrated circuit balanced modulatorBDemodulator4 is 5ersatile and can be used up to 200 Mh2. MultiplierF A balanced modulator is essentially a multiplier. The output of the MC 1#/) balanced modulator is proportional to the product of the t;o input signals. If you apply the same sinusoidal signal to both inputs of a ballooned modulator4 the output ;ill be the s"uare of the input signal AM'DS$BSCF If you use t;o sinusoidal signals ;ith deferent fre"uencies at the t;o inputs of a balanced modulator 3multiplier6 you can produce AMDS$B SC modulation. This is generally accomplished using a high' fre"uency NcarrierO sinusoid and a lo;er fre"uency NmodulationO ;a5eform 3such as an audio signal from microphone6. The figure 1.1 is a plot of a DS$'SC ;a5eform4 this figure is the graph of a 1008>2 and a % 8>2 sinusoid multiplied together. !igure 1.2 sho;s the circuit that you ;ill use for this e*periment using MC 1#/) balanced modulatorBdemodulator. Note: In re!uen"y dou#l$ng I t%e $nput t$&e per$od $' ()* a ter re!uen"y dou#l$ng t%e t$&e per$od '%ould #e %al ed.$.e+*),2*. .OCED,.E*I-Fre!uen"y .ou#ler 1. Connect the circuit as per the gi5en circuit diagram. 2. S;itch on the po;er to the trainer .it. . Apply a % 8>2 signal to both 7! and A! inputs of 0.1<&'&. #. Measure the output signal fre"uency and amplitude by connecting the output to C7=. %. 7epeat the steps and # by changing the applied input signal fre"uency to 1008>K and %008>2. And note do;n the output signals. N/)E: - A&pl$tude de"rea'e' w$t% $n"rea'e $n t%e appl$ed $nput re!uen"y. II-Generat$on o .S0-SC 1. !or the same circuit apply the modulating signal3A!6 fre"uency in bet;een 18h2 to %8h2 ha5ing 0.# <&'& and a carrier signal37!6 of 1008>2 ha5ing a 0.1 <&'& . 2. AdJust the 7! carrier null potentiometer to obser5e a DS$'SC ;a5eform at the output terminal on C7= and plot the same. 7epeat the abo5e process by 5arying the amplitude and fre"uency of A! but 7! maintained constant. N/)E:- Note down all t%e wa1e or&' or t%e appl$ed $nput' and t%e$r re'pe"t$1e output'. .ECA,+IONS*
E3 EC+ED 4A5E'O.#S* Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology 0 Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE
.ES,L+*
/,ES+IONS 1. The t;o ;ays of generating DS$ESC are EEEEEEEE 2. The applications of balanced modulator are EEEEEEEE . The ad5antages of suppressing the carrier EEEEEEEE #. The ad5antages of balanced modulator EEEEEEEEEE %. The ad5antages of 7ing modulator EEEEEEEEEE ). The e*pression for the output 5oltage of a balanced modulator is EEEEEEEEE
Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab Exp No* ; .E-E# HASIS - DE-E# HASIS AI#* To study the functioning of &re'(mphasis and De'(mphasis circuits. A A.A+,S .E/,I.ED* S. No. 1 2 # % ) + +HEO.0* !re"uency modulation is much immune to noise than amplitude modulation and significantly more immune than phase modulation. A single noise fre"uency ;ill affect the output of the recei5er only if it falls ;ith in its pass band. The noise has a greater effect on the higher modulating fre"uencies than on lo;er ones. Thus4 if the higher fre"uencies ;ere artificially boosted at the transmitter and correspondingly cut at the recei5er4 impro5ement in noise immunity could be e*pected. This booting of the higher fre"uencies4 in accordance ;ith a pre'arranged cur5e4 is termed pre'emphasis4 and the compensation at the recei5er is called de' emphasis. If the t;o modulating signals ha5e the same initial amplitude4 and one of them is pre'emphasi2ed to 3say6 t;ice this amplitude4 ;hereas the other is unaffected 3being at a much lo;er fre"uency6 then the recei5er ;ill naturally ha5e to de'emphasi2e the first signal by a factor of 24 to ensure that both signals ha5e the same amplitude in the output of the recei5er. $efore demodulation4 i.e. ;hile susceptible to noise interference the emphasi2ed signal had t;ice the de5iation it ;ould ha5e had ;ithout pre'emphasis4 and ;as thus more immune to noise. Alternati5ely4 it is seen that ;hen this signal is de'emphasi2ed any noise sideband 5oltages are de'emphasi2ed ;ith it4 and therefore ha5e a correspondingly lo;er amplitude than they ;ould ha5e had ;ithout emphasis again their effect on the output is reduced. The amount of pre' emphasis in P.S !M broadcasting4 and in the sound transmissions accompanying tele5ision4 has been standardi2ed at +% microseconds4 ;hereas a number of other sound transmission4 use %0 micro second. CI.C,I+ DIA1.A#* ser5ices4 notably CCI7 and Australian T< Component 7esistors Capacitors !unctions 1enerator 7egulated &o;er Supply $read $oard Cathode 7ay =scilloscope Connecting ?ires Specification 189 0.1:! 0.001:! 1Mh2 30' 06< 0'20M>2 Single Strand /uantit( 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 As 7e"uired Date*
Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE
The usage of microseconds for defining emphasis is standard. +% microseconds de'emphasis corresponds to a fre"uency response cur5e that is db do;n at the fre"uency ;hose time constant is 7C is +% microseconds. This fre"uency is gi5en by f@1B2Q7C and it is therefore 2120 >2I ;ith %0'microseconds de' emphasis it ;ould ha5e been 1,0 >2. !igure I sho;s pre emphasis and de'emphasis cur5es for a + microseconds emphasis4 as used in the united states. If emphasis is applied to amplitude modulation4 some impro5ement ;ill also result4 but it is not as great as in !M because the highest modulating fre"uencies in AM are no more affected by noise than any others. Apart from that4 it ;ould be difficult to introduce pre'emphasis and de'emphasis in e*isting AM ser5ices since e*tensi5e modifications ;ould be needed4 particularly in 5ie; of the huge numbers is recei5ers in use. .OCED,.E* I-PRE-EMPHASIS 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram 2. Apply a sine ;a5e to the input terminals of 2 <&'& 3<i6 . $y 5arying the input fre"uency ;ith fi*ed amplitude4 note do;n the output amplitude 3<o6 ;ith respect to the input fre"uency. #. Calculate the gain using the formula 1ain @ 20 log 3<=B <I6 db ?here <= @ output 5oltage in 5olts. <I @ Input 5oltage in 5olts. And plot the fre"uency response. II-DE-EMPHASIS 1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. 7epeat steps 24 .ECA,+IONS* & # of &re'(mphasis to de'emphasis also.
.ES,L+* Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology / Dept. of
ECE
#0
Dept. of
ECE
/,ES+IONS 1. The need for pre'emphasis EEEEEEEEEE 2. The operation of pre'emphasis circuit EEEEEEEEEE . &re'emphasis operation is similar to high pass filter e*plain ho;EEEEEEE #. De'emphasis operation is similar to lo; pass filter Justify EEEEEEE %. De'emphasis is EEEEEEE ). Dra; the fre"uency response of a pre'emphasis circuitEEEEEEE +. Dra; the fre"uency response of a de'emphasis circuit EEEEEE ,. 1i5e the formula for the cutoff fre"uency of the pre'emphasis circuit EEEEEE /. The significance of the db do;n fre"uency is EEEEEE
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Dept. of
ECE
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Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE
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Dept. of
ECE
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Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab Exp No* < CHA.AC+E.IS+ICS O' #I3E. AI#* To study the functioning of a fre"uency mi*er. A A.A+,S .E/,I.ED* S. No. 1 Component 7esistors Specification #.+894 22894 . 89 2+894 ).289 1089 0.1:!4 %0p! 0.1:! 100p! $C %#+ 1Mh2 30' 06< 0'20M>2 Single Strand /uantit( 1 Date*
Capacitors Transistor !unctions 1enerator 7egulated &o;er Supply $read $oard Cathode 7ay =scilloscope Connecting ?ires
# % ) + ,
2 2 # 1 2 1 1 1 As 7e"uired
+HEO.0* The fundamental principle of modulation in5ol5es the mi*ing or multiplying of a lo; fre"uency signal ;ith a higher fre"uency signal such as an AM or !M carrier. This enables the information contained in the lo; fre"uency signal to be transmitted through space as high fre"uency electromagnetic ;a5es. Commercial radios use as intermediate fre"uency 3#%% .h2 for commercial AM6. These if carrier contain all the information a5ailable to the recei5er but in order to obtain this information mi*ing must ta.e place to obtain the lo;er fre"uency signals RridingS onto I! or 7! fre"uency. This principle is also used in mi*ing lo; fre"uency signals up to I! or 7! fre"uencies. The purpose of this e*periment is to obser5e the effect of mi*ing t;o fre"uencies using a nonlinear single transistor mi*er and to demonstrate the use of a band stop and a 2'pole lo; pass filter in a practical application. :LOC= DIA1.A# DESC.I +ION* $. .' 1enerator $* Colpitts oscillator using !(T is used here to generate 7! signal of appro*imately %00 8>2 to use as local oscillator in this e*periment. AdJustments for amplitude and !re"uency are pro5ided on panel for ease of operation.
#)
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab CI.C,I+ DIA1.A#* 12< %0p! 228 #.+8 C 0.1 ! 53 ( 108 0.1 ! 50 108 108 $ $C %#+ 100p! 100p! 100p! 2+8 %0p! . 8 ).28 ).28 2+8 Output
E3 EC+ED 4A5E'O.#S*
6. .' 1enerator 6*
#+
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab Colpitts oscillator using !(T is used here to generate 7! signal of appro*imately %20 8>2 to use as I! Signal in this e*periment. AdJustment for !re"uency is pro5ided on panel to get e*act fre"uency. 7. .egulate2 o>er Suppl(* This consists of bridge rectifier4 capacitor filters and three terminal regulators to pro5ide re"uired do 5oltage in the circuit i.e.4 D125 M1%0 mA. 9. #ixer* Mi*ing is the nonlinear combination of t;o signals to produce sum and difference fre"uencies and harmonics of the signals. It is primarily used for modulation of demodulation of a signal. Modulation is the translation of the signal information to a higher fre"uency signal4 and demodulation is the translation of signal B information carried by high fre"uency signal do;n to a lo;er fre"uency. The principle in5ol5ed in this e*periment is the use of the nonlinear portion of a transistor characteristic to mi* 3combine6 t;o signals. $elo; figure sho;s the circuit you ;ill use in this e*periment. The <y input the local oscillator and is made large so that the signal is cut off at the Collector. This forces the transistor to operate in a 5ery nonlinear region. Ao; that the transistor is operating in a nonlinear regional during part of its cycle the input signal representing an input from the I! of a radio4 is introduced at a lo; le5el 3mill5olts6. The result is an output at the collector at the transistor that contains all the fre"uencies 3sum4 difference and high fre"uence harmonics6 An e*ample if <yis %00 8h2 and <* is %20 8hs2 the output fre"uencies at the collector ;ill be do4 dc4 20 8h24 20 8h24 I Mh24 1.0/2 M>2 and other harmonics of the sum fre"uencies4 the difference fre"uencies4 and the original fre"uencies. In a radio you are interested only in the audio outputF therefore you need to eliminate all higher fre"uencies. In this circuit you are interested only in the 20 8h2 signal 3;hich is abo5e the usual audio range but pro5ides a good signal on many spectrum analy2ers64 so you must design a filter to eliminate all the higher fre"uency signals. The %00 8h2 component is the largest in the output because of the 5ery large signal generated by the local oscillator 3<y6. Thus a special notch filter ;ill be used to attenuate this large singnal and a lo; pass filter ;ill be used to attenuate other harmonics.
#,
Dept. of
ECE
+A:,LA. COLO,#N*
S.NO
Inputs 5x sin "6?fxt& 5( sin "6?f(t&
'ilter Output 5o sin "6?fot&
#/
Dept. of
ECE
Analog Communications Lab .OCED,.E* 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. =bser5e the output signal of 7! generator 1 and 2 using C7= and note that output 5oltage of 7! generator 1 is appro*imately <&& 3fre"uency bet;een #00 to %%0 8>26 and 7! generator 2 is appro*imately 0.)<&& 3fre"uency bet;een %%08>26. . Set 7! generator 1 output at %008>2 ;ith the help of I!T and connect it to the < T input 3;hich represents local oscillator6 of the mi*er circuit. #. =bser5e the signal at output using C7=. <ary the amplitude of the 7! generator 1 using potentiometer until the signal at output is noticeably nonlinear 3note that the signal is clipped6. The clipping is necessary to introduce nonlinearities4 ;hich is ho; the sum and difference fre"uencies and other harmonics are produced. %. Set 7! generator 2 output at %208>2 ;ith the help of I!T and connect it to the < H input 3;hich represents I! signal6 of the mi*er circuit and obser5e the signal at mi*er output using C7=. ). Connect output of mi*er to filter input and obser5e output signal. Aote that the signal is appro*imately 0.+<&& of 208>2 fre"uency. +. Change <H and <T signal fre"uencies and obser5e output signal. .ECA,+IONS*
.ES,L+*
/,ES+IONS* 1. The need for a fre"uency mi*er is EEEEEEEEE 2. >eterodyning is . EEEEEEEEEEEfilter is used at the oBp of transistor circuit in a fre"uency mi*erL #. The fre"uency components that appear at the collector of the transistor in the mi*er circuit are EE %. The transistor operated in the nonlinear region in a fre"uency mi*er because EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
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Dept. of
ECE
%1
Dept. of
ECE
%2
Dept. of
ECE
Dept. of
ECE

Analog-Communications-Lab Manual and VIVA

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Analog Communications Lab

Name of the Experiment

Signature of Lab-In-charge INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

Turbomachinery Institute Science & Technology