PRACTICAL COURSE IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR

FOR 1st YEAR STUDENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY

AUTHOR: Maria-Anca MAICAN

Contents
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 4 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PREREQUISITES ................................................................ 6 UNIT ONE.THE NOUN ................................................................................................ 7 I.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 7 I.2. Competences ................................................................................................. 7 I.3. Noun classes ................................................................................................. 7 I.4. Number.......................................................................................................... 8 I.5. Gender ........................................................................................................ 12 I.6. Case ............................................................................................................ 12 I.7. Exercises .................................................................................................... 13 I.8. End of unit test ........................................................................................... 15 UNIT TWO. THE ARTICLE ....................................................................................... 17 II.1. Introduction................................................................................................ 17 II.2. Competences .............................................................................................. 17 II.3. The indefinite article ................................................................................. 17 II.4. The definite article ..................................................................................... 18 II.5. Exercises ................................................................................................... 20 II.6. End of unit test .......................................................................................... 22 UNIT THREE. THE ADJECTIVE............................................................................... 24 III.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 24 III.2. Competences............................................................................................. 24 III.3. Definition, form and position .................................................................. 24 III.4. Spelling ..................................................................................................... 25 III.5. Degrees of comparison ............................................................................ 26 III.6. Exercises .................................................................................................. 29 III.7. End of unit test.......................................................................................... 30 UNIT FOUR.THE VERB (1) .................................................................................. .33 IV.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 33 IV.2. Competences ............................................................................................ 33 IV.3. Present Simple ......................................................................................... 33 IV.4. Present Continuous................................................................................... 34 IV.5. Present Perfect Simple ............................................................................ 34 IV.6. Present Perfect Continuous ..................................................................... 35 IV.7. Exercises .................................................................................................. 36 IV.8. End of unit test ........................................................................................ 38 UNIT FIVE. THE VERB (2) ........................................................................................ 39 V.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 39 V.2. Competences.............................................................................................. 39 V.3. Past Simple ............................................................................................... 39 V.4. Past Continuous ......................................................................................... 40 V.5. Past Perfect Simple .................................................................................... 40 V.6. Past Perfect Continuous ............................................................................. 41 V.7. Exercises ................................................................................................... 42 V.8. End of unit test .......................................................................................... 44

UNIT SIX. THE VERB (3) .......................................................................................... 45 VI.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 46 VI.2. Competences ............................................................................................ 46 VI.3. Future Simple ........................................................................................... 46 VI.4. Future Continuous .................................................................................... 47 VI.5. Future Perfect Simple .............................................................................. 47 VI.6. Future Perfect Continuous........................................................................ 48 VI.7. Exercises .................................................................................................. 49 VI.8. End of unit test ........................................................................................ 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 52 ANSWER KEY FOR END OF UNIT TESTS ............................................................. 53

Introduction
The Practical Course in English Grammar attempts at revising and consolidating grammar points at intermediate level, also providing opportunities for students to practice grammar structures and assess themselves. To this end, each unit includes a theoretical part which synthesizes essential information from outstanding books in English morphology, followed by a wide range of exercises. The exercises are designed so as for students to be able to solve them both individually and in pairs, during the tutorials. The course also comprises regular tests, placed at the end of each unit, which give students the possibility to check their knowledge. The grammatical information provided in the course can be used for reference when needed or worked through systematically. Course objectives The aim of this course is to provide students with comprehensive grammar structures linked to the following parts of speech: the noun, the article, the adjective and the verb (the tenses of the indicative). At the end of this course, the distance- learning students will be able to: Operate with a wide range of new grammar structures; Use language accurately; Identify the appropriate form of the parts of speech required; Compare and contrast English and Romanian morphological systems.

Resources Apart from the printed material, the course also requires the use of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. Areas from the course which might be found problematic can be further studied using the bibliography provided by the tutor.

Course structure The course is structured in 6 units, each of them including objectives, a theoretical part with examples, followed by exercises and an end of unit test. Preliminary require ments Being designed at intermediate level, the course requires students to have knowledge of English at pre- intermediate level. The average time for individual study Each unit of this course requires no more than 4-5 hours of individual study.

Assessment At the end of the semester, each student will receive a grade which will reflect the results of a written test meant to assess the students acquired knowledge (70% of the final grade) and students activity during the tutorials (30% of the final grade).

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PREREQUISITES

Choose the right ans wer. Only ONE ans wer is correct. 1. I own a lot of information. Where did you get..? a. it; b. them; c. them both; d. them all. 2. When the team arrived, we were pleased to see . a. him; b. him or her; c. it; d. them. 3. The were spread all over the hillside. a. deer; b. deers; c. dear; d. dears. 4. Whenever you leave the country you have to go through the . a. custom; b. customs; c. customs; d. customs. 5. This teacher in our school for one year. a. is; b. is being; c. has been; d. has been being. 6. When school? a. did he start; b. he started; c. he did start; d. did he started. 7. I know nothing about . a. tomorrow weather; b. tomorrows weather; c. the tomorrow weather; d. the tomorrows weather. 8. Stop making noise! My son now. a. sleeps; b. has been sleeping; c. has slept; d. is sleeping. 9. He to bed a few minutes ago. a. goed; b. went; c. gone; d. has gone. 10. They did not know if they in time or not. a. will arrive; b. would arrive; c. arrive; d. have arrived. 11. The latest two in the Middle East havent been dealt with properly by the heads of the states concerned. a. crisis; b. crises; c. crisae; d. crisises. 12. What time back home? a. comes your brother; b. your brother is coming; c. your brother does come; d. does your brother come. 13. She will be cooking while the baby . a. sleeps; b. is sleeping; c. will sleep; d. will be sleeping. 14. My favourite football team the cup. a. is just wining; b. has just won; c. just wins; d. just has won. 15. Fire was one of first important discoveries. a. mans; b. the mans; c. mens; d. mens. 16. Although it was Sunday, there were a lot of in the street. a. passer-bys; b. passers-by; c. passers-bys; d. passer-by. 17. If she , she wouldnt be lying in bed now. a. would have listened; b. listened; c. listens; d. had listened. 18. Jimmy will be very surprised when he you here. a. will see; b. sees; c. see; d. shall see. 19. I will not accept any advice from you; somebody else is going to give to me. a. it; b. them; c. they; d. its. 20. Tom would have pla yed with us if he free. a. had been; b. will be; c. is being; d. were.

UNIT ONE. THE NOUN

Content I.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 7 I.2. Competences ................................................................................................... 7 I.3. Noun classes ................................................................................................... 7 I.4. Number............................................................................................................ 8 I.5. Gender .......................................................................................................... 12 I.6. Case .............................................................................................................. 12 I.7. Exercises ...................................................................................................... 13 I.8. End of unit test ............................................................................................. 15

I.1. Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding the category of noun in English. I.2. Competences On completion of UNIT ONE, students will be able to specify the noun classes in English and form the plural and possessive case of English nouns correctly.

Study time for UNIT ONE: 4-5 hours.

I.3. Noun classes English nouns are divided into two classes: A. countable nouns : denote individual countable entities (bottle, chair, forest, idea) B. uncountable nouns: denote undifferentiated mass or continuum (bread, grass, music, furniture, gold, money). There are cases when uncountable nouns can also be used as countable, but this involves a change in meaning:

EXAMPLE I admired her beauty. vs. She was a real beauty. He likes wine. The wines he produces are well appreciated by everyone.

In the case of uncountable nouns, we use partitives in order to denote a part of the whole. The most frequently used partitive expression is a piece of (advice/ news/ information etc.). Other general partitives are: a bit of and an item of. There are also typical partitives, such as:

EXAMPLE a grain of truth a bar of chocolate/soap/gold a loaf of bread a bunch of flowers/keys a speck of dust/dirt a herd of cattle a sheet of paper/ice I.4. Number As regards number, nouns are divided into three classes: 1. singular invariable nouns : nouns used only in the singular joy, gold, the imaginary, Henry 2. plural invariable nouns : nouns used only in the plural trousers, scissors 3. nouns used with either singular or plural number dog, dogs Two subclasses can be distinguished: 1. regular: nouns with plural predictable from the singular dog, dogs 2. irregular: the plural form of the noun is not predictable man-men; mouse-mice I.4.1.Variable Nouns A. Regular plurals - the plural suffix is written - s after nouns boy boys Exceptions : 1. after nouns ending in s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh, the plural ending is -es:

EXAMPLE

box - boxes, bush bushes, watch - watches 2. nouns ending in -o have plurals in -os or -oes :

EXAMPLE only - s after a vowel, in the case of proper nouns, abbreviations radios, pianos, Eskimos only es heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes either - s or es volcanos/oes, tornados/oes, cargos/oes

3. nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant change the y into i and adds - es :

EXAMPLE sky-skies, cry cries, bunny - bunnies BUT y is kept after a vowel: day-days, ray-rays 4. the final consonant is doubled in a few nouns:

EXAMPLE fez-fezzes, quiz-quizzes 5. the apostrophe s (s) is used in:

EXAMPLE in the 1980s, write two bs 6. nouns ending in f can make the plural in fs or ves, or, sometimes, both:

EXAMPLE beliefs, cliffs, proofs, roofs / knives, leaves, halves, calves, shelves, thieves/ handkerchieves/fs, scarves/fs B. Irregular plurals a. a group of seven nouns:

EXAMPLE man-men foot-feet goose-geese mouse-mice woman-women tooth-teeth louse-lice

b. the -en plural in a group of three nouns:

EXAMPLE brother-brethren child-children ox-oxen (in Am E also oxes) c. zero plural (nouns which have the same form in the singular and in the plural):

EXAMPLE sheep, deer nationality names, nouns ending in -ese : one/five Chinese dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion when preceded by another quantitative word two hundred people, many thousand times, several million inhabitants

but the plural form is used when they are followed by of hundreds of people, thousands of spectators nouns with equivocal number, which can be treated both as singular and plural: means, series, species d. foreign plurals

EXAMPLE nouns from Latin: stimulus-stimuli, nucleus-nuclei (but also nucleuses), antenna-antennae, algaalgae nouns from Greek: analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, basis-bases, criterion-criteria, phenomenonphenomena

e. compound nouns which consist of more than one word:

EXAMPLE nouns with plural in the last element : assistant-directors, grown-ups, attorney/generals, forget me nots nouns with plural in the first element : passers-by, mothers-in-law nouns with plural in both first and last element: women doctors, gentlemen farmers

Note the special case of the collective nouns : committee, family, team, army. When used in the singular, the nonpersonal collectivity of the group is stressed, when used in the plural, the personal individuality within the group is stressed. I.4.2. SINGULAR INVARIABLE NOUNS 1. concrete mass nouns: silver, sugar, tobacco, furniture, milk 2. abstract mass nouns: music, truth, knowledge, kindness 3. proper names: John, the USA, Naples 4. invariable nouns ending in s: o The noun news o Names of diseases: rickets, measles, mumps, tantrums o Subject names in ies: mathematics, linguistics, physics, politics o Games: dominoes, billiards, draughts o Abstract adjectival heads: the beautiful, the absolute, the good, the evil I.4.3. PLURAL INVARIABLE NOUNS : 1. tools, instruments and clothes made of two equal parts joined together: scissors, jeans, pants, pyjamas, shorts, braces, trousers 2. nouns that end in -s and in a given sense only occur in the plural and take a plural verb damages, contents, customs, minutes, wages, spirits, compasses, premises 3. nouns that have no plural marking but are used as plurals: people , police, cattle, clergy, youth 4. personal adjectival heads: the rich, the poor, the wounded, the unemployed, the needy

I.5. The Gender In point of gender, the following categories can be distinguished: 1. personal male/female nouns: bachelor-spinster, father-mother, monk-nun, widower-widow, bridegroom-bride 2. personal dual gende r: friend, doctor, teacher, student, speaker Note: male student/female student, Tom cat, Pussy/ Cathy cat, he/she lion, boy/girlfriend 3. suffixes: actor-actress, waiter-waitress, prince-princess I.6. The Case. The form of the possessive/genitive case 1. apostrophe s ('s) singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in -s a man's job the people's choice men's work the crew's quarters the children's room Russia's exports compound nouns my sister-in-law's car names consisting of several words Henry the Eighth's wives the President of Romania's helicopter initials the PM's secretary the MP's briefcase collective nouns the governments position, the companys capital higher animals the horses neck, the lions tail continents, countries Europes future, Englands history ships and boats the ship's captain, the yacht's name time expressions today's paper, tomorrow's weather, in two years' time

2. simple apostrophe (') plural nouns ending in -s a girls' school the students' hostel the eagles' nest the Smiths' car classical names ending in -s Pythagoras' Theorem Archimedes' Law

3. of+noun 1. lower animals The name of the cat 2. inanimate possessors 3. when the noun is followed by a phrase or a sentence: I took the advice of the man I met on the train.

EXERCISES I.7.1. Underline the noun in each sentence and write C or U to show whether the noun is being used as a countable or as an uncountable: 1. This is an excellent painting. 2. I dont like milk. 3. How many photos did he take? 4. Add a little more oil. 5. His drawings really interest me. 6. Hope keeps me going. 7. He hasnt a hope. 8. How much flour did you buy? 9. Where are my two new shirts? 10. Weve got plenty of coal. 11. Add more onion. 12. Would you like some fish? 13. I eat two eggs every day. 14. Too much cake isnt good for you. 15. Theyve built a new motorway. 16. Would you like an ice-cream? 17. I need two clean glasses. 18. Dont throw stones. 19. A lot of paper is wasted. 20. We bought a new iron yesterday. I.7.2. Match A and B: A. 1. Id like some ice. 2. Have you got any chocolate? 3. Can I have some bread, please? 4. We need some paper. 5. Buy me some soap, please. 6. Buy me some milk, please. 7. We need some jam. 8. Have you got any matches? 9. Ive made some tea. 10. Buy some toothpaste. B. a. a wisp of b. a cube of c. a splash of d. a box of e. a sip of f. a tube of g. a drop of h. a bar of i. a slice of j. a pinch of

11. Add a little water. 12. Add a little salt. 13. Ive drunk a little tea. 14. Add a little soda. 15. I can see a little smoke.

k. a sheet of l. a jar of m. a bar of n. a bottle of o. a pot of

I.7.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate partitive (a piece of, a pair of, a bar of, a loaf of, a game of, a bottle of, a cup of, a packet of, a box of, a bit of) : 1. football 6. news 2. .biscuits 7. ..bread 3. .milk 8. plastic 4. ..chalk 9. chocolate 5. .coffee 10. jeans I.7.4. Give the nouns which describe people who do things or who come from places. Use the endings: -an, -ant, -ar, -er, - ian, -ist, -or. 1. He acts ver y well. Hes a fine . 2. Dont beg. Youre a .. 3. I cant play the piano. Im not a . 4. She drives very well. Shes a good .. 5. Im from Berlin. Im a 6. Shes from Athens. Shes an . 7. Manuel assists me. Hes my .. 8. She always tells lies. Shes a . 9. Hes from Texas. Hes a . 10. Anna is studying history. Shes a fine .. I.7.5. Give the nouns derived from verbs, adjectives or other nouns. Use the endings: -age, -hood, -ation, -ion, -ful, -ence, -ency, -ness, -al, -(er)y, - ment, -aty, ism, - ity, - ing. 1. I decided this. It was my . 2. Dont be so anxious. Control your 3. Annas a socialist. She believes in . 4. We all want to be happy. We all seek . 5. We all agree. Were all in .. 6. Who discovered this? Who made this . 7. Well all arrive in time. Well be met on . 8. I was a child then. That was in my . 9. She is absent. Can you explain her . 10. Ill post this. Whats the 11. Try again. Have another. 12. Be more efficient. Improve your . 13. Dont be so curious. Control your . 14. Address this envelope. Ill give you the .. 15. I refused the ir offer. My .is final. 16. I warned you. I gave you enough.. 17. Put the food in your mouth. Take one .

18. Can you explain it? Is there an 19. They tried him. I was at the 20. Dont argue. I dont want an . I.7.6. Choose the correct ans wer: 1. In some countries you can have more .. a. wives; b. wiffes; c. wifes; d. wife; e. wieves; 2. Mrs Brown is speaking to three or four .. a. woman; b. waman; c. wamen; d. wimin; e. women; 3. One fish - two . a. fisch; b. fisches; c. fish; e. fishes; 4. The Evans have four .., two boys and two girls. a. childs; b. childrens; c. children; e. child; 5. His new ..too long. a. trousers is; b. trousers are; c. trousers are; d. trouser is; 6. My .. the largest in the neighbourhood. a. family is; b. family are; c. familys are; d. families is; 7. The .that we must stay here because they are coming. a. newes is; b. new are; c. news is; d. news are; 8. Your ..blunt. a. scissor are; b. scissor is; c. scissors are; d. scissors are.

End of UNIT TEST

I.8.1. Underline the correct item: 1. 2. 3. 4. He has a lot of works/work to complete before leaving. The stylist was trimming her customers hairs/hair. We were all impressed with the content/contents of his speech. The magazine lost the court case and was ordered to pay damage/damages to the television celebrity. 5. The group doesnt have sufficient funds/fund to finance the expedition. 6. The custom/customs officer stopped us and asked if he could inspect our luggage. 7. The cook weighed out the necessary ingredients on the scale/scales. 8. They follow the custom/customs of exchanging chocolate eggs at Easter. 9. Hopkins proved popular but the man of the minute/minutes was De Niro. 10. She admired the colour/colours of her country during the military ceremony. I.8.2. Underline the correct form of the verb. Sometimes both forms are possible : 0. The landscape is/are spectacular here. 1. Inaccurate weights occurred because the scales was/we re unbalanced. 2. Detectives agree that the evidence is/are overwhelming.

3. The hostilities in the province was/were worrying. 4. Rubbish is/are accumulating outside the entrance to the stop. 5. The management was/we re considering implementing the new strategy. 6. Athletics was/we re well represented in the magazines sports section. 7. The audience was/we re applauding loudly. 8. Good advice was/were hard to give in such a situation. 9. Work is/are underway to complete the new motorway. 10. The articles of furniture he bought we re/was very expensive. 11. The government was/were debating the new bill for three days 12. A meeting is a waste of time if the minutes is/are lost. 13. The woods is/are home to hundreds of plant species. 14. Is/Are the designer spectacles really worth getting? I could just buy these, instead. 15. A crowd of hangers-on was/were pursuing the Princess. 16. The stairs is/are due to be replaced by a lift. 17. The premises was/we re declared unsafe after the earthquake. 18. Argument is/are widespread on the global warming issue. 19. Your theory is sound but your calculations is/are wrong. 20. The information we re/was passed on to another department. I.8.3. Join the following nouns using (), (s) or (of): 1. the coat/Jimmy; 2. the newspaper/yesterday; 3. the wife/the man crossing the street; 4. the neighbours/my parents; 5. the roof/house; 6. the name/your friend; 7. the name/that river; 8. the dress/the girl we met yesterday; 9. the policy/government; 10. the marks/the boy and girl. I.8.4. Fill in the following words so as to form meaningful phrases: advice, chocolate, jam, le monade, meat, milk, coffee, oil, rice, tennis: 1. a piece of . 2. a packet of 3. a bar of . 4. a glass of .. 5. a cup of 6. a bottle of 7. a slice of .. 8. a barrel o f 9. a game of 10. a jar of .

UNIT TWO. THE ARTICLE

Content II.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 17 II.2. Competences ............................................................................................................ 17 II.3. The indefinite article ............................................................................................... 17 II.4. The definite article ................................................................................................... 18 II.5. Exercises ................................................................................................................. 20 II.6. End of unit test ........................................................................................................ 22

II.1. Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding the definite and indefinite article in English. II.2. Competences On completion of UNIT TWO, students will be able to differentiate between the definite and indefinite article and use them appropriately in given contexts.

Study time for UNIT TWO: 4-5 hours.

II.3. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE The indefinite article has the form A or AN, irrespective of genders:

EXAMPLE a boy a girl a waiter an engineer a queen

a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound: a man a hat a university a year a European an is used : o before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): an apple, an engineer, an island

words beginning with a mute h: an hour o individual letters spoken with a vowel sound: The indefinite article is used in the following situations:

an MBA

1. before a singular noun which is countable, when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing: She needs a baby sitter. He has a beautiful house. 2. before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things: A dog might be dangerous ( All dogs might bite.) 3. with names of professions: She is a teacher. 4. in expressions of quantity: a lot of a couple a great many 5. with certain numbers: a hundred a thousand 6. in expressions of price and speed 5p a kilo sixty kilometres an hour 7. in exclamations before singular, countable nouns: What a pretty girl! 8. before proper names, in isolated situations I met a different John yesterday. There are cases in which the indefinite article is omitted: 1. after the verb turn: to turn coward 2. in reversed word-order: intelligent as he was 3. before names of meals, except when these are preceded by an adjective: We have breakfast at eight. He gave us a good breakfast. 4. with nouns denoting unique positions: President, Rector II.4. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE The definite article has the form THE irrespective of genders: the boy the girl the waiter the engineer the queen

The definite article is used in the following situations:

EXAMPLE 1. when the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique the earth the sun 2. before a noun which has become definite, when mentioned a second time in the

context Ive bought an interesting book. The book is written by T.S. Eliot. 3. before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause the girl standing in front of me the bread I bought yesterday 4. before superlatives and ordinal numerals the first the best the most interesting 5. before a singular noun denominating an animal/ thing to refer to the whole class The tiger is endangered in this region. However, man, used to represent the human race, has no article Man has to take care of nature. 6. before adjectives to refer to an entire class the rich the needy 7. before names of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, plural names of countries, deserts, regions: the Atlantic the United States the Thames the Sahara the Carpathians the Black Sea - also before certain names of towns and countries in the singular: (the) Sudan the Hague (the) Yemen 8. before other proper names consisting of adjective + noun, or noun + of + noun: the National Gallery the Tower of London 9. before names of people to mean 'the. . . family': the Smiths (the entire Smith family) There are cases in which the definite article is omitted: 1. before abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense: Children love innocence. 2. after a noun in the possessive case, or a possessive adjective: the boy's uncle( = the uncle of the boy) 3. before names of games: He likes football. 4. before parts of the body and articles of clothing Raise your right hand. He took off his coat. 5. before plural nouns to refer to the entire category Lions are dangerous animals 6. before church, hospital, prison, school when these places are visited for their primary purpose. We go: to bed to sleep to hospital as patients to church to pray to prison as prisoners When these places are visited or used for other reasons the is necessary: I went to the church to see the stained glass. He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.

EXERCISES II.5.1. Put a, an and the where necessary:

EXAMPLE 0. The window alcove measures exactly a meter across. 1. When you go to . Athens, dont forget to visit . Acropolis and . Ancient Agora. 2. . famous actress wanted to be married in . British castle. 3. My new BMW motor cycle can reach speeds of over 300 kilometres . hour. 4. The community managed to raise quite . large sum of money for the building of the new school. 5. Many people are attracted by . unknown and . unexplained in . nature. 6. During . Napoleonic Wars, the army tried to defeat . Russia. 7. This government doesnt care about . jobless. 8. . Indian Ocean lies between . West coast of Australia and . country from which it was named: . India. 9. Did you know that . gold was discovered in . Australia in . 1850s? 10. Nick always wanted to have . pony as . child. 11. Hikers in . Loch Ness reported seeing . large moving mass at . dawn. 12. Ive got two tickets at . dawn. 13. Timothy had to go to . hospital to have . x-ray. 14. Nancys got . migraine; she really should go . home. 15. . reigning monarch stayed at . plush five- star hotel in . city centre. 16. Lets meet outside . Palace of Congresses. 17. . director will chair . meeting tomorrow so everybody should come prepared. 18. Patrick is in . hardware shop buying . paint. 19. My mother cleaned the house from . top to . bottom. 20. They are . husband and . wife. 21. This is one of five Great Lakes in North America. 22. Andrew and Alice went to school yesterday; after the classes, they studied in library before returning home. 23. Queen Elisabeth II is the monarch of Great Britain. 24. This was a gift of friendship from France to United Kingdom. 25. David lear ned to play violin when he was at university. 26. I need time to think about offer you made me. 27. Whats the use of receiving information from person who is not to be trusted?

28. They were in hurry because they were having lunch in an hour. 29. brave as he was, he decided to swim across Danube. 30. She went to church to see what could be done for its restoration. II.5.2. In the following sentences the is missing in one or more cases. Write in the whe re necessary. 1. There are countless varieties of English in use in English-speaking world. 2. Concepts of language vary from country to country and from generation to generation; English you hear spoken nowadays is in no way recognizable as language used by last generation, let alone in time of Shakespeare. 3. Government is now insisting that mathematics is taught with methods reminiscent of 1950s. 4. Government is only possible if majority accept law of land. 5. When Julie walked into room, you could have cut atmosphere with a knife. 6. Music of today deserves a different name from music of Beethoven, Bach and other comparable geniuses. 7. People living inside Arctic Circle have a very different view of year from those living in, say, Belgium. 8. Many people in public sector of work are just looking for sun, sand and relaxation when they go on holiday, and why not? II.5.3. Supply the or - : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. More and more people dont eat . meat. .meat you bought yesterday was fat. She is not interested in the price of .gold. .English say that .time is.money. She will never forget .time she spent in that camp. Alice spends long hours listening to .music. Bob learned . French at school but .French he learned proved to be useless to him. 8. ..blue is her favo urite colour, but she doesnt like . blue dress I have bought today. 9. You are very tired so you should go to .bed. 10. Why is your tie under bed? 11. .cars have become very expensive. 12. Most of cars in this exhibition have been made in Japan. 13. After graduating from ..school, she will go to .university. 14. When I was crossing London Bridge, I met .Browns. 15. From .hotel room we had .splendid view of .Lake Huron. II.5.4. Rewrite these headlines as normal written sentences, adding the as appropriate, and making any othe r suitable changes.

EXAMPLE TV corrupts young says Minister of Education The Minister of Education has said that television corrupts the young. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Death of President leaves country in chaos Big business hit by inflation Computers blamed for record number of job losses Level of unemployment highest since mid-nineteen- nineties Sales manager faces sack after latest problems

End of UNIT TEST

II.6.1. In the following old persons recollections, articles are missing. Put in a / an and the as appropriate. I remember in dim and distant past my children being obsessed by man called Bob Dylan. I have no idea hes still alive, but impact he had in sixties and seventies was incredible. I remember one song called Blowing in Wind; my son hes in his fifties now sang it all day and all night, month in month out, for several years. And it was so silly: How many times must man look up before he can see sky? I mean, question like that cant be taken seriously, can it? And How many times must white dove fly before it sleeps in sand? And then answer to profound questions: Answer, my friend, is blowing in wind. Generation after mine didnt know what life was all about, did they? We did, of course. Very thought of you, Just way you look tonight. Night they invented champagne. They were real songs. But what came next? How many years can mountain exist before it is washed to sea? And there was whole generation singing along to song. Funny world we live in, I say its funny world we live in. II.6.2. Tick the ans wer that best fits the meaning of each sentence. 1. Accidents / The accident will happen, Im afraid. 2. A tortoise is a / the sort of reptile. 3. My dog has hurt the / his leg. 4. Look me in the / my eye and tell me what youre saying is true. 5. A / The liver is used to help purify the blood.

6. Cant you think of anything else? Youve got food on the / your brain. 7. Have you ever considered taking up a / the musical instrument? 8. What on earth is a / the CD_ROM? 9. I used to play a / the trumpet when I was younger. 10. Frank White invented a / the jet engine. II.6.3. Correct the errors linked to articles in this extract from a composition: Every day there is news of another war breaking out somewhere in world. Clauswitz claimed that the war is a continuation of the government by other means, but is it necessary? First World War is often used, especially by pacifists, as an example of an unjustifiable war: the European powers allied themselves with each other and for five years killed each other in appalling conditions. What makes the society indulge in such extraordinary behaviour? Is it simply in nature of man to fight? Under any circumstances can the violence ever be justified? II.6.4. Insert the necessary articles (definite, indefinite or ze ro): As .(1) political entity, Britain (as .(2) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is loosely called) is less than 300 years old, being .(3) state which emerged from .(4) union of .(5) ancient kingdoms of Scotland and England in 1707. It is widely assumed that .(6) British are .(7) relatively homogenous society, with .(8) strong sense of .(9) identity, but it is .(10) assumption that requires .(11) considerable qualification. Even after 300 years, .(12) terms British and Britain, which are used for .(13) official purposes, can seem very artificial. For centuries, it has been .(14) idea of England (or Scotland), rather than of Britain, which has been charged with patriotic emotion. The idea of England is invoked at .(15) times of national crisis, for example at .(16) Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, when .(17). Admiral Nelsons famous order to .(18) British Fleet read: England expects that every man will do his duty.() While Britain is instinctively thought of by many as England, so also .(19) idea of England evokes .(20) images of .(21) Queen, .(22) Parliament, .(23) Westminster Abbey, .(24) Tower of London and .(25) soft landscape of .(26) Sout hern counties. This is not so surprising, since almost .(27) quarter of .(28) British people live within 25 miles of .(29) Trafalgar Square. But it also reveals that England as well as Britain is dominated by .(30) South, and particularly .(31) South-East.

UNIT THREE. THE ADJECTIVE

Content III.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 24 III.2. Competences.................................................................................................. 24 III.3. Definition, form and position ....................................................................... 24 III.4. Spelling .......................................................................................................... 25 III.5. Degrees of comparison ................................................................................. 26 III.6. Exercises ....................................................................................................... 29 III.7. End of unit test............................................................................................... 30 III.1. Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding the category of adjective in English. III.2. Competences On completion of UNIT THREE, students will be able to make up adjectives from given words, form the degrees of comparison both for regular and irregular adjectives and use adjectives both attributively and predicatively.

Study time for UNIT THREE: 4-5 hours.

III.3. Definition, form and position Adjectives describe nouns and express what something is or feels like. Adjectives can be used in two positions: o before nouns (attributive position). Typically, adjectives are used in this position.

EXAMPLE beautiful girl interesting story o after link verbs such as be, seem, appear, become, feel, look, taste, sound, smell, get, etc. (predicative position). awake, asleep, aware, glad, afraid, alive, sure, alone, alike, content, etc.

Most adjectives are formed by affixation, namely by adding a suffix or o prefix to either an adjective or a word from a different class. Some of the most common prefixes and suffixes used in English are the following: Prefixes: a- : akin, alike, alive, alone, asleep over- : overconfident, overcritical, overdue, overpopulated, overcast bi- : biennial, bilingual, bigamous contra- : contradictory, contrary inter- : interchangeable, international trans- : transatlantic, transient, transitive, translucent ultra- : ultraconventional, ultramarine, ultramundane, ultrasonic, ultravilet un- : uncut, unhappy, unintelligent, untrue, unwise Suffixes: ed : celebrated, tired, wretched en : golden, leaden, wooden, woolen ern : eastern, northern, southern, western ful : beautiful, careful, cheerful, grateful, peaceful, thankful ing : amusing, exciting, loving ward : backward, homeward, inward, onward ish : whitish, foolish, babyish ly : daily, homely, elderly, manly able : agreeable, remarkable, drinkable ant : defiant, distant ent : dependant, diligent, innocent, permanent ous : courageous, glorious, joyous, precious less : ceaseless, careless, hopeless III.4. Spelling 1. Doubling the final consonant when the word ends in a consonant preceded by a single stressed vowel and the suffix starts with a vowel dot- dotted, up- upper, forget- forgettable -l preceded by a vowel, either stressed or unstressed, is always doubled compel- compelling, rebel- rebellious 2. Silent - e silent -e is dropped before a suffix that starts with a vowel love- lovable, scare- scared, fame- famous Exceptions: gluey, bluey silent -e is not dropped before a suffix that starts with a consonant awesome, careless, entirely, hopeful, lovely silent - e preceded by the consonants C, d, g is not dropped before a suffix starting with a or o. peaceable, manageable, advantageous, courageous, gorgeous, outrageous

3. Final - y final - y turns into -i before the suffixes: -able, -ant, -ful, - less, -ous. pity- pitiable, beauty- beautiful, fury- furious final - y is not dropped when preceded by a vowel enjoyable, playful, joyless final - y always turns into - i before the suffix -ly day- daily, body- bodily final - y is never dropped before the suffixes - ish and - like grey- greyish, country- countrylike III.5. Degrees of comparison 1. a. Comparative of Equality asas, or so...as in the negative Drive as fast as you can. My grandfather doesnt get about so easily as he used to. b. Comparative of Inferiority lessthan and not so/asas Your colleague is less intelligent than you are. He is not so/as kind as Jane.

c. Comparative of Superiority A. short adjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y. adj. + -er

EXAMPLE old tall fat happy B. long adjectives MORE + adj. older taller fatter happier

EXAMPLE tiring exact beautiful more tiring more exact more beautiful

1. Superlative A. short adjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y. The + adj. + -est

EXAMPLE old tall fat happy the oldest the tallest the fattest the happiest

B. long adjectives The + MOST + adj.

EXAMPLE tiring exact beautiful the most tiring the most exact the most beautiful

Irregular comparatives and s upe rlatives There are certain adjectives in English that form the comparative and the superlative irregularly. These are the following: good well bad ill little few much many old far further/furthermost better worse less/lesser less/fewer more older/elder farther/further best the worst least/littlest fewest most oldest/eldest farthest/farthermost

near fore late

nearer former later/latter

nearest/next foremost/first latest/last

elder and eldest are often used instead of older and oldest before words such as: brother, sister, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter ( usually members of the same family ) My elder daughter is a student at the University. Their eldest son has just got married.

in British English both farther and further are used to refer to distance with no difference of meaning. Further is also used figuratively. London is farther/ further away than Manchester. For further information check our website at www. Rrr.com

few is used with plural nouns; little is used with singular uncountable nouns Few people realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle. I have little interest in fashion.

without articles, few and little usually have a negative meaning. They often suggest not as much/many as one would like, or not as much/many as expected, or a similar idea. Ordinary people have little influence on the rich. Few people can speak a foreign language perfectly.

a few and a little usually have a positive meaning which is closer to some. They often suggest ideas like better than nothing or more than expected. My problems are emotional and few people understand me. My problems are emotional but a few people understand me. He has little faith in you. Would you like a little water?

lesser is used in a few expressions (in a rather formal style ) to mean not so great or not so much the lesser of two evils a lesser known artist

EXERCISES III.6.1. Use one of the following prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, un- with each of the following words: a) attentive b) aware c) cautious d) discreet e) fortunate f) honest g) literate h) logical i) loyal j) modest k) natural l) practicable m) relevant n) resolute o) respectful

III.6.2. Choose from among the negative prefixes un-, in-, dis-, de-, non-, il-, according to the example:

EXAMPLE welcome unwe lcome 1. competent 2. active 3. grade 4. qualified 5. usual 6. proportional 7. likely 8. passionate 9. distinct 10. block 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. verbal experienced kind dramatic regardful academic legal dependent consistent figurative

III.6.3. Use the following suffixes to form adjectives from the following nouns: able, -ate, -ful, -ish, - ive, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -ed, -ous.

EXAMPLE love - lovely 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. secret family affection honour lady 6. shame 7. death 8. care 9. home 10. friend

11. respect 12. fashion 13. education 14. learning 15. music

16. danger 17. harm 18. attraction 19. price 20. taste

III.6.4. Provide the right form of the adjectives in bold letters to fill in the gaps: 1. This is a nice cat. It's much . than my friend's cat. 2. Here is Emily. She's six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is. . 3. This is a difficult exercise. But the exercise with an asterisk (*) is the. exercise on the worksheet. 4. He has an interesting hobby, but my sister has the hobby in the world. 5. In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even one last weekend. 6. School is boring, but homework is.. than school. 7. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is than skateboarding. 8. This magazine is cheap, but that one is . 9. We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is even.. than ours. 10. Have you visited the old castle? It was the castle we visited during our holidays. III.6.5. Choose the correct answe r: 1. My father is as strong/ stronger/ strongest as his father. 2. She is pretty/ prettier/ prettiest than her sister. 3. You are not as tall/ taller/ tallest as your brother. 4. That pond is the shallow/ shallower/ shallowest in this area. 5. That has to be the interesting/ more interesting/ most interesting film I have seen. 6. Which university offers the good/ the better/ the best/ degree courses? 7. This clown is not as funny/ funnier/ funniest as the other one. 8. He is easily the bad/ worse/ worst player in the team. 9. The second half of the play was little/ less/ the least interesting. 10. What is far/ farther/ the farthest distance you have ever run? End of UNIT TEST

III.7.1. Fill in the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets, using prefixes or suffixes : 1. She waited without complaining; she was very (patience). 2. That visit wasnt (pleasure). 3. Mary is always (confidence) that she is right.

4. His behaviour was always (courtesy). 5. Tommy was particularly (mischief). 6. I like the privacy of a (fence) garden. 7. It was a (moment) occasion. 8. You look rather (occupy). Are you worried about anything? 9. You do have some good ideas but your work is very (organise). 10. When Paul had been made up for the play he was (recognise). 11. We had a marvellous holiday and our trip to Paris was (forget). 12. The result was very strange! In fact it was (belief). 13. The pain became (endure) so we had to call the ambulance. 14. The judge told him it was (respond) to drink and drive. 15. Living conditions in some poor African countries are very (health). III.7.2. Find adjectives coming from the following ve rbs: 1. instruct 11. permit 2. attract 12. convince 3. relate 13. collapse 4. persuade 14. argue 5. construct 15. pity 6. exclude 16. reserve 7. avoid 17. concern 8. remove 18. employ 9. deny 19. use 10. solve 20. succeed III.7.3. What is the opposite of the following words? Use the negative prefixes un-/ in-/ im-/ dis-. If the re is another word that has approximately the same meaning, write it too. WORD e.g safe modest happy complete expensive interesting important perfect friendly polite correct honest certain flexible OPPOSITE unsafe SIMILAR MEANING dangerous

III.7.4. Provide the right form of the adjectives in bold letters to fill in the gaps:

1. Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the.. joke I've ever heard. 2. My father is heavy. My uncle is much. than my father. 3. The test in Geography was easy, but the test in Biology was.. 4. Florida is sunny. Do you know the place in the USA? 5. Stan is a s uccessful sportsman, but his sister is than Stan. 6. My mother has a soft voice, but my teacher's voice is. than my mother's. 7. Amy has a beautiful baby, but my daughter has the.. baby on earth. 8. I live in a large family, but my grandfather lived in a .. family. 9. We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examinatio n we'll have even.. time. 10. Lucy is clever, but Carol is.. than Lucy. III.7.5. Use prefixes to give the opposites of the following adjectives: 1. symmetrical 11. modest 2. similar 12. material 3. rational 13. loyal 4. pure 14. logical 5. practical 15. legal 6. possible 16. honest 7. political 17. direct 8. polite 18. clear 9. perfect 19. certain 10. patient 20. attractive

UNIT FOUR. VERB: PRESENT TENSES

Content IV.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................33 IV.2. Competences...........................................................................................................33 IV.3. Present Simple .......................................................................................................33 IV.4. Present Continuous .................................................................................................34 IV.5. Present Perfect Simple ...........................................................................................34 IV.6. Present Perfect Continuous ....................................................................................35 IV.7. Exercises ................................................................................................................36 IV.8. End of unit test .......................................................................................................38

IV.1. Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding Present Tenses in English. IV.2. Competences On completion of UNIT FOUR, students will be able to differentiate between the four present tenses of the Indicative Mood and use them appropriately in given contexts.

Study time for UNIT FOUR: 4-5 hours.

IV.3. PRESENT SIMPLE : 1. DEFINITION: Is used to describe: - general truths and states which are regarded as permanent; - repeated actions or habits; - exclamat ions introduced by here/there; - explanations, demonstrations. 2. FORM: POSITIVE: V1, BUT V1 +s for the 3rd person singular; INTERROGATIVE: DO+V1

NEGATIVE: DONT+V1

3. ADVERBS: (of frequency) - every day; every week; every month; every year; - usually, mostly, generally, rarely, seldom, frequently, always, never; - sometimes, at times;

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student writes formulas every day. INTERROGATIVE: Does the student write any formulas every day? NEGATIVE: No, the student doesnt write any formulas. IV.4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS: 1. DEFINITION: Is used to: represent an action, viewed in progress (continuous) at the very time of speech (present); represent an action viewed in progress (continuous) at the Time of speech (present), even if not literally at the very moment of speaking; express a definite arrangement in the near future (immediate plans); express a non-habitual action; express a reproach. 2. FORM POSITIVE : SUB. + BE + V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: BE + SUB + V1-ing NEGATIVE: SUB. + BE + NOT + V1-ing 3. ADVERBS: (of present moment) - now, right now; this moment; at the time; - at present, presently;

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student is writing a formula right now. INTERROGATIVE: Is the student writing a formula right now? NEGATIVE; No, the student isnt writing a formula right now. IV.5. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: 1. DEFINITION: Is used to:

express a completed action (perfect) still having an effect or result in the moment of speaking (present); represent activities completed in the immediate past, often associated either with just or no time reference at all; express activities completed in a period up till the moment of speech, without being exact about the time; represent a completed action in an uncompleted time interval.

2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + V3 INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/ HAS + SUB. + V3 NEGATIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3 3. ADVERBS: (of interval, time span, period, uncompleted time interval) - just, yet, already, never, ever; - for, since; - lately, recently; - this morning, this afternoon, this evening, this night, this week, this month, this year, this, spring, this century;

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student has already written the formula. INTERROGATIVE: Has the student already written the formula? NEGATIVE: No, the student hasnt written the formula yet . IV.6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: 1. DEFINITION: Is used to: express an activity partly completed (perfect) but still in progress (continuous) at the moment of speaking (present); express an activity begun in the past which has only just finished and is relevant to the current situation; describe a repeated activity, in which case a nuance of reproach, irritation, wonder can be present. 2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + BEEN+ V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/ HAS + SUB + BEEN+ V1 -ing NEGATIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + BEEN+ V1-ing 3. ADVERBS: (of interval of time) - since...; - for;

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student has been writing for an hour. INTERROGATIVE: Has the student been writing for an hour? NEGATIVE: No, the student hasnt been writing for an hour.

EXERCISES IV.7.1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets: The closest most of us (1-to get) to a daring dream, we suddenly (2 to realize) that we (3 to stand) stark naked in a crowed shopping-center. So it (4-to seem) rather unjust that some people can apparently will themselves into dreams of breathtaking high adventure. The phenomenon (5 to know) as lucid sleeping and (6 to mean) the sleeper (7 to become) aware that he (8 to dream) and can consciously (9 to participate) in and control his dream. It (10 to compare) to (11-to have) your very own virtual reality in your head. People typically lucid-dream about things that they always (12- to want) to do as children, like flying, (13 to say) Charles McCreery from Psychophysical Institute in Oxford, which (14-to research) lucid dreams for thirty years. Other favourite lucid dreams are (15-to have) sex with a beautiful lover or (16to perform) outrageous stunts, such as (17-to leap) off cliffs for a thrill, safe in the knowledge that you can come to no harm. Aside from (18-to be) a secret recreation, some argue that lucid dreaming can have an impact in waking life. It even (19- to creep) into therapists work. The theory is that, (20-to train) to lucid dreams, people who have self-confidence problems or phobias can practice difficult situations in the safety of a lucid dream. It also (21-to use) to help alleviate nightmares, which (22-to plague) one million people in Britain. Dr. Delia Cushway, a clinical psychologist, (23 to recount) the case of one woman she (25 to see) who (25-to become) lucid when she had a nightmare in which two ferocious growling Doberman dogs (26 to bar) her way and (27-to threaten) to attack. She simply (28- to say) to herself: This is OK, this is only a dream!, and(29-to push) past the dogs, (30-to let ) herself out of the door. In a subsequent dream, one of the dogs (31-to lie) down beside her and (32-to put) its head in her lap. Some psychotherapists (33-to warn) that (34-to interfere) with a dream narrative might rob you of the clues that dreams (35-to throw) up, about what or who (36-to trouble) you in your life. Interest in lucid dreaming as a subject of research (37-to start) (38-to grow) in the last 15 or 20 years and scientists (39-to develop) machines which allegedly (40- to trigger) lucid dreams.

IV.7.2. Choose the correct form to fill in the blanks: 1. Stop making noise! My son for half an hour. a. sleeps; b. has been sleeping; c. is sleeping. 2. What time back home? a. comes your brother; b. your brother comes; c. does your brother come. 3. She will be cooking while the baby . a. sleeps; b. is sleeping; c. will sleep. 4. Tom will play with us if he free. a. is; b. will be; c. has been. 5. I here for half an hour. a. am; b. have been; c. have been being. 6. He ... with the company for three years now. a. is b. has been c. has to be 7. John Dee ... for Best Motors in the Sales Department. a. works b. work c. is working 8. Her mothers business was difficult to keep going but it ... well at that moment. a. has done b. was doing c. does 9. They have ... several hundred pounds on their advertising campaign. a. yet spent b. now spending c. so far spent 10. My favourite football team the cup. a. is just wining b. has just won c. just has won. IV.7.3. Provide the right form for the verbs in brackets: 1. What's that noise? Somebody (practise)the piano. 2. We (go).to the cinema this Friday. 3. They (go) on holiday every winter. 4. The days (be).longer in summer. 5. She often (talk)to herself. 6. She (have)a shower at the moment. 7. Right now she (run) .down a hill. 8. Oak trees (grow)very slowly. 9. My dog (not eat).vegetables. 10.My brother (not like)..animals. 11. Most people (not like).to visit a doctor. 12. In his job he usually (stand) 13. I'm looking at that woman, she (wear).a nice dress. 14. I never (go).out in the evening. 15. He usually (work)with paints and brushes. 16. Do you know anyone who (speak).Italian? 17. At work he usually (sit)all day. 18. 'Where is Kate?' 'She (watch) .TV in the living room.' 19. (you go)..to the party next Saturday? 20. (you ever work) ..at the weekend?

End of UNIT TEST

IV.8.1. Provide the correct form for the verbs in brackets: 1. What's the noise? Tim (practise).the piano. 2. What are you doing? I (read)a very interesting magazine. 3. We (go).on holiday in summer. 4. This animal (eat) .meat. 5. Temperature usually (rise) .. in the afternoon. 6. She can't talk to you right now. She (have) .a shower. 7. Ornithologists (study)birds. 8. Most of my friends (not like) ..visiting their relatives. 9. Look! He (drink)..beer. 10. Jane often (talk)..to herself. 11. It (get) cold.now. 12. I'm looking at that girl. She (wear) a nice jacket. 13. I wonder what's with Ann. She (look)very unhappy. 14. I never (drink) ..alcohol at lunch time. 15. He usually sits down and (use) ..a computer. 16. He usually (work) ..with paints and brushes. 17. He (spend) .all his pocket money on sweets. 18. Do you know anyone who (speak) .German? 19. At the moment he (stand) ..inside a telephone box. 20. (you go) to the meeting next Friday?

UNIT FIVE. THE VERB: PAST TENSES

Content V.1. Introduction..................................................................................................39 V.2. Competences ................................................................................................39 V.3. Past Simple .................................................................................................39 V.4. Past Continuous ...........................................................................................40 V.5. Past Perfect Simple ......................................................................................40 V.6. Past Perfect Continuous ...............................................................................41 V.7. Exercises .....................................................................................................42 V.8. End of unit test ............................................................................................44

V.1. Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding Past Tenses in English. V.2. Competences On completion of UNIT FIVE, students will be able to differentiate between the four past tenses of the Indicative Mood and use them appropriately in given contexts.

Study time for UNIT FIVE: 4-5 hours.

V.3. PAST SIMPLE: 1. DEFINITION: Is used to: represent simple actions completed at a definite time in the past; represent a series of actions in a sequence, often as part of a narrative; describe habitual, repeated actions in the past, and with verbs of permanent characteristic. 3. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + V2 INTERROGATIVE: SUB + DID + V1 NEGATIVE: SUB + DIDNT + V1 4. ADVERBS: (of definite point, or period in the past)

- yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century; - ten years ago, before, on August 24th 1954; - when .past action;

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student wrote that formula ten minutes ago. INTERROGATIVE: Did the student write that formula ten minutes ago. NEGATIVE: No, the student didnt write that formula ten minutes ago. V.4. PAST CONTINUOUS: 1. DEFINITION: Is used to: represent an action viewed in progress (continuous) before the moment of speaking at some point in the past (past); describe a past repeated action causing annoyance; 2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + WAS/WERE + V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: WAS/WERE + SUB + V1-ing NEGATIVE: SUB + WAS/WERE + NOT SUB + WAS/WERE + V1 -ing 3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the past) - yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century; - ten years ago, before, on August 24th 1954; - when .past action; at this time yesterday.

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student was writing the formula at this time yesterday. INTERROGATIVE: Was the student writing the formula at this time yesterday? NEGATIVE: No, the student wasnt writing the formula at this time yesterday. V.5. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE: 1. DEFINITION: Is used to: represent an action completed (perfect) before another action or moment in the past (past); denote an action that began before another moment in the past and continued up to that time. 2. FORM

POSITIVE: SUB + HAD + V3 INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUB + V3 NEGATIVE: SUB + HAD + NOT + V3

3. ADVERBS: (of definite point in the past, and of interval) - since; for; - yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century; - ten years ago, before, on August 24th 1954; - when/ before.past action; at this time yesterday.

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student had written the formula before he took the test. INTERROGATIVE: Had the student written the formula before he took the test ? NEGATIVE: No, the student hadnt written the formula before he took the test . V.6. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS: 1. DEFINITION: Is used to represent a mostly completed action (perfect) that is still viewed in progress (continuous) at a definite point in the past (past). 2. FORM POSIVE: SUB + HAD + BEEN + V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUB + BEEN + V1-ing NEGATIVE: SUB + HAD + NOT + BEEN + V1-ing 3. ADVERBS: (of definite point in the past, and of interva l) - since; for; - yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century; - ten years ago, before, on August 24th 1954; - when/ before.past action; at this time yesterday.

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student had been writing for ten minutes, when the test was over. INTERROGATIVE: Had the student been writing for ten minutes, when the test was over? NEGATIVE: No the student hadnt been writing for ten minutes, when the test was over.

EXERCISES V.7.1. Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs in brackets: 1. Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he (1. die), he (2. give) a magnificent funeral which (3. attend) by hundreds of famous people. The funeral was going to (4. hold) in Westminster Abbey. Many ordinary people (5.stand) in the street to watch the procession. The wonderful black and gold carriage (6. draw) by six black horses. Lord Mannerss relatives (7. follow) in silence. He (8. give) a royal funeral! said one of the people present. Among the crowd there were two beggars. They (9. watch) the procession with amazement for some time when one of them turned to the other and (10. whisper) in admiration: Now, thats what I call really living! 2. I 1.(to fall asleep) while I was working because it took me a long time to realize that the telephone2.(to ring). When I answered it, my girlfriend said: You3.(to forget) that we 4.(to go) to the cinema tonight? I 5.(to wait) here for half an hour. If you6.(to come) soon, well miss the film. I suddenly remembered that Sally7.(to give) tickets for the first performance of a new film. By the time I get there, the film8.(to begin). Lets go out to dinner instead. 3. Last week I 1.(to invite) my brother to dinner. When he2.(to arrive), I still3.(to work) in the kitchen, for I quite4.(not finish) ..5.(to prepare) the salad. He told me he .6.(to come) as soon as he 7.(to finish)his work at the office. I told him8.(make) himself at home, 9.(to add) that I 12.(be) ready for him. The dinner 15.(to cook). My brother 16.(to say) that he 17.(to go) .18.(to send) his girlfriend to me for cooking lessons. I enjoy19.(work) in the kitchen, if somebody else 20. (to do) the washing up. V.7.2. Give the correct forms of the verbs: 1. 2. 3. 4. I (fall) when I (cross) the road. I (drop) my bag when I (board) the plane. I (get) wet while (walk) in the rain. Whenever the politician (open) his mouth to speak the crowd (shout) insults. 5. While the maid (clean) the room a skeleton (fall) out of the cupboard. 6. As soon as he (get) under the shower, the doorbell (ring). 7. They (slip) and (fall) while they (climb) the mountain. 8. While I (sightsee) in London I (hide) my money in my socks. 9. As they (fly) from Stockholm to Moscow, the starboard engine (burst) into flames. 10. When she (have) lunch a waiter (drop) a plate of soup in her lap. 11. As it (rain) their mother (cancel) the picnic. 12. When he (cycle) downhill, the brakes (fail) and he only (avoid) a serious accident by steering into a friendly rhododendron bush.

V.7.3. Choose the correct form to fill in the blanks: 1. When she asked me I a few days to think about it. a. explain her Id like; b. told her Id like; c. told her I liked. 2. Last year, Mary asked me what she buy me for Christmas. a. could; b. was able to; c. can. 3. They did not k now at that time that she music so much. a. liked; b. likes; c. was liking. 4. Jane said she would lend me the book after she it. a. finishes; b. had finished; c. will finish. 5. If she , she wouldnt have been lying in bed now. a. would have listened; b. listened; c. had listened. 6. He to bed a few minutes ago. a. goed; b. went; c. has gone. 7. They did not know if they in time or not. a. will arrive; b. would arrive; c. arrive. 8. He asked me to stay. a. how long was I going; b. how long I was going; c. how long time I was going. 9. America Online said yesterday that its customers ... $ 1.2bn in purchases between November 27 and December 26. a. were spending b. had spent c. have been spending 10. The shop assistant informed me that I ... to your office if I wanted a refund. a. have to write b. had to write c. would have written 11. Every Monday she ... into my shop and buy her weekly order, which never changed. a. comes b. used to come c. was used to come 12. There seemed to be a mistake but nobody realized where .... a. had it come from b. it came from c. from it came 13. Thomas tried to find out what other places ... visited. a. have I b. had I c. I had 14. What ....... interested in? a. he said he was b. did he say he was c. did he say was he V.7.4. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous: 1. He (lie).on the road when they found him. 2. Someone stole my cigarettes when I (not look). 3. She was a beautiful woman. She always (attract) a lot of men. 4. I turned the radio off. Nobody (listen)to it. 5. Mr. Brown (have)..a shower when I knocked on his door. 6. How much (it cost)to fly to Paris?

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

(you close).the door when you left? (they get)..our presents? 'When (she start)..learning English?' 'Five years ago. I left the cinema before the film ended. I (not enjoy).it. (you go) to the restaurant yesterday evening? I got up at 7 and then I (have) a big breakfast. I (see)..you walking in the park this morning. She (wear)..her new jacket when I saw her. (you see).Jane last night? Who (you wait)..for when I arrived? What (happen) ..after that? When I was young I (want).to be a pilot. I waved at him, but he (look not) . She (sit) .on the chair and watching TV.

V.7.5. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1. I (see) my first baseball game when I (live) in New York. 2. How many pints of beer (he/drink) before he (leave) the pub? 3. It (rain) so we (decide) to stay at home all afternoon. 4. By the time I (leave) university I (be) to France fifteen times. 5. What (you/do) at the time the murder was committed? 6. When we (get) home we saw that someone (break) in to steal the DVD recorder. 7. He (send/passive) to prison four times before he (decide) that it would be better to go straight. 8. I didn't realise I (lose) my credit cards until I (try) to pay for dinner at the restaurant. 9. I (write) an email to my sister when she (ring) me. 10. She was so upset by the news that she (drop) her tea and (start) crying.

End of UNIT TEST

V.8.1. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Perfect: 1. When she (hear) .the noise she turned to see what it was. 2. When I saw her I knew we (never meet) .before. 3. When I looked at the lorry I could see that somebody (drive) .in.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

The movie (start already).when we arrived at the cinema. The doctor examined her leg and (find)that she had broken it. I was hungry because I (not eat).since breakfast. I was frightened because the police (come)..for my sister. I was feeling very thirsty because I (drink) .too much alcohol. I told him twice that I (not know)..him. I told him I didn't know who (steal) his pen. I paid for the window because my son (break) . I felt really stupid because I (make)..a lot of mistakes. I couldn't get in because I (lose) my keys. I (write)a long letter to my mother yesterday. He told me he (never see).anything like that. He told me he (never be).to Australia before. He started to read the newspaper he (buy).an hour earlier. He (spend) three years in Tahiti when he was a child. Before he came to Warsaw he (live) ..in Prague. After she (finish) breakfast she left the house.

V.8.2. Change the verbs in the following sentence into past tense. 1. Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client. 2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking space. 3. When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full. 4. The waitress asks us if we have reservations. 5. I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them." 6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours. 7. My client and I slowly walk back to the car. 8. Then we see a small grocery store. 9. We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches. 10. That is better than waiting for two hours. V.8.3. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: 1. Last night, Samantha have pizza for supper. 2. My pet lizard was died last month. 3. Yesterday I spend two hours cleaning my living room. 4. This morning before coming to class, Jack eats two bowls of cereal. 5. What was happened to your leg?

UNIT SIX. THE VERB. WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

Content VI.1. Introduction ................................................................................................46 VI.2. Competences...............................................................................................46 VI.3. Future Simple .............................................................................................46 VI.4. Future Continuous ......................................................................................47 VI.5. Future Perfect Simple ................................................................................47 VI.6. Future Perfect Continuous ..........................................................................48 VI.7. Exercises ....................................................................................................49 VI.8. End of unit test ...........................................................................................50

VI.1. Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding ways of expressing future time in English. VI.2. Competences On completion of UNIT FIVE, students will be able to differentiate between the different ways of expressing Future Time and use them appropriately in given contexts.

Study time for UNIT SIX: 4-5 hours.

VI.3. FUTURE SIMPLE: 1. DEFINITION: It is used to denote actions which will take place in the future. The performance of the future action may be caused by objective circumstances, by a mixture of the former and a personal element, or it may depend on a condition; 2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + V1 INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB + V1 NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + V1 3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future) - tomorrow;

- next week, next month, next year, next century; - in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day; - when.future action;

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student will write the formula in ten minutes. INTERROGATIVE: Will the student write the formula in ten minutes? NEGATIVE: No, the student wont write the formula in ten minutes. VI.4. FUTURE CONTINUOUS: 1. DEFINITION: It is used to represent an action viewed in progress at one particular time in the future. 2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + BE + V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB + BE + V1-ing NEGATIVE : SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + BE + V1-ing 3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future) - tomorrow; at this time tomorrow; - next week, next month, next year, next century; - in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day; - when.future action;

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student will be writing a formula during the next two minutes. INTERROGATIVE: Will the student be writing a formula during the next two minutes? NEGATIVE: No, the student wont be writing the formula during the next two minutes. VI.5. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE 1. DEFINITION: It is used to represent a completed action (perfect0 at some point in the future (future); 2. FORM POSITIVE : SUB + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + V3 INTERROGATIVE : WILL/SHALL + SUB + HAVE + V3 NEGATIVE : SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + HAVE + V3 ] 3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future and of interval of time)

- tomorrow; at this time tomorrow; - next week, next month, next year, next century; - in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day; - when.future action; - for; since; by; already.

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: By 10 oclock the student will have already written that formula. INTERROGATIVE: Will the student have already written that formula by 10 oclock ? NEGATIVE: No, the student wont have written that formula yet by 10 oclock . VI.6. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS: 1. DEFINITION: It is used to represent a partly completed action (perfect) still viewed in progress (continuous) at some point in the future (future). 2. FORM POSITIVE : SUB + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB +HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing 3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future and of interval of time) - tomorrow; at this time tomorrow; - next week, next month, next year, next century; - in 2055; in two years; after a few days; the following day; - when.future action; - for; since; by; already.

EXAMPLE POSITIVE: By 10 oclock the student will have been writing that formula for ten minutes. INTERROGATIVE: Will the student have been writing that formula for ten minutes by 10 oclock ? NEGATIVE: No, the student wont have been writing that formula for ten minutes for ten minutes by 10 oclock .

EXERCISES

VI.7.1. Choose the correct form to fill in the blanks: 1. Donald sixteen tomorrow. a. will be; b. shall be; c. going to be. 2. Dont you remember that we to the cinema tonight? a. would go; b. are going; c. go. 3. By the time we arrive, the film . a. shall have started; b. will start; c. will have started. 4. You will ... in the arrivals hall by one of our representatives. a. meet b. be meeting c. be met 5. They promised they back soon. a. will come b. would come c. are coming VI.7.2. Write a correct version for each of the following sentences : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. VI.7.3. Use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. As soon as I will get the answer, Ill let you know. After 1997, exports have been booming. When Ill get back, Ill tell you all about it. When examining it more closely, he realized the ticket was for the next day. Once she will have understood the procedures, shell work much faster. Id no sooner taken my seat when the fire alarm went off. As our bus didnt leave for another hour, so we didnt have to rush All you have to do is tell me everything what happened. He left the country at the age of 20 and it was only after several years when he returned. Its not learning new words that I find difficult, and remembering them. will or going to for the verbs in brackets: I (get married).next year. These shoes are very dirty. I (clean) ..them. As soon as I arrive, I (send) ..you a postcard. This car is very old. I (buy) .a new one. I expect I (be)..late. If you don't leave, I (call)the police. It is getting late. I think I (go).home. What (you do)..with all the money? I must stay at home this afternoon because my father (call) .me. I (take) the state exam next year. If she helps you with your homework, I (tell) the teacher. These exercises are very difficult. If you want I (explain) .the m. I am quite cold. I (close)the window. Go away I (sneeze)

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

I (be)thirty next month. I'm sorry I must leave today. No problem. I (take) .you to the station. I still don't have a present for Lucy. I think I (buy) her a bag. She (have) .a baby in five months. Hold on! I (help).you with these heavy bags. I have a special plan for the weekend. I (learn) ..how to make a cake.

VI.7.4. Use appropriate tenses for the verbs in brackets: 1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch) .TV as well. 2. Tomorrow after school, I (go).to the beach. 3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) .paperwork and (talk).to annoying customers on the phone, I (lie).on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous? 4. We (hide). when Tony (arrive)..at his surprise party. As soon as he opens the door, we (jump).out and (scream).., "Surprise!" 5. We work out at the fitness centre every day after work. If you (come) over while we (work)..out, we will not be able to let you into the house. Just to be safe, we (leave).a key under the welcome mat so you will not have to wait outside. 6. While you (study)at home, Magda (be). in class. 7. When I (get)..to the party, Sally and Doug (dance), John (make).drinks, Sue and Frank (discuss) ..something controversial, and Mary (complain) about something unimportant. They are always doing the same things. They are so predictable. 8. When you (get).off the plane, I (wait).. for you. 9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine). 10. If you (need) ..to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) ..at the Sheraton in San Francisco. End of UNIT TEST

VI.8.1. Use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Present Continuous or Future Simple: Did you write to Ann? No, I forgot. I (write)..her tomorrow. What (you cook).for dinner this evening? We (go).to the cinema tomorrow. I (go)to the museum this evening. 'I need more money.' 'I (lend).you some if you want.' 'Have a nice time!' 'Thanks I (send).you a postcard.' It's cold in here. (you shut)..the door, please? I don't want to be at home alone. (you stay) with me?

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Jim has got a plan for Friday. He (play)tennis with friends. 'Have you phoned Jim?' 'No, I forgot. I (phone) him later. Peter (meet).his friends this evening. What time (Bill and Jerry come).tonight? What time (you leave)tomorrow afternoon? I (work)tomorrow so I can't go anywhere. The French president (visit)Britain next week. (you do) ..anything tonight? I (get) .married next Saturday. Have you heard? She (go)to have a baby next week. It must be very heavy. I (carry)..it for you. I (do)my exams next week.

VI.8.2. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence. There may be more than one possibility. 1. "What when you leave university?" "I want to go back to London" a. do you do; b. are you going to do; c. are you doing; d. will you do 2. If the plane gets in late I my train connection. a. am missing; b. will miss; c. am going to miss; d. will be missing 3. It's half past eight and it takes twenty minutes to get to the station. My train leaves in fifteen minutes. I a. am late; b. will be late; c. am going to be late; d. am being late 4. I've had twenty replies to the invitations I sent out, so I know twenty people a. definitely come; b. are definitely coming; c. will definitely come; d. are definitely going to come 5. I'm sure you a lot better after a good night's sleep. a. feel; b. are feeling; c. will feel; d. are going to feel 6. "Oh, no! I've spilt my wine." "Don't worry. a cloth to wipe it up." a. I get; b. I'm getting; c. I'll get; d. I'll be getting 7. The plane doesn't leave until tomorrow afternoon, so I the cases in the morning. a. pack; b. will pack; c. am going to pack; d. am packing 8. "Can I come round after dinner?" "Yes, that's fine. I anything." a. don't do; b. won't do; c. won't be doing; d. won't have been doing 9. The match doesn't start till 9 o'clock, so we a drink first. a. will have; b. are going to have; c. are having; d. will be having 10. At the beginning of next month we married for ten years. a. are; b. will be; c. are going to be; d. will have been.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Acklam, R., First Certificate Gold, Longman, 2003; 2. Aspinall, T., Advanced Masterclass CAE, OUP, 2001; 3. Radu, Lucian, Milotoiu, C., Sasu, L., Antonaru, C., Andrei, M., Farcas, A. Popa, R. si Ion, M. Gramatica Practica a Limbii Engleze (Morfologie). Brasov: Editura Universitatii Transilvania Brasov, 2005; 4. Vince, M., First Certificate Language Practice, Macmillan Heinemann, 2003; 5. Vince, M., Intermediate Language Practice, Macmillan Heinemann, 2006; 6. http://www.englisch- hilfen.de 7. http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/simple_past.html 8. www.onestopenglish.com 9. www.learningenglishfeelgood.com 10. www.nonstopenglish.com 11. www.bbcenglish.com 12. www.english-at-home.com 13. www.english-test.net 14. www.english-online.at 15. www.esltower.com 16. www.englishforeveryone.org 17. www.englishexercises.org 18. www.learningenglish.com

ANSWER KEY FOR END OF UNIT TESTS UNIT 1 I.8.1. 1. work 2. hair 3. content 4. damages 5. funds 6. customs 7. scales 8. custom 9. minute 10. colours I.8.2. were 1. is 2. were 3. is 4. were 5. was 6. were 7. was 8. is 9. were 10. were 11. are 12. are 13. are 14. were 15. are 16. were 17. is 18. are 19. was I.8.3. 1. Jimmys coat; 2. yesterdays newspaper; 3. the wife of the man crossing the street; 4. my parents neighbours ; 5. the roof of the house; 6. your friends name; 7. the name of that river; 8. the dress of the girl we met yesterday; 9. government s policy; 10. the boys and girls marks/ the boy and girls marks. I.8.4. 11. advice 12. rice 13. chocolate 14. lemonade 15. coffee 16. milk 17. meat 18. oil 19. tennis 20. jam

UNIT 2 II.6.1. I remember in THE dim and distant past my children being obsessed by A man called Bob Dylan. I have no idea hes still alive, but THE impact he had in THE sixties and seventies was incredible. I remember one song called Blowing in THE Wind; my son hes in his fifties now sang it all day and all night, month in month out, for several years. And it was so silly: How many times must man look up before he can see THE sky? I mean, question like that cant be taken seriously, can it? And How many times must THE white dove fly before it sleeps in THE sand? And then answer to profound questions: THE Answer, my friend, is blowing in THE wind. THE Generation after mine didnt know what life was all about, did they? We did, of course. Very thought of you, Just THE way you look tonight. THE Night they invented champagne. They were real songs. But what came next? How many years can THE mountain exist before it is washed to sea? And there was A whole generation singing along to song. Funny world we live in, I say its A funny world we live in. II.6.2. 1. accidents 2. a 3. his 4. the 5. The II.6.3. Every day there is news of another war breaking out somewhere in THE world. Clauswitz claimed that the war is a continuation of the government by other means, but is it necessary? THE First World War is often used, especially by pacifists, as an example of an unjustifiable war: the European powers allied themselves with each other and for five years killed each other in appalling conditions. What makes society indulge in such extraordinary behaviour? Is it simply in THE nature of man to fight? Under any circumstances can violence ever be justified? II.6.4. 1. A 2. THE 3. A 4. THE 5. THE 6. THE 7. A 8. A 9. 10. AN 11. UNIT 3 III.7.1. 1. impatient 2. pleasant 12. THE 13. 14. THE 15. 16. THE 17. 18. THE 19. THE 20. 21. THE 22. THE 23. 24. THE 25. THE 26. THE 27. A 28. THE 29. 30. THE 31. THE 6. the 7. a 8. a 9. the 10.the

3. confident 4. courteous

5. mischievous 6. fancy 7. momentous 8. occupied 9. disorganised 10. unrecognisable III.7.2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. III.7.3. WORD e.g safe modest Happy complete expensive interesting important Perfect friendly Polite Correct Honest Certain flexible III.7.4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. III.7.5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. asymmetrical dissimilar irrational impure impractical funniest heavier easier sunniest more successful instructive attractive relative persuasive constructive exclusive avoidable removable deniable solvable

11. unforgettable 12. unbelievable 13. unendurable 14. irresponsible 15. unhealthy

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

permissive convincing collapsible arguable pitiful reserved concerned employable/ employed useful successful

OPPOSITE unsafe immodest unhappy incomplete inexpensive uninteresting unimportant imperfect unfriendly impolite incorrect dishonest uncertain Inflexible

SIMILAR MEANING Dangerous

6. softer 7. most beautiful 8. larger 9. less 10. cleverer 6. impossible 7. apolitical 8. polite 9. imperfect 10. impatient

11. 12. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

immodest immaterial illegal dishonest indirect unclear uncertain unattractive

13. disloyal 14. illogical

UNIT 4 IV.8.1. 1. is practising 2. am reading 3. are going 4. eats 5. rises 6. is having 7. study 8. do not like 9. is drinking 10. talks UNIT 5 V.8.1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. V.8.2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. V.8.3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. went drove arrived, was asked, had said, forgot

11. is getting 12. is wearing 13. looks 14. drink 15. uses 16. works 17. spends 18. speaks 19. is standing 20. are you going

heard had never met had driven had already started found had not eaten had come had drunk did not know had stolen

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

had broken had made/ made had lost wrote had never seen had never been had bought spent had lived finished/ had finished told walked saw stopped, bought was

Last night, Samantha HAD pizza for supper. My pet lizard DIED last month. Yesterday I SPENT two hours cleaning my living room. This morning before coming to class, Jack ATE/ HAS EATEN two bowls of cereal. What HAPPENED to your leg?

UNIT 6 VI.8.1. 1. will write 2. are you cooking 3. are going 4. am going 5. will lend 6. will send 7. will you shut 8. will you stay 9. is playing 10. will phone VI.8.2. 1. b. 2. b. 3. b. 4. c. 5. c. 6. c. 7. c/ d 8. c. 9. b. 10. d. 11. is meeting 12. are Bill and Jerry coming 13. are you leaving 14. I will work 15. visits 16. are you doing 17. am going to get 18. is going 19. will carry 20. am doing