Homework 1

Your Name :! ! ! ! ! ! Your ID Number : ! !

PHYS 211 Department of Physics Bilkent University Due Date : 27.09.13

Show that the variation of atmospheric pressure with altitude is given by P = P0 e-!h, where ! = "0g/P0, P0 is atmospheric pressure at some reference level y = 0, and "0 is the atmospheric density at this level. Assume that the decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is given by P = P0 + "gh, so that dP/dy = -"g, and assume that the density of air is proportional to the pressure.

ll has a diameter of 3.80 cm and an av0.084 0 g/cm3. What force would be recompletely submerged under water? ows a tank of water with a valve at the alve is opened, what is the maximum by the water stream exiting the right Assume that h 10.0 m, L 2.00 m, nd that the cross-sectional area at point mpared with that at point B.
Your Name :! !

v 0.500 m

Homework 1
!
L B

PHYS 211 Department of Physics Bilkent University

Figure P15.50

! ! ! Your ID Number : 51. The true weight of an object is measured in a vacuum, where buoyant forces are absent.forces An object of volume The true weight of an object is measured in a vacuum, where buoyant are absent. An V object of volume V is weighed in is weighed in air on a balance with the use of weights of reads Fg, show that the true air on a balance with the use of weights of density ". If the density of air is "air and the balance density . If the density of air is air and the balance weight Fg is reads F g , show that the true weight Fg is

F g F g V

F g

airg

Figure P15.48

52. Evangelista Torricelli was the rst to realize that we live at the bottom of an ocean of air. He correctly surmised that the pressure of our atmosphere is attributable to the weight of the air. The density of air at 0C at the Earths surface is 1.29 kg/m3. The density decreases with increasing altitude (as the atmosphere thins). On the other hand, if we assume that the density is constant

PHYS 211 n expression for the tension in the cord when 12.98 ... A siphon, as shown in Fig. P12.98, is a convenient Department of Physics rating downward with an acceleration of mag- device for removing liquids from containers. To establish the ow, Bilkent University he tension when a = 2.50 m> s2 downward. the tube must be initially lled with uid. Let the uid have denion when the elevator is in free fall with a sity r, and let the atmospheric pressure be patm. Assume that the on equal to g? cross-sectional area of the tube is the same at all points along it. (a) Your Name :! 180 ! ! ! the siphon ! is at a Your ID Number : surface pose a piece of styrofoam, r = kg> m3, is ! If the lower end of distance h below the merged in water (Fig. P12.97). (a) What is the of the liquid in the container, what is the speed of the uid as it A siphon, as shown below, is a convenient device forof removing liquids from that containers. To establish the ow, the tube must ? Find this using Archimedess principle. ows out the lower end the siphon? (Assume the container be initially uid. Let has the a uid ",and and let the atmospheric pressure be Patm. Assume that the crossthelled forcewith exerted by gh to calculate directly veryhave largedensity diameter, ignore any effects of viscosity.) (b) sectional area of is the at all points along it. (a) is If the end of the siphon o sloped sides and the bottom ofthe thetube styroAsame curious feature of a siphon thatlower the uid initially owsis at a distance h below the surt the vector sum of these forces isin the buoyface of the liquid the container, what is the is speed of the uid as H it ows out thepoint lowerof end uphill. What the greatest height that the high theof the siphon? (Assume that the tube can have if ow is effects still to occur? container has a very large diameter, and ignore any of viscosity.) (b) A curious feature of a siphon is that the uid initially ows uphill. What is the greatest height H that the high point of the tube can have if ow is still to occur? Figure P12.98
0.20 m 0.20 m

Homework 1

Answers

401

0.

50

Cord

g Question

shark and the tropical sh is denser than seaselves they would sink. However, a tropical sh cavity called a swimbladder, so that the average ody is the same as that of seawater and the sh s. Sharks have no such cavity. Hence they must ep from sinking, using their pectoral ns to proe wings of an airplane (see Section 12.5).

rstanding Questions

v), (i) and (iii) (tie), (v) In each case the avere mass divided by the volume. Hence we have 1.60 * 10 -3 m32 = 2.50 * 10 3 kg> m3; 1.60 * 10 -3 m32 = 5.00 * 10 3 kg> m3; 13.20 * 10 -3 m32 = 2.50 * 10 3 kg> m3; 10.640 m32 = 4.00 * 10 3 kg> m3; >11.28 m32 = 2.00 * 10 3 kg> m3. Note that ), object (ii) has double the mass but the same ouble the average density. Object (iii) has douuble the volume of object (i), so (i) and (iii) age density. Finally, object (v) has the same ut double the volume, so (v) has half the aver-

From Eq. (12.9), the pressure outside the to the product rgh. When the barometer is rigerator, the density r decreases while the ury column remains the same. Hence the air er outdoors than inside the refrigerator. Consider the water, the statue, and the conystem; the total weight of the system does not the statue is immersed. The total supporting ension T and the upward force F of the scale

on the container (equal to the scale reading), is the same in both cases. But we saw in Example 12.5 that T decreases by 7.84 N when the statue is immersed, so the scale reading F must increase by 7.84 N. An alternative viewpoint is that the water exerts an upward buoyant force of 7.84 N on the statue, so the statue must exert an equal downward force on the water, making the scale reading 7.84 N greater than the weight of water and container. 12.4 Answer: (ii) A highway that narrows from three lanes to one is like a pipe whose cross-sectional area narrows to one-third of its value. If cars behaved like the molecules of an incompressible uid, then as the cars encountered the one-lane section, the spacing between cars (the density) would stay the same but the cars would triple their speed. This would keep the volume ow rate (number of cars per second passing a point on the highway) the same. In real life cars behave like the molecules of a compressible uid: They end up packed closer (the density increases) and fewer cars per second pass a point on the highway (the volume ow rate decreases). 12.5 Answer: (ii) Newtons second law tells us that a body accelerates (its velocity changes) in response to a net force. In uid ow, a pressure difference between two points means that uid particles moving between those two points experience a force, and this force causes the uid particles to accelerate and change speed. 12.6 Answer: (iv) The required pressure is proportional to 1> R4, where R is the inside radius of the needle (half the inside diameter). With the smaller-diameter needle, the pressure is greater by a factor of 310.60 mm2>10.30 mm244 = 24 = 16.

Bridging Problem

Answers: (a) y = H - a (b) T =

2H D 2 a b Bg d

d 2 d 4 gt 2 b 12gH t + a b D D 2 (c) 12

Homework 1
Your Name :! ! ! ! ! ! Your ID Number :

PHYS 211 Department of Physics Bilkent University

You cast some metal of density "m in a mold, but you are worried that there might be cavities within the casting. You measure the weight of the casting to be w, and the buoyant force when it is completely surrounded by water to be B. (a) Show that V0 = B/("water g) - w/("m g) is the total volume of any enclosed cavities. (b) If your metal is copper, the castings weight is 156 N, and the buoyant force is 20 N, what is the total volume of any enclosed cavities in your casting? What fraction is this of the total volume of the casting?