Triangle-Wave Generators

Figure: The bipolar triangle-wave generator circuit in (a) generates triangle-wave and square wave oscillator signals as in (b). (a) Basic bipolar triangle-wave generator oscillator frequency for ; (b) output-voltage waveshapes.

Prepared by: Md. Raj Masud, Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, AIUB. th Ref: Robert F. Coughlin and Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6 Ed, Prentice, Hall of India, India.

Circuit Operation To unaerstand circuit operation, refer to time interval to in the Figure. Assume that is high at . This forces a constant current through (left to right) to drive negative from to . When reaches , pin 3 of the 301 goes negative, and snaps to and . When is at , it forces a constant current (right to left) through to drive positive from toward (see the time interval to ). When reaches at , pin 3 of the 301 goes positive and snaps to . This initiates the next cycle of oscillation. Frequency of Operation The peak values of the triangular wave are established by the ratio of resistor saturation voltages. They are given by to and the

where

If the saturation voltages are reasonably equal, the frequency of oscillation,

, is given by

Prepared by: Md. Raj Masud, Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, AIUB. th Ref: Robert F. Coughlin and Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6 Ed, Prentice, Hall of India, India.

Introduction to Precision Rectifiers

Figure: The ordinary silicon diode requires about 0.6 V of forward bias in order to conduct. Therefore, it cannot rectify small ac voltages. A precision half-wave rectifier circuit overcomes this limitation. The major limitation of ordinary silicon diodes is that they cannot rectify voltages below 0.6 V. For example, the Figure (a) shows that does not respond to positive inputs below in a half-wave rectifier built with an ordinary silicon diode. The Figure (b) shows the waveforms for a half-wave rectifier built with an ideal diode. An output voltage occurs for all positive input voltages, even those below . A circuit that acts like an ideal diode can be designed using an op amp and two ordinary diodes. The result is a powerful circuit capable of rectifying input signals of only a few millivolts. The low cost of this equivalent ideal diode circuit allows it to be used routinely for many applications.

Prepared by: Md. Raj Masud, Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, AIUB. th Ref: Robert F. Coughlin and Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6 Ed, Prentice, Hall of India, India.

They can be grouped loosely into the following classifications: i. ii. Linear half-wave rectifiers: Also called precision half-wave rectifier and acts as an ideal diode. Precision full-wave rectifiers: The precision rectifier is also called an absolute-value circuit.

Linear half wave rectifiers

Inverting Linear Half-wave Rectifier, Positive Output:

Figure: Two diodes convert an inverting amplifier into a positive output, inverting, linear (ideal) half-wave rectifier. Output is positive and equal to the magnitude of for negative inputs, and equals for all positive inputs. Diodes are IN914 or IN4154.

Prepared by: Md. Raj Masud, Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, AIUB. th Ref: Robert F. Coughlin and Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6 Ed, Prentice, Hall of India, India.

Figure: Input, output, and transfer characteristics of a positive output, ideal, inverting half-wave rectifier.
Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Negative Output:

Prepared by: Md. Raj Masud, Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, AIUB. th Ref: Robert F. Coughlin and Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6 Ed, Prentice, Hall of India, India.

Figure: Reversing the diodes gives an inverting linear half-wave rectifier. This circuit transmits and inverts only positive input signals.

Prepared by: Md. Raj Masud, Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, AIUB. th Ref: Robert F. Coughlin and Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6 Ed, Prentice, Hall of India, India.

Precision Full Wave Rectifiers: The Absolute Value Circuit

Figure: absolute-value amplifier

Prepared by: Md. Raj Masud, Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, AIUB. th Ref: Robert F. Coughlin and Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6 Ed, Prentice, Hall of India, India.

Figure: The precision full-wave rectifier fully rectifies input voltages, including those with values less than a diode threshold voltage

Prepared by: Md. Raj Masud, Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, AIUB. th Ref: Robert F. Coughlin and Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6 Ed, Prentice, Hall of India, India.