1. AIM 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3. CERTIFICATE 4. COMPONENTS 5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6. WORKING PRINCIPLE 7.

PRECAUTIONS

It is my duty to record my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my respected teacher Mr. for his

valuable guidance, interest and constant encouragement that has helped project me to complete the successfully. I am also grateful to our laboratory in charge Mr. the required materials. who provided me apparatus and

This is to certify that, student of CLASS-XII/C ; ENROLMENT NO

: ...of, has

done the project

work on FULL WAVE RECTIFIER under my supervision and guidance with my full satisfaction time in the All stipulated very sincere. period.

through the period I found her

Mr. . (H.O.D DEPARTMENT OF PH!SICS.

AIM

AC TO DC CONVERTER FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

THEOR!
AC TO DC CONVERTER SYNOPSIS
A.C converter is a evice, !"ic" is #se to convert an A.C. s#$$%& into D'C. s#$$%& t"ro#(" se)icon #ctor io es. It *in s its a$$%ication in )an& *ie% s o* e%ectricit&. It is #se in +atter& e%i)inators, te%evision, ra io, e%ectro$%atin( etc. I "ave st# ie a+o#t it an "ave recor e )& o+servations in t"is $ro,ect re$ort.

CONVERTER
It converts an A.C. into D.C. or D.C into A.C. -#t in t"is $ro,ect it converts an A.C. into D.C. T"e converter !"ic" an A.C. into D.C. is ca%%e recti*ier an t"e $rocess is ca%%e recti*ication.

NECESSITY AND APPLICATION OF D.C.

D.C. o#t$#t vo%ta(e, !"ic" is $ractica%%& constant, is a+so%#te%& essentia% *or E%ectro%&tic an e%ectroc"e)ica% $rocesses s#c" e%ectro$%atin(, e%ectrot&$in(, e%ectro re*inin(, $ro #ction o* a%#)ini#), co$$er an ot"er )eta%s +& e%ectro%&sis. D.C. is a%so necessar& *or r#nnin( o* arc %a)$s an !e% in(.

TRANSFORMER
A trans*or)er is an e%ectrica% evice t"at can ste$ #$ or ste$ o!n A.C. vo%ta(e. It consists o* t!o coi%s ca%%e )a(netic core. T"e core is )a e #$ o* a %ar(e n#)+er o* E an I s"a$e core. T"e trans*or)er is a $assive evice. It oes not cons#)e an& $o!er *or its o$eration, e.ce$t *or so)e %osses. It $asses on a%% t"e $o!er a$$%ie to t"e $ri)ar& to its secon ar& !in in(s. T"e vo%ta(e an c#rrent re%ations are (iven +& t"e *o%%o!in( e/#ation. V0 1 V2 3 N0 1 N2 3 I2 1 I0, W"ere V0 4 V2 are $ri)ar& 4 secon ar& vo%ta(e. N 0 4 N2 are $ri)ar& 4 secon ar& no. o* t#rns an I0 4 I2 are $ri)ar& 4 secon ar& c#rrent. $ri)ar& an secon ar& coi% !o#n on a co))on

T"e a+ove e/#ation s"o!s t"at a ste$5 o!n trans*or)er e%ivers %o!er vo%ta(e at secon ar& coi% t"an t"e "i(" vo%ta(e a$$%ie to t"e $ri)ar& coi%, +#t its c#rrent e%iverin( ca$acit& is )ore, t"ere*ore t"e secon ar& "as %ess n#)+er o* t#rns an is )a e #$ o* a t"ic6er (a#(e !ire as co)$are to t"e $ri)ar& coi%.

ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

1. COPPER LOSS
T"is is t"e ener(& %oss in t"e *or) o* "eat in t"e co$$er coi% o* trans*or)er #e to 7o#%e8s "eatin( o* con #ctin( !ires

2. IRON LOSS
T"is is t"e ener(& !aste as "eat #e to eve%o$)ent o* e core 4 can +e )ini)i9e +& ta6in( %a)inate core.. & c#rrent in t"e iron

3. HYSTERISIS LOSS

T"is is #e to t"e iron core #n er(oin( re$eate c&c%e o* )a(neti9ation an e)a(neti9ation !"en a%ternatin( e.).*. is a$$%ie .

. LEA!AGE OF MAGNETIC FLUX

T"is is #e to i)$er*ect ins#%ation an !in in( o* coi%s. T"ere*ore, rate o* c"an(e o* )a(netic *%#. %in6e !it" eac" t#rn o* $ri)ar& an secon ar& coi% is in variance.

". MAGNETOSTRICTION
T"is is in *or) o* "#))in( noise #e to %oose !in in( o* coi%s.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A io e is an e%ectronic co)$onent t"ro#(" !"ic" c#rrent $asses in on%& one

irection. Li("t5e)ittin( io es :LEDs; are $5n ,#nction )a e o* (a%%i#)5arseni e or in i#) $"os$"i e, as se)icon #ctor se)icon #ctors t"at $ro #ce %i("t !"en c#rrent $asses t"ro#(" t"e). T"e& are #se in *or!ar +ias arran(e)ent in )an& co))on evices, s#c" as t"e +#r(%ar a%ar), ca%c#%ators, te%e$"one, i(ita% !atc", s!itc" +oar 4 t#nin( in icator on a ra io. An arran(e)ent o* seven LEDs in t"e s"a$e o* an <8 can a%so +e #se to is$%a& an& n#)+er *ro) = to >.

APPARATUS
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER (TR)

6-0-6 Volt. In 00!. !0 $F% 10Volt. !0 &.

DIODE (D1 & D2)

ELE"TROL#TI" "APA"ITOR (") RESISTOR (R) LED (L)

DIAGRAM
D0 an D2 are t!o se)icon #ctor io es. T"e so#rce o* A.C. to +e recti*ie is connecte to t"e ter)ina%s ?0 an ?2 o* t"e $ri)ar& coi% o* trans*or)er. T!o en s o* t"e secon ar& coi% @0 4 @2 are connecte to t"e $5t&$e o* t"e t!o io es. T"e o#t$#t is ta6en across t"e resistance R an $ositive e%ectro e o* e%ectro%&tic ca$acitor C.

?0 @0

D2

L A.C C

?2 @2

D0

WOR'ING

D#rin( *irst "a%* c&c%e o* in$#t si(na% vo%ta(e, %et ? 0 is :5; Ve an ?2 is :A; Ve. On acco#nt o* )#t#a% in #ction @0 +eco)e :A; Ve an @2 +eco)e :5; Ve. In t"is case io e D0 is *or!ar +iase an io e D2 is reverse +iase an c#rrent in %i("t

e)ittin( io e :LED; L $asses t"ro#(" io e D0.

D#rin( ne.t "a%* c&c%e o* in$#t si(na% vo%ta(e, no! ? 0 is :A; Ve an ?2 is :5; Ve. A(ain on acco#nt o* )#t#a% in #ction @0 +eco)e :5; Ve an @2 +eco)e :A; Ve. No! io e D2 is *or!ar +iase an io e D0 is in reverse +iase an c#rrent in %i("t

e)ittin( io e :LED; L $asses t"ro#(" io e D2. T"#s, !e (et o#t$#t as D.C. *or co)$%ete c&c%e o* in$#t A.C., +#t t"is D.C. is not $#re t"ere*ore !e #se *i%ter circ#it. W"en !e insert t"e )ain !ire in 22=Vo%t A.C. t"en LED is on !"ic" is in ication o* contin#o#s D.C. vo%ta(e.

"I"LIOGRAPH!

 ?"&sics te.t +oo6 *or c%ass BII o* N.C.E.R.T. La+orator& )an#a% o* ?"&sics *or c%ass BII. Co)$re"ensive ?"&sics.