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Li m u Ngy nay, nn cng ngh thng tin trn th gii ang trn pht trin rt mnh vi rt nhiu thnh tu t c nhng tin b vt bc, ang v s h tr rt nhiu cho cng vic ca con ngi. Vic ng dng cc cng c tin hc trong qun l mi trng cng khng ngoi l. Cng ngh GIS v vin thm vi kh nng h tr c lc cho vic qun l c s d liu, phn tch d liu la chn cc gii php qun l, s dng bn vng v c hiu qu ti nguyn v mi trng. Khng nhng th, n khng cn dng li l cng c qun l ti nguyn m pht trin theo hng tri thc GIS. C ngha l n cha ng cc kinh nghim, kin thc trong qun l bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin kt hp vi cng ngh thng tin hnh thnh nn nhng sn phm mi phc v pht trin kinh t x hi v bo v mi trng. ArcGIS l mt sn phm ca cng ty ESRI thuc Hoa K, bao gm cc ng dng cho php gii quyt cc vn lin quan n GIS, t n gin n phc tp, bao gm xy dng bn , phn tch a l, qun l bin tp d liu, trc quan ha v phn tch khng gian. Trong , vic qun l d liu c thc hin mt cch c h thng trong ArcCatalog v thc hin cc d n GIS trong ArcMap. V vy vic nghin cu, hc tp ArcGIS l mt trong nhng mn hc cn thit ca sinh vin ngnh Qun l mi trng nhm nm bt c mt trong nhng cng c qun l ti nguyn mnh m nht hin nay, gp phn h tr cho cng vic, chung tay bo v mi trng mi nh ca nhn loi! Chng 1. Tng quan v GIS (Geographic Information System) 1.1. Vai tr ca GIS H thng thng tin a l (Geographic Information System GIS) nm trong h thng cng ngh thng tin, nhng c pht trin chuyn su cho vic qun l c s d liu gn vi cc yu t a l, khng gian v bn . GIS ngy cng c pht trin rng ri bi kh nng tch hp, phn tch thng tin su v gii quyt c nhiu vn tng hp. Thng qua GIS nh thu thp, phn tch, tng hp, tm kim, t hp thng tin, c s d liu gn vi yu t a l, gip cho vic nh gi cc qu trnh, d bo nhng kh nng xy ra, cng nh a ra gii php mi; do vy GIS ngy cng c ng dng trong nhiu hot ng c v kinh t - x hi, qun l v mi trng. GIS H thng thng tin a l, l mt h thng qun l thng tin d liu khng gian a dng, c pht trin da trn c s cng ngh my tnh, phn mm, nh vin thm vi mc ch lu tr, cp nhp, qun l, hp phn, tng hp, m hnh ha, phn tch v a ra cc gii php nhiu lnh vc v cp khc nhau ty theo mc tiu ca ngi s dng. 1.1. M hnh thng tin, kin thc GIS
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1.2. Yu cu p dng GIS p dng v pht trin cng ngh GIS, i hi cc yu t sau: Phn cng; Phn mm; Thng tin d liu gn vi khng gian, thi gian; Ngun nhn lc; Chnh sch qun l p dng. Trong ngun nhn lc ng vai tr s mt. Nhn lc y cn n cc chuyn gia tin hc, pht trin phn mm ng dng; chuyn gia phn tch nh vin thm, phn tch h thng GIS chuyn ngnh; xa hn na l cc chuyn gia v phn cng my tnh, v tinh Chng 2. i tng ca GIS 2.1. i tng s dng GIS + Nhm hng li, cng chng + Nh lnh o, qun l + Chuyn gia GIS, tin hc. Cc nh nghin cu Nhu cu thng tin Chuyn gia GIS D liu gc Nhu cu s dng Phn tch/linh ng Pht trin m rng Lin kt vi Chuyn phn mm nghip, m khc Gn nh v y Ngn ng Macro, lin kt Gn v tin Giao din dng thun tin Gn v tin Giao din dng thun tin Loi GIS
D liu gc/ x D tip cn, Nh nghin l s b phn tch cu Nh qun l, Thng tin (tng D s dng v hp) ti u lnh o Nhm s dng Thng tin D tip cn khc 2.2. i tng nghin cu ca GIS
+ Sn phm trc quan: bn chuyn th hin s a dng ca cc mi quan h gia cc nhn t t nhin, x hi v mi trng; cng c th l cc s , biu th hin su bin thin ca d liu.
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ri chn Properties
- La chn ng dn n lp d liu cn nhp vo bn ri nhp Add. Khi giao din ArcMap s np ni dung bn ln mn hnh ch hin th Data View:
5. Tt, bt cc lp Layer - Trong hp danh sch cc lp bn TOC (Table of contents): tt hoc bt mt layer trong bn , ngi dng nhp chut vo hp la chn ng trc tn lp trong hp danh sch qun l lp. Nu du check (v) xut hin trong hp la chn, layer c hin ln trn vng hin th ni dung bn . Ngc li nu du check khng xut hin, layer b n i. 6. Tra cu d liu - tra cu d liu ngi dng nhp chut phi vo lp cn tra cu trong TOC ri chn Open Attibute Table. Bng thuc tnh ca lp d liu c m ra hnh di:
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7. Ghi lu bn - Trn thanh menu nhp chn File\ Save. Hp thoi Save As hin ra: Trong : Save in: Chn th mc cn lu bn File name: Ghi tn bn (GIS ThaiNguyen UTM WGS 1984.mxd) Save as type: nh dng d liu bn ghi. Nhp Save. 8. M mt bn c sn: - Trn thanh menu nhp chn File\Open...Khi hp thoi Open xut hin cho php ngi dng duyt n bn cn m. - Chn tp tin bn cn m v nhn chut vo nt lnh Open, ArcMap s np ni dung bn ln mn hnh ch hin th Data View. - Lu : Nu ArcMap cha hin th lp d liu th nhp chut phi vo lp d liu chn Data\ Data Sourcexut hin hp thoi Data Source tm n th vin c cha lp d liu ri nhp Add. Bi tp 2. Hin th c s d liu GIS Thi Nguyn 1. t ch hin th (Categories) lp hnh chnh phng x TP. Thi Nguyn - Khi ng ArcMap nhp chn A new empty Map\ OK. Nhp vo ArcMap lp d liu Phuongxa.shp.
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3. Thay i tn cho lp hnh chnh phng x TP.Thi Nguyn - M ca s Layer Properties ca lp phuongxa.shp, vo th General, trong Layer Name i tn phuongxa thnh Phuongxa_TP. ThaiNguyen. Nhp OK trn TOC s ch cho thy tn ca lp Phuongxa c chuyn l Phuongxa_TP. ThaiNguyen.
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5. t ch hin th cho lp giao thng TP. Thi Nguyn - Nhp lp d liu GiaothongTN.shp vo trong ArcMap v tm hiu thuc tnh ca lp d liu. Nhp chut phi vo lp GiaothongTN.shp chn Properties xut hin hp thoi Layer Properties chn th Symbology. Chn phng php: Categories\ Unique Values. Ti Value Field (thuc tnh lm c s hin th) l Loaiduong. Nhp nt Add All Values.
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Trong : Fields Value: Chn trng DANSO05 Fields Normalization: Chn DIENTICH Classification ti Classes chn phn ngng l: 7 Nhp OK v hin th Label, i tn lp Phuongxa thnh Mt dn s cho lp d liu nhn c kt qu.
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8. t ch hin th (Multiple Attributes) cho lp d liu v dn s - Nhp tip lp d liu Phuongxa.shp vo trong ArcMap - Nhp chut phi vo lp Phuongxa.shp chn Properties xut hin hp thoi Layer Properties chn th Symbology. Chn phng php hin th: Multiple Attributes\ Quantity by category Trong : Value Fields ln lt chn cc trng d liu theo th t: Tenphuong,
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9. t ch hin th cho lp nghin cu o v - Nhp vo ArcMap lp d liu Ranhgioinghiencuu.shp - M hp thoi Layer Properties ca lp Ranhgioinghiencuu.shp, vo th Symbology\ Features\ Single Symbol. Nhp chn Symbol xut hin hp thoi Symbol Selector. Tuy nhin kiu ng c sn ny khng hon ton ging nh ngi dng mong mun. C th chnh sa bng cc thao tc tip sau: trong hp thoi Symbol Selector nhp vo nt Properties, trn mn hnh s hin ra hp thoi Symbol Property Editor cho php ngi dng sa hoc to ra k hiu mi: - Ti Properties: Type: Chn Cartographic Line Symbol
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di bng nt . Trong th Cartographic Line chn Color l mu hng (Fushia Pink), Width (lc nt) bng 5, chn Line Caps l Square v Line Joins l Bevel. Bm vo th Line Properties chn Offset l 2. Nhp nhiu ln OK nhn c kt qu:
Bi tp 3. Truy vn hi p (Query) CSDL thuc tnh - Khi ng ArcMap s dng A new empty map. Nhp vo nt Add Data . Tm n th mc c cha lp d liu Phuongxa.shp. Nhp Add, hin th label vi trng tenphuong, phng ch .VnTime, c ch l 8 Bold v Save bn vi tn Query.mxd 1. To mt lnh truy vn tm tn ca mt phng x (phng Hong Vn Th) - T thanh cng c Menu chn Selection\Select By Attributes. Hp thoi Select By Attributes hin ra.
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- Trong danh sch Get Unique values tm Hong Vn Th ri nhy p hin th sau du = - Nh vy s c lnh truy vn vit bng ngn ng SQL nh sau: SELECT * FROM Phuongxa WHERE:
tenphuong = Hong Vn Th - Nhp nt Apply. Nhp OK ng hp thoi Select By Attributes. Nhn c kt qu. Kim tra li xem c ng l phng Hong Vn Th c chn hay khng. 2. To lnh truy vn tm kim cc phng x c tn bt u bng ch ci (T) - Lm tng t nh trn vi lnh truy vn vit bng ngn ng SQL nh sau: SELECT * FROM Phuongxa WHERE: tenphuong LIKE T% 3. To lnh truy vn tm kim tt c cc phng x c dn s ln hn 10.000 ngi - Lm tng t nh trn vi lnh truy vn vit bng ngn ng SQL nh sau: SELECT * FROM District WHERE: DANSO05 >= 10000 4. To lnh truy vn tm kim tt c cc huyn c dn s trong khong t 7.000 n 15.000 ngi - Lm tng t nh trn vi lnh truy vn vit bng ngn ng SQL nh sau:
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Bi tp 5. Xy dng v nhp d liu cho i tng dng im, ng, vng, m t 1. To cc shapefile Point_Project.shp, Polygon_Project.shp v
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- Do t l trn mn hnh cn rt nh nn im A v B gn nh trng nhau. Dng cng c Zoom In phng to khu vc gn cc im ny. ( rng to trc X ca im A v im B cch nhau 100 m, trc Y l 50 m). Tng t nh im A, B nhp I, K ln lt tng ng vi ta .
Nhn c kt qu. 3. Lm vic vi lp d liu dng ng (Polyline_Project.shp): Trn thanh cng c chn Task: Create New Feature, Target chn: Polyline_Project Dng ng ABIK Nhp vo cng c Sketch Tool v phc ha i tng.
- Nhp tri chut vo ta im A lc ny chc nng Snap s bt vo im A a chut sang im B nhp tri chut. ArcMap s v on AB di dng phc ha. Nhp chut phi la chn Finish Sketch. Tip theo dng ng BI vung gc vi AB v c chiu di 80m. Dng im K vi s gia ta ca n so vi im I cng bng s gia ta ca A so vi B (on AB=KI). a chut v ch gn im A, con tr s t ng bt im vo A. nhp chut tri dng on KA. Nhp chut phi ri chn Finish Sketch (hay bm phm F2 hoc nhp p tri chut). Nh vy, ng
ABIK c dng. Dng ng BC, Dng ng CDEFGNM, Dng ng IH, GH, Dng ng ML, KL
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Nhp chut tri vo im A a chut chy chm vng quanh ng ABIK (hy ng mu en rt mnh chy theo con tr chut), khi quay v im A th bm chut tri ln na. Nhn F2 hoc nhp p chut tri. Vng ABIK c to ra v t mu. - Ngoi ra, cng dng c vng ABIK bng cch s dng cng c Sketch Tool ri bt im vo A, B, I, K. - Dng Vng BCDEFGNHI bng cng c Auto Complete Polygon. Trong Task chn Auto Complete Polygon. Chn cng c Sketch Tool. Bt im ri nhp vo B, tip tc bt im ri nhp vo C, D, E, F, G, N, H, I. Bm F2 Finish sketch. Vng BCDEFGHI c dng. Ch : Do dng cng c Auto Complete Polygon nn ng IB chung vi vng ABIK ( c t bc trc) khng cn v li. Dng vng cn li KIHGNML: dng vng KIHGNML c th s dng mt trong hai cch trn. Kt thc phin Edit - Nhp vo nt Editor trn thanh cng c Editor ri chn Save Edits ghi cc kt qu vo CSDL. - Nhp vo nt Editor trn thanh cng c Editor ri chn Stop Editing. Nu khng lm bc trc (Save Edits) th khi Stop Editing, ArcMap s hi c mun ghi li nhng g lm khng. Khi bn c th chn Yes hoc No. Ghi lu li d liu vo file. Bi tp 6. To biu t d liu dn s ca TP. Thi Nguyn 1. Lp biu dn s thnh ph Thi Nguyn
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Nhn thy biu ang b li phng ting vit do cn phi bin tp li biu . Bin tp biu - bin tp li ting Vit nhp chn Advanced Properties (khi nhp phi chut trn biu ), hp thoi Editing hin ra. Nhp chn mc Series/ Vertical Line v nhp chn tng u mc sau chn tt c cc th v chuyn Fontv phng ting vit (.Vntime). Tng t nh vy nhp chn ln lt mc Chart, Data. Sau khi chn xong phng ting vit nhp vo Themes trong ca s Editing xem qua biu . Nhp Close. Nhn c kt qu. 2. Lp biu thnh phn dn s thnh ph Thi Nguyn - Khi ng ArcMap s dng A new empty map. Add lp d liu DansoTN.shp vo trong ArcMap Trn menu lnh chn Tool\ Grahps\CreateHp thoi Create Graph Wizard hin ra: Chn cc thng s nh hnh di.
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thit lp thm cho thnh phn dn s. Nhp Next nhp cc thng s nh tiu ct, tiu hngNhp Finish nhn c kt qu. Bin tp li biu : Lm tng t cc bc bin tp li biu nh phn trn. Nhn c kt qu:
Bi tp 7: Thit k, bin tp v trnh by bn hnh chnh TP. Thi Nguyn - Khi ng ArcMap s dng A new empty map. Add cc lp d liu Trusohanhchinh.shp; GiaothongTN.shp; Ranhgioiphuongxa. shp; Songho.shp; Ranhgioinghiencuu.shp; Songsuoi.shp; Phuongxa.shp v ghi lu d liu vi tn BienTapBanDo.mxd. Trc khi lm vic vi trang Layout hy hin th cc lp d liu nh hnh di theo ng quy nh (ng giao thng qu chi tit cn phi lc b bt cho ph hp vi bn ) - Chuyn sang ch Layout View vo thc n View\ Layout View. - Cc bc lm nh di y (Tham kho Ti liu hng dn thc hnh s dng ArcGIS Phn 1: Cc chc
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