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Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

POST: Yenkapally, Moinabad Mandal! "i#aya$%na&a' po($!, "yd'eabad)*+

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LAB

(IV B.Tech I Semester)

LAB TEC"NICIAN M. U E!"ER RE""#

Man,al p'epa'ed by -"ARA.AT RAMES" Associate professor in ECE. V. SRIRAM Retd. Scientist(DRDO),
B.TECH, M.TECH B.TECH, M.TECH(VLSI SYS DESIGN).,

M$% &C '(B

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Joginpally BR Engineering College (J2)

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

POST: Yenkapally, Moinabad Mandal! "i#aya$%na&a' po($!, "yd'eabad)*+

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

MICROWAVE & OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LAB

(IV B.Tech I Semester)

Na#e o/ $%e E0pe'i#en$

Name of the Student : Roll No. Class & Section : :

Experiment No

Date of Experiment : Date of Submission : Marks A arded :

M$% &C '(B

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Signature of the Teacher

M$% &C '(B

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!. RE"#E$ %#&S'R(N C)ARAC'ER*S'*CS

A*M: To study the mode characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its Electronic tuning range. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. $.
*.

Klystron power supply {SK S !1" # Klystron tube $k%$& with klystron mount {'(%$&1# )solator {'1%!$&# +re,uency meter {'+%-1"# .etector mount {'.%*&1# /ariable 0ttenuator {'0%&$"# 1a2e guide stand {'3%&4&# /S15 meter {S1%$1&# 7scilloscope 89: :able

*. &. !. -.
+.

6. 1".

8lock .iagram;
-lystron o.er s/pply S- S01)2

M/lti meter

-lystron Mo/nt 3M024)

Isolator 3I012)

5re6/ency meter 350,44

Varia7le atten/ator 3(0422

"etector mo/nt 3"0,4)

VS$R meter S$0))4

CR&

')E(R&: The reflex klystron is a single ca2ity 2ariable fre,uency microwa2e generator of low power and low efficiency. This is most widely used in applications where 2ariable fre,uency is desired as
). )n radar recei2ers 2. <ocal oscillator in =w recei2ers *. Signal source in micro wa2e generator of 2ariable fre,uency ,.

ortable micro wa2e links. ump oscillator in parametric amplifier

&.

.olta/e Characteristics: 7scillations can be obtained only for specific combinations of anode and repeller 2oltages that gi2es farable transit time.
, M$% &C '(B

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-o er (utput Characteristics; The mode cur2es and fre,uency characteristics. The fre,uency of resonance of the ca2ity decides the fre,uency of oscillation. 0 2ariation in repeller 2oltages slightly changes the fre,uency. E$-ER*MEN'A# -R(CED,RE;

:055)E5 10/E 7 E50T)79;

1. :onnect the e,uipments and components as shown in the figure.
2. Set the 2ariable attenuator at maximum osition. *. Set the (7. switch of Klystron

ower Supply at :1 position> beam 2oltage control

knob to fully anti clock wise and repeller 2oltage control knob to fully clock wise and meter switch to ?7++@ position. *. 5otate the Knob of fre,uency meter at one side fully.
4. :onnect the .: microampere meter at detector. 1. Switch A79B the Klystron power supply> :57 and cooling fan for the Klystron tube.. 8.

ut the meter switch to beam 2oltage position and rotate the beam 2oltage knob clockwise

slowly up to 4"" /olts and obser2e the beam current on the meter by changing meter switch to beam current position. The beam current should not increase more than 4" m0.
+. :hange the repeller 2oltage slowly and watch the current meter> set the maximum 2oltage

on :57.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output. )2.

5otate the knob of fre,uency meter slowly and stop at that position> where there is

less output current on multimeter. 5ead directly the fre,uency meter between two horiContal line and 2ertical marker. )f micrometer type fre,uency meter is used read the micrometer reading and find the fre,uency from its fre,uency calibration chart.
)).

:hange the repeller 2oltage and read the current and fre,uency for each repeller

2oltage.

8. SD305E 10/E 7 E50T)79;

1. :onnect the e,uipments and components as shown in figure
2. Set (icrometer of 2ariable attenuator around some osition.

4. Set the range switch of /S15 meter at *" db position> input selector switch to crystal impedance position> meter switch to narrow position. *. Set (od%selector switch to 0(%(7. position .beam 2oltage control knob to fully anti clockwise position.
4 M$% &C '(B

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&. Switch A79B the klystron power Supply> /S15 meter> :57 and cooling fan. !. Switch A79B the beam 2oltage. Switch and rotate the beam 2oltage knob clockwise up to 4""/ in meter. -. Keep the 0( (7. amplitude knob and 0( +5ED knob at the mid position. E. 5otate the reflector 2oltage knob to get deflection in /S15 meter or s,uare wa2e on :57. 6. 5otate the 0( (7. amplitude knob to get the maximum output in /S15 meter or :57. 1". (aximiCe the deflection with fre,uency knob to get the maximum output in /S15 meter or :57. 11. )f necessary> change the range switch of /S15 meter 4"d8 to &"d8 if the deflection in /S15 meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respecti2ely. +urther the output can be also reduced by 2ariable attenuator for setting the output for any particular position.

:. M(DE S',D& (N (SC*##(SC(-E;

1. Set up the components and e,uipments as shown in +ig. $. Keep position of 2ariable attenuator at min attenuation position. 4. Set mode selector switch to +(%(7. position +( amplitude and +( fre,uency knob at mid position keep beam 2oltage knob to fully anti clock wise and reflector 2oltage knob to fully clockwise position and beam switch to ?7++@ position. *. Keep the timeFdi2ision scale of oscilloscope around 1"" GH fre,uency measurement and 2oltFdi2. to lower scale. &. Switch ?79@ the klystron power supply and oscilloscope. !. :hange the meter switch of klystron power supply to 8eam 2oltage position and set beam 2oltage to 4""/ by beam 2oltage control knob. -. Keep amplitude knob of +( modulator to max. osition and rotate the reflector 2oltage anti clock wise to get the modes as shown in figure on the oscilloscope. The horiContal axis represents reflector 2oltage axis and 2ertical represents oFp power. E. 8y changing the reflector 2oltage and amplitude of +( modulation in any mode of klystron tube can be seen on oscilloscope.

M$% &C '(B

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78SE5/0T)79 'A0#E;
8eam /oltage ;IIII/ J:onstantK 8eam :urrent ;IIII.m0 5epeller /oltage J/K :urrent Jm0K ower Jm1K .ip +re,uency JLGCK

E' E:TE. L50 G;

5ES3<T;

M$% &C '(B

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1. 2,NN D*(DE C)ARAC'ER*S'*CS

A*M: To study the /%) characteristics of Lunn diode. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED; 1. Lunn power supply $. Lunn oscillator 4. )9 (odulator *. )solator &. +re,uency (eter !. /ariable attenuator -. Slotted line E. .etector mount and :57.

0#(C% D*A2RAM

:/nn po.er s/pply

Matche; termination 3' 0,22

:/nn oscillator 3: 0))

Isolator 3I 012)

in mo;/lator

5re6/ency meter 350 8)2

<ll

M$% &C '(B

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')E(R&: Lunn diode oscillator normally consist of a resonant ca2ity> an arrangement for coupling diode to the ca2ity a circuit for biasing the diode and a mechanism to couple the 5+ power from ca2ity to external circuit load. 0 co%axial ca2ity or a rectangular wa2e guide ca2ity is commonly used. The circuit using co%axial ca2ity has the Lunn diode at one end at one end of ca2ity along with the central conductor of the co%axial line. The 7F is taken using a inducti2ely or capaciti2ely coupled probe. The length of the ca2ity determines the fre,uency of oscillation. The location of the coupling loop or probe within the resonator determines the load impedance presented to the Lunn diode. Geat sink conducts away the heat due to power dissipation of the de2ice. E$-ER*MEN'A# -R(CED,RE; .olta/e3Current Characteristics:
). Set the components and e,uipments as shown in +igure. 2. )nitially set the 2ariable attenuator for minimum attenuation.

4. Keep the control knobs of Lunn power supply as below (eter switch A7++B Lunn bias knob +ully anti clock wise )9 bias knob +ully anti clock wise )9 mode fre,uency any position *. Set the micrometer of Lunn oscillator for re,uired fre,uency of operation. &. Switch A79B the Lunn power supply. !. (easure the Lunn diode current to corresponding to the 2arious Lunn bias 2oltage through the digital panel meter and meter switch. .o not exceed the bias 2oltage abo2e 1" 2olts.
8.

lot the 2oltage and current readings on the graph.

E. (easure the threshold 2oltage which corresponding to max current. Note: .o not keep Lunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 1"%1& sec. readings should be obtained as fast as possible. 7therwise due to excessi2e heating Lunn diode may burn

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E$-EC'ED 2RA-):

T%'e(%old 1ol$a&e

I (m()

Volts (V) I). C"ARACTERISTICS O2 G3NN OSCILLATOR

(0SER.A'*(N 'A0#E: Lunn bias 2oltage J2K Lunn diode current Jm0K

RESULT:

)2

M$% &C '(B

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4. A''EN,A'*(N MEAS,REMEN'
A*M: To study insertion loss and attenuation measurement of attenuator. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED:
). (icrowa2e source Klystron tube J$k$&K

$. )solator Jx)%!$1K 4. +re,uency meter Jx+%-1"K *. /ariable attenuator J'0%&$"K &. Slotted line J'S%!&1K !. Tunable probe J' %!&&K -. .etector mount J'.%*&1K E. (atched termination J'<%*""K 6. Test attenuator aK +ixed
7) /ariable )2. Klystron power supply M Klystron mount )). :ooling fan

1$. 89:%89: cable 14. /S15 or :57

))

M$% &C '(B

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')E(R&: The attenuator is a two port bidirectional de2ice which attenuates some power when inserted into a transmission line. 0ttenuation 0 Jd8K N 1" log J 1F $K 1here 1 N ower detected by the load without the attenuator in the line $ N ower detected by the load with the attenuator in the line. -R(CED,RE: 1. :onnect the e,uipments as shown in the abo2e figure.
2. EnergiCe the microwa2e source for maximum power at any fre,uency of operation *. :onnect the detector mount to the slotted line and tune the detector mount also for max

deflection on /S15 or on :57

,. Set any reference le2el on the /S15 meter or on :57 with the help of 2ariable attenuator.

<et it be 1.
4. :arefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing any position

on the setup place the test 2ariable attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount to 7F port of test 2ariable attenuator. Keep the micrometer reading of text 2ariable attenuator to Cero and record the readings of /S15 meter or on :57. <et it to be $. Then the insertion loss of test attenuator will be 1% $ db.
1. +or measurement of attenuation of fixed and 2ariable attenuator.

lace the test attenuator to

the slotted line and detector mount at the other port of test attenuator. 5ecord the reading of
)2 M$% &C '(B

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/S15 meter or on :57. <et it be 4 then the attenuation 2alue of 2ariable attenuator for particular position of micrometer reading of will be 1% 4 db.
8. )n case the 2ariable attenuator change the micro meter reading and record the /S15 meter

or :57 reading. +ind out attenuation 2alue for different position of micrometer reading and plot a graph. E. 9ow change the operating fre,uency and all steps should be repeated for finding fre,uency sensiti2ity of fixed and 2ariable attenuator. Note:!. +or measuring fre,uency sensiti2ity of 2ariable attenuator the position of micrometer reading of the 2ariable attenuator should be same for all fre,uencies of operation. E' E:TE. L50 G;

(0SER.A'*(N 'A0#E: (icrometer reading 1 Jd8K $ Jd8K 0ttenuation N 1% $ Jd8K

RES,#':
)* M$% &C '(B

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5. MEAS,REMEN' (" "RE+,ENC& AND 6A.E#EN2')

A*M: To determine the fre,uency and wa2elength in a rectangular wa2e guide working in TE1" mode. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. Klystron tube $. Klystron power supply &kps !1" 4. Klystron mount '(%$&1 *. )solator ')%!$1 &. +re,uency meter '+%-1" !. /ariable attenuator '0%&$" -. Slotted section 'S%!&1 E. Tunable probe ' %!&& 6. /S15 meter S1%11& 1". 1a2e guide stand '3%&4& 11. (o2able Short 'T%*E1 1$. (atched termination '<%*""

),

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')E(R&: The cut%off fre,uency relationship shows that the physical siCe of the wa2e guide will determine the propagation of the particular modes of specific orders determined by 2alues of m and n. The minimum cut%off fre,uency is obtained for a rectangular wa2e guide ha2ing dimension aOb> for 2alues of mN1> nN"> i.e. TE1" mode is the dominant mode since for T(mn modes> nP" or nP" the lowest%order mode possible is TE1"> called the dominant mode in a rectangular wa2e guide for aOb. +or dominant TE1" mode rectangular wa2e guide Qo> Qg and Qc are related as below. 1FQoR N 1FQgR S 1FQcR 1here Qo is free space wa2e length Qg is guide wa2e length Qc is cut off wa2e length +or TE1" mode Qc $a where ?a@ is broad dimension of wa2e guide. -R(CED,RE:
). Set up the components and e,uipments as shown in figure.

$. Set up 2ariable attenuator at minimum attenuation position. 4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below; 8eam 2oltage 7++ (od%switch 0( 8eam 2oltage knob +ully anti clock wise 5epeller 2oltage +ully clock wise 0( 0mplitude knob 0round fully clock wise 0( +re,uency knob 0round mid position
,. Switch ?79@ the klystron power supply> :57 and cooling fan switch.

&. Switch @79@ the beam 2oltage switch and set beam 2oltage at 4""/ with help of beam 2oltage knob.
1. 0dTust the repeller 2oltage to get the maximum amplitude in :57 8. (aximiCe the amplitude with 0( amplitude and fre,uency control knob of power supply. +. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum 0mplitude. 9. Tune the repeller 2oltage knob for maximum 0mplitude. )2. Tune the fre,uency meter knob to get a ?dip@ on the :57 and note down the fre,uency from

fre,uency meter. 11. 5eplace the termination with mo2able short> and detune the fre,uency meter.
)4 M$% &C '(B

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)2. (o2e the probe along with slotted line. The amplitude in :57 will 2ary .9ote and record

the probe position > <et it be d1.

)*. (o2e the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again> <et it be d$.

1*. :alculate the guide wa2e length as twice the distance between two successi2e minimum position obtained as abo2e. 1&. (easure the wa2e guide inner board dimension ?a@ which will be around $$.E!mm for x%band. 1!. :alculate the fre,uency by following e,uation.
f = 1 c 1 = + $ $ g c

1here : N 4x1"E meterFsec. i.e. 2elocity of light.

)8. /erify with fre,uency obtained by fre,uency modes

1E. 0bo2e experiment can be 2erified at different fre,uencies. fo N :FQo NO : NO 4x1"E mFs Ji.e.> 2elocity of lightK 1FQoR N 1FQgR S 1FQcR

" =
Qg N $x Ud

g c g + c
$ $

+or TE1" mode NO Qc N $a a wa2e guide inner broad dimension a N $.$E!cmB Jgi2en in manualK Qc N *.!cm

)1

M$% &C '(B

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(0SER.A'*(N 'A0#E:
JLGHKfo Jusing fre, meterK
UdNJUd1SUd$SUd4KF4

8eam current Jm0K

5epeller 2oltageJ2K

8eam 2oltageJ2K

d1 JcmK

d$ JcmK

d4 JcmK

d* JcmK

Ud1N d$%d1 JcmK

Ud$N d4%d$ JcmK

QgN$ x Ud

d* % d 4 Ud4N

Qo JcmK

RES,#':

)8

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fo JGHK

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7. C)ARAC'ER*S'*CS (" #ED

A*M: 1. To study the relation ship between the <E. forward current and the <E. optical power output. $. To determine the linearity of the de2ice at !!"nm and E&"nm. 4. To determine con2ersion efficiency of the two <E.@s E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. 0nalog +iber optic trainers JTx and 5xK $. +iber optic links of 1m and &m length. 4. :athode 5ay 7scilloscope *. .igital multi%meter. C*RC,*' D*A2RAM

)+

M$% &C '(B

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')E(R&: <E.@s and laser diodes the commonly used sources in optical communication systems> whether the system transmits digital or analog signals. )n the case of analog transmission> direct intensity modulation of the optical source is possible> pro2ided the optical output from the source can be 2aried linearly as a function of the modulating electrical signal amplitude. <E.s ha2e a linear optical output with relation to the forward current o2er a certain region of operation. )t may be mentioned that in many low%cost and small band%width applications <E.s at !!"nm and E&"nm are popular. 1hile direct intensity modulation is simple to realiCe> higher performance is achie2ed by +( modulation is simple to realiCe> higher performance is achie2ed by +( modulating the base band signal prior to intensity modulation. +7 pin has a !!V higher sensiti2ity at E&"nm as compared to !!"nm for the same input optical power .This corresponds to a sensiti2ity higher by $.$ d8. 9ote that to calibrate the power meter at E&"nm>deduct $.$d8 from the measured reading. )n computing losses in cables and fibers this gets eliminated while sol2ing the e,uations. E$-ER*MEN'A# -R(CED,RE: 1.:onnect circuit as shown in diagram. :onnect one end of cable 1 J1mK to the +7 <E. 1 J!!"nmK port and other end to the +7 pin portJpower supplyK. $. Switch 79 the power supply. 4. 0dTust the potentiometer "> So that the power meter reads %1&." d8m. *. :onnect the digital (ulti%meter at /"1 terminal pro2ided at +" <E. 1 and measure 2oltage /"1 )f1 N /"1F51 in m0 1here )f1 N !!"nm <E. forward current. 51N)nternal 5esistance J1"" 7hmsK &. 0dTust the otentiometer 7 to the extreme anti%clock wise position to reduce )f1 to ". !. Slowly turn the potentiometer " clockwise to increase )f1. The power meter should read %4"." d8 approximately. +rom here 2ary the pot " in suitable steps and note the /"1 and note the power meter readings> in table. -. Switch 7++ the power supply. E. 5epeat the complete experiment for +7 <E.$ and tabulate the readings in table .for /"$M ". )f$ N /"$F5$ in m0. J0pply the condition of $.$d8 discussed in Experiment for the E&"nm <E.K 1here )f$NE&"nm <E. forward current. 5$N)nternal resistance J1"" 7hmsK.
)9 M$% &C '(B
"

record up to the extreme clockwise position and note down the 2alues

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(0SER.A'*(N 'A0#E: "or 889nm: S.97 /71 Jm/K )f1N /"1F1"" Jm0K
"

Jd8mK

"or :79nm: S.97 /7$ Jm/K )f$N/"$F1"" Jm0K

"

Jd8mK

-RECA,'*(NS: 1. 02oid loose connections. $. 02oid arallax errors. RES,#':

22

M$% &C '(B

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8. #ASER D*(DE C)ARAC'ER*S'*CS

A*M: 1.(easurement of /%) characteristics of <aser diode. $. (easurement of <asing Threshold using :urrent 2ersus 7ptical ower :haracteristics. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. <aser based +iber 7ptic Trainer kit. $. atch cords 4. 2oltmeter *. 0mmeter &. power supply !. Llass +iber cable. C*RC,*' D*A2RAM:

')E(R&: The semiconductor Tunction laser is also called an inTection laser because its pumping method is electron%hole inTection in a p%n Tunction. The semiconductor that has been extensi2ely used for Tunction is the Lallium 0rsenide. The features of semiconductor lasers are iK Extreme mono chromaticity> iiK Gigh directionality. Three basic transition process related to operation of
2) M$% &C '(B

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lasers are; 1. 0bsorption> $. Spontaneous emission> 4. Stimulated emission. The starting material is an n%type La 0S doped with silicon in the range of $%*x1" 1E cm%4. 0 p%type is grown on the wafer by the li,uid%phase epitaxial process. The wafer is lapped to a thickness of -& =m and surfaces are metalliCed. The wafer is then clea2ed into sli2ers. The next step is to e2aporate a reflecti2e coating onto one of the cleared facts of the sil2er so that the laser can emit from only one facet. E$-ER*MEN'A# -R(CED,RE: "or ard current .s for ard ;olta/e:
).

:onfirm that the power switch is in 7++ position and then connect it to the kit. (ake the Tumper settings and connection as shown in the block diagram. )nsert the Tumper connection in Tumper W 1> W $> W 4 at position shown in the diagram. :onnect the 0mmeter and 2oltmeter as shown in the block diagram. Keep the potentiometer <aser diode.
&

$.
*.

*.
4.

anti% clock wise rotation is used to control intensity of

!. -.
+. 9.

:onnect external signal generator to 090<7L )9 post of 0nalog buffer and apply sine wa2e fre,uency of 1(GC and 1/ p%p. Then connect 090<7L 73T post to 090<7L )9 post Transmitter. Then switch 79 the power supply. To get the /%) characteristics of laser diode rotate & slowly and measure forward current and corresponding 2oltage respecti2ely. Take number of reading and plot graph. 1hen a forward 2oltage is applied to the laser current starts to pass at a certain threshold 2oltage. This is called threshold 2oltage.

-RECA,'*(NS: 1. 02oid loose connections. $. 02oid arallax errors.

22

M$% &C '(B

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E$-EC'ED 2RA-):
I (m()

V (=)

(0SER.A'*(N 'A0#E: S<.97 :urrent ) Jm0K /oltage / J2oltK 7ptical ower N/)JmwK 7ptical ower JdbmK

CA#C,#A'*(NS: -o er in m6; JdbmKN1" log Example; %$"N1" log

P J mW K 1mW

-o er in 6; JdbmKN %4"S1" log J 1K X Jd8mKS4"YF1" J 1K N1"

N %$"d8m

P J mW K 1mW P J mW K 1"%$ N 1mW

Jm1K N "."1m1 RES,#':

2*

M$% &C '(B

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<. MEAS,REMEN' (" N,MER*CA# A-ER',RE

A*M: To determine the 9umerical 0perture of the optical fibres a2ailable. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. <aser .iode .esign (odule (TS+7< T' 3nit 1.no. $. <aser .iode .esign (odule (TS+7< 5' 3nit 1.no 4. Two meter ((0 lastic +iber atch cord Jcable 1K. *. Two meter L)F(( Llass +iber atch cord. J:able $K. &. )n%<ine S(0 0daptor. !. 9umerical 0perture measurement Tig. -. (andrel. 0#(C% D*A2RAM:

')E(R&: 9umerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance else it is refracted out of the fiber.

2,

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-R(CED,RE: 1.K :onnect one end of the ((0 +7 cable to o of (TS+7< T' 3nit and the other end to the 90 Wig> as shown. $.K lug the 0: mains. <ight should appear at the end of the fiber on the 90 Wig . Turn the Set o knob clockwise to set to maximum o. The light intensity should increase.
*.) Gold the white scale screen> pro2ided in the kit 2ertically at a distance of 1&mm J<K

from the emitting fiber end and 2iew the red spot ion the screen. 0 dark room will facilitate good contrast. osition the screen%cum%scale to measure the diameter J1K of the spot. :hoose the largest diameter. :ompute 90 from the formula 90 Nsin Zmax N1 F J*<$ S1$K1F$. Tabulate the reading and repeat the experiment for 1"mm> $"mm M $&mm distance. *.K )n case the fiber is under filled> the intensity within the spot may not be e2enly distributed. To ensure e2en distribution of light in the fiber> first 5emo2e twists on the fiber and then wind &turns of the fiber on to the mandrel as shown. 3se an adhesi2e tape to hold the windings in position. 9ow 2iew the spot. The intensity will be more e2enly distributed within the core. 78SE5/0T)79 T08<E; < JmmK 1 JmmK Z JdegreesK

S.97

90

RES,#':
24 M$% &C '(B

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:. D*REC'*(NA# C(,-#ER C)ARAC'ER*S'*CS

A*M: To study the function of multi%hole directional coupler by measuring the following parameters.
). The :oupling factor> )nsertion <oss and .irecti2ity of the .irectional coupler

E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. (icrowa2e Source JKlystron or Lunn%.iodeK $. )solator> +re,uency (eter 4. /ariable 0ttenuator *. Slotted <ine &. Tunable robe !. .etector (ount (atched Termination -. (G. :oupler E. 1a2eguide Stand 6. :ables and 0ccessories
)2.

:57.

21

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')E(R&: 0 directional coupler is a de2ice with which it is possible to measure the incident and reflected wa2e separately. )t consist of two transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary arm> electromagnetically coupled to each other 5efer to the +ig.1. The power entering> in the main% arm gets di2ided between port $ and 4> and almost no power comes out in port J*K entering at port $ is di2ided between port 1 and *. The coupling factor is defined as :oupling JdbK N 1" log1" X 1F 4Y where port $ is terminated> )solation Jd8K N 1" log 1" X $F 4Y where 1 is matched. 1ith built%in termination and power entering at ort 1> the directi2ity of the coupler is a measure of separation between incident wa2e and the reflected wa2e. .irecti2ity is measured indirectly as follows; Gence .irecti2ity . JdbK N )%: N 1" log1" X $F 1Y (ain line /S15 is S15 measured> looking into the main%line input terminal when the matched loads are placed at all other ports. 0uxiliary li2e /S15 is S15 measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal when the matched loads are placed on other terminals. (ain line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission line by insertion of coupler> it is defined as; )nsertion <oss Jd8K N 1" log1" X 1F $Y E$-ER*MEN'A# -R(CED,RE:
). Set up the e,uipments as shown in the +igure. 2. EnergiCe the microwa2e source for particular operation of fre,uency . *. 5emo2e the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the slotted

ower

section.
,. Set maximum amplitude in :57 with the help of 2ariable attenuator> <et it be '. 4. )nsert the directional coupler between the slotted line and detector mount. Keeping port 1 to

slotted line> detector mount to the auxiliary port 4 and matched termination to port $ without changing the position of 2ariable attenuator.
1. 9ote down the amplitude using :57> <et it be [. 8. :alculate the :oupling factor '%[ in d8. +. 9ow carefully disconnect the detector mount from the auxiliary port 4 and matched

termination from port $ > without disturbing the setup.

28

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9. :onnect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 4 and detector mount to port $ and

measure the amplitude on :57> <et it be H.

)2. :ompute )nsertion <ossN ' H in d8.

11. 5epeat the steps from 1 to *.

)2. :onnect the directional coupler in the re2erse direction i.e.> port $ to slotted section> matched

termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 4> without disturbing the position of the 2ariable attenuator.
)*. (easure and note down the amplitude using :57> <et it be [". ),. :ompute the .irecti2ity as [%[" in d8.

-RECA,'*(NS: 1. 02oid loose connections. $. 02oid arallax errors. RES,#':

2+

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=. SCA''ER*N2 -ARAME'ERS (" MA2*C 'EE

A*M: To Study the operation of (agic Tee and calculate :oupling :o%efficient and )solation. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. (icrowa2e source ; Klystron tube J$k$&K $. )solator J')%!$1K 4. +re,uency meter J'+%-1"K *. /ariable 0ttenuator J'0%&$"K &. Slotted line JS'%!&1K !. Tunable probe J' %!&&K -. .etector (ount J'.%*&1K E. (atched Termination J'<%*""K 6. (agic Tee J'E%4*&F4&"K 1". Klystron ower Supply S Klystron (ount 11. 1a2e guide stands and accessories

29

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+ig; (agic Tee ')E(R&: The de2ice (agic Tee is a combination of E and G plane Tee. 0rm 4 is the G%arm and arm * is the E%arm. )f the power is fed> into arm 4 JG%armK the electric field di2ides e,ually between arm1 and $ with the same phase and no electric field exists in the arm *. )f power is fed in arm * JE%armK it di2ides e,ually into arm 1 and $ but out of phase with no power to arm 4> further> if the power is fed in arm 1 and $ simultaneously it is added in arm 4 JG%armK and it is subtracted in E%arm i.e.> arm *. 0. )solation; The )solation between E and G arm is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by the generator connected to the E%arm Jport *K to the power detected at G%arm Jport 4K when side arm 1 and $ terminated in matched load. )solation Jd8K N 1" log1" X *F 4Y Similarly> )solation between other ports may be defined. 8. :oupling +actor; )t is defined as :iT N 1" F$" 1here ?@ is attenuation F isolation in d8 when ?i\ is input arm and ?T@ is output arm. Thus> N 1" log1" X *F 4Y 1here 4 is the power deli2ered to arm ?i@ and * is power detected at ?T@ arm.

*2

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E$-ER*MEN'A# -R(CED,RE: 1. Setup the components and e,uipments as shown in figure.

2. EnergiCe the microwa2e source for particular fre,uency of operation and tune the detector

mount for maximum output.

*. 1ith the help of 2ariable fre,uency of operation and tune the detector mount for maximum

output attenuator> set any reference in the :57 let it be /4.

,. 1ithout disturbing the position of the 2ariable attenuator> carefully place the (agic Tee after

the slotted line> keeping G%arm to slotted line> detector mount to E%arm and matched termination to ort%1 and ort%$.
4. 9ote down the amplitude using :57> <et it be /*. 1. .etermine the )solation between ort%4 and ort%* as /4%/*.

-. .etermine the coupling co%efficient from the e,uation gi2en in theory part.
+. The same experiment may be repeated for other orts also.

(0SER.A'*(NS: orts ower J1K

Calculations: :oupling :o%efficient; ] N 1" log V j

V i

Therefore : N 1" > ] F$" RES,#':

*)

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!9. S:0TTE5)9L 050(ETE5S 7+ :)5:3<0T75

A*M: To study the )solator and circulators and measure the )nsertion <oss and )solation of :irculator. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED:
). (icrowa2e Source JKlystron or Lunn%.iodeK

$. )solator> +re,uency (eter 4. /ariable 0ttenuator *. Slotted <ine &. Tunable robe !. .etector (ount (atched Termination -. :irculator E. 1a2eguide Stand 6. :ables and 0ccessories 1". /S15 (eter. C*RC,#A'(R: :irculator is defined as de2ice with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is coupled to an adTacent port but not coupled to the other ports. This is depicted in figure circulator can ha2e any number of ports.

*2

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*S(#A'(R: 0n )solator is a two%port de2ice that transfers energy from input to output with little attenuation and from output to input with 2ery high attenuation.

The isolator> shown in +ig. can be deri2ed from a three%port circulator by simply placing a matched load Jreflection less terminationK on one port. The important circulator and isolator parameters are; 0. )nsertion <oss )nsertion <oss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by source to the input port> measured with other orts terminated in the matched <oad. )t is expressed in d8. 8. )solation )solation is the ratio of power applied to the output to that measured at the input. This ratio is expressed in db. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the third port terminated in a matched load. E$-ER*MEN'A# -R(CED,RE: Measurement of insertion
).

5emo2e the isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected with :57.

2. EnergiCe the microwa2e source for maximum output for a particular fre,uency of operation.

Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the :57.

*. Set any reference le2el of output in :57 with the help of 2ariable attenuator> <et it be /1.

*. :arefully remo2e the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of the set up. )nsert the isolatorFcirculator between slotted line and detector mount. Keep input port to slotted line and detector its output port. 0 matched termination should be placed at third port in case of :irculator.
4. 5ecord the output in :57> <et it be /$. ** M$% &C '(B

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1. :ompute )nsertion loss gi2en as /1%/$ in db.

Measurement of *solation: -. +or measurement of isolation> the isolator or circulator has to be connected in re2erse i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated by matched termination Jfor circulatorK.
+. 5ecord the output of :57 and let it be /4. 9. :ompute )solation as /1%/4 in db.

1". The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator. 11. 5epeat the abo2e experiment for other fre,uency if needed. -RECA,'*(NS: 1. 02oid loose connections. $. 02oid arallax errors.

RES,#':

*,

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!!. /S15 (E0S35E(E9T

A*M: To determine the standing%wa2e ratio and reflection coefficient. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. Klystron tube J$k$&K $. Klystron power supply Jskps % !1"K 4. /S15 meter JS1 11&K *. Klystron mount J'( $&1K &. )solator J'+ !$1K !. +re,uency meter J'+ -1"K -. /ariable attenuator J'0 &$"K E. Slotted line J' &!&K 6. 1a2e guide stand J'3 &4&K 1". (o2able shortFtermination '< *""
)).

89: :ableS%S Tuner J'T **1K

')E(R&: 0ny mismatched load leads to reflected wa2es resulting in standing wa2es along the length of the line. The ratio of maximum to minimum 2oltage gi2es the /S15. Gence minimum 2alue of S is unity. )f S^1" then /S15 is called low /S15. )f SO1" then /S15 is called high /S15. The /S15 2alues more than 1" are 2ery easily measured with this setup. )t
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can be read off directly on the /S15 meter calibrated. The measurement in2ol2es simply adTusting the attenuator to gi2e an ade,uate reading on the meter which is a ..:. mill 2olt meter. The probe on the slotted wa2e guide is mo2ed t get maximum reading on the meter. The attenuation is now adTusted to get full scale reading. 9ext the probe on the slotted line is adTusted to get minimum> reading on the meter. The ratio of first reading to the second gi2es the /S15. The meter itself can be calibrated in terms of /S15. .ouble minimum method is used to measure /S15 greater than 1". )n this method> the probe is inserted to a depth where the minimum can be read without difficulty. The probe is then mo2ed to a point where the power is twice the minimum. -R(CED,RE: 1. Set up e,uipment as shown in figure. $. Keep 2ariable attenuator in minimum attenuation position. 4. Keep control knobs of /S15 meter as below 5ange d8 N *"db F &"db )nput switch N low impedance (eter switch N 9ormal Lain Jcoarse fineK N (id position approximately *. Keep control knobs of klystron power supply as below. 8eam /oltage N 7++ (od%Switch N 0( 8eam /oltage Knob N fully anti clock wise 5eflection 2oltage knob N fully clock wise 0(%0mplitude knob N around fully clock wise 0( fre,uency and amplitude knob N mid position &. Switch ?79@ the klystron power supply> /S15 meter and cooling fan. !. Switch ?79B the beam 2oltage switch position and set JdownK beam 2oltage at 4""/. -. 5otate the reflector 2oltage knob to get deflection in /S15 meter. E. Tune the 7F by turning the reflector 2oltage> amplitude and fre,uency of 0( modulation. 6. Tune plunges of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in /S15 meter. 1". )f re,uired> change the range db%switch 2ariable attenuator position and Jgi2enK gain control knob to get deflection in the scale of /S15 meter. 11. 0s your mo2e probe along the slotted line> the deflection will change.

*1

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A. Measurement of lo and medium .S6R: 1. (o2e the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in /S15 meter. $. 0dTust the /S15 meter gain control knob or 2ariable attenuator until the meter indicates 1." on normal /S15 scale. 4. Keep all the control knob as it is mo2e the probe to next minimum position. 5ead the /S15 on scale. *. 5epeat the abo2e step for change of S%S tuner probe depth and record the corresponding S15.
4. )f the /S15 is between 4.$ and 1"> change the range "d8 switch to next higher position and

read the /S15 on second /S15 scale of 4 to 1". 0. Measurement of )i/h .S6R: ?double minimum method@ 1. Set the depth of S%S tuner slightly more for maximum /S15. $. (o2e the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated. 4. 0dTust the /S15 meter gain control knob and 2ariable attenuator to obtain n a reading of 4db in the normal d8 scale J" to 1"dbK of /S15 meter. *. (o2e the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on "%1" db scale. 9ote and record the probe position on slotted line. <et it be d1. &. 5epeat the step 4 and then mo2e the probe right along the slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on "%1"db normal db scale. <et it be d$. !. 5eplace S%S tuner and termination by mo2able short.
8. (easure distance between $ successi2e minima positions of probe. Twice this distance is

guide wa2e length Qg. E. :ompute S15 from following e,uation Qg S15 N %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Jd1 % d$K

*8

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(0SER.A'*(N 'A0#E: <71 /S15 /S15 N _______

G)LG /S15 8eam /oltage J2K x1 JcmK x$ JcmK x1 JcmK x$ JcmK 02g Jx1%x$K N x JcmK QgN$x JcmK

Qg N !cm d1 JcmK d$ JcmK d1%d$ JcmK /S15 N Qg F Jd1%d$K

RES,#': .

*+

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!1. *M-EDANCE MEAS,REMEN' ,S*N2 RE"#E$ %#&S'R(N

A*M: To measure an unknown impedance using the smith chart. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. Klystron tube $k$&
2. Klystron power supply Skps%!1"

4. Klystron mount '(%$&1 *. )solator '+ !$ &. +re,uency meter '+ -1" !. /ariable attenuator '0 &$" -. Slotted line 'S &!& E. Tunable probe ' !&& 6. /S15 meter 1". 1a2e guide stand S3 &4& 11. S%S tuner J'T **1K 1$. (o2able shortFtermination

*9

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')E(R&: The impedance at any point on a transmission line can be written in the form 5STx. +or comparison S15 can be calculated as
S = 1+ R 1 R

where reflection coefficient ?5@

Li2en as
R= Z Z" Z + Z"

Ho N characteristics impedance of wa2e guide at operating fre,uency. H is the load impedance The measurement is performed in the following way. The unknown de2ice is connected to the slotted line and the position of one minima is determined. The unknown de2ice is replaced by mo2able short to the slotted line. Two successi2e minima portions are noted. The twice of the difference between minima position will be guide wa2e length. 7ne of the minima is used as reference for impedance measurement. +ind the difference of reference minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. <et it be ?d@. Take a smith chart> taking ?1@ as centre> draw a circle of radius e,ual to S. (ark a point on circumference of smith chart towards load side at a distance e,ual to dFQg. Woin the center with this point. +ind the point where it cut the drawn circle. The co% ordinates of this point will show the normaliCed impedance of load. -R(CED,RE: 1. :alculate a set of /min 2alues for short or mo2able short as load. $. :alculate a set of /min 2alues for S%S Tuner S (atched termination as a load. Note: (o2e more steps on S%S Tuner
*. +rom the abo2e $ steps calculate d N d1`d$

*. 1ith the same setup as in step $ but with few numbers of turns J$ or 4K. :alculate low /S15. Note: Gigh /S15 can also be calculated but it results in a complex procedure. &. .raw a /S15 circle on a smith chart.
1. .raw a line from center of circle to impedance 2alue JdFQgK from which calculate admittance

and 5eactance JH N 5STxK

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(0SER.A'*(N 'A0#E: <oad Jshort or mo2able shortK x1 JcmK x$ JcmK x1 JcmK x$ JcmK x1 JcmK x$ JcmK

x N ______ Qg N _____ <oad JS.S. Tuner S (atched TerminationK

S.S Tuner S (atched Termination Short or (o2able Short

d1N > d$ N d N d1 ` d$ N H N dFQg RES,#'A. N

,)

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!4. #(SSES *N (-'*CA# "*0RES A' 889nm& :79nm

A*M: 1. To study the 2arious types of losses in 7ptical +iber. $. To measure the bending losses in the 7ptical +iber at wa2e length of !!"nmM E&"nm. 4. To measure the propagation or attenuation loss in 7ptical +iber at wa2e length of !!"nm M E&"nm. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. 0nalog +iber optic trainer. $. +iber optic links of 1m and &m length. 4. )nline S(0 0dopter. *. $"(GC :57 &. .igital (ulti%meter. ')E(R&: +iber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. 8asically a fiber optic link contains three main elements >a transmitter> an optical fiber and a recei2er. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical and then transforms it into optical energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium which takes the energy to the recei2er. 0t the recei2er light is con2erted back into electrical form with same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter. 0ttenuation in an optical fiber is a result of number of a effects .1e will confine our studies to measurement of attenuation in two fiber cablesJ cable 1m and cable$ &mK employing an S(0%S(0 in line adopter. 1e will also compute loss per meter of fiber in d8 and the spectral response of fiber at two wa2e lengths !!"nm and E&"nm. +7 pin has a !!V higher sensiti2ity at E&"nm as compared to !!"nm for the same input optical power .This corresponds to sensiti2ity higher by $.$ d8. 9ote that to calibrate the power meter at E&"nm> deduct $.$d8 from the measured reading. )n computing losses in cables and fibers this gets eliminated while sol2ing the e,uations. .ue to difference in alignment at different at different connectors> in each of the remo2al and replacement operation> we experience 2ariations in loss. The obser2ed 2alues will be closer to the true 2alues> if we take the a2erage of many readings. The attenuation coefficient of approx. ".4db per meter at !!"nm is normally well defined> as per the specifications of the manufacturer. .e2iation i6n any> will be 2alue of loss in the in%line adaptorJ1."d8K may be off the mark in some cases. The loss per meter of cable at E&"nm is not specified by the manufacturer. The range of loss 4.&SF".&d8 is acceptable
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E$-ER*MEN'A# -R(CED,RE: Measurement of 0endin/ #oss: 1. :onnect the circuit as shown in diagram. $. :onnect one end of cable 1 J1meterK to the +7 <E.1 J!!"nmK and the other end to the +7 )9. 4. Switch 79 the power supply.
,. Set the potentiometer
"

to set the power meter to a suitable 2alue> say%1&."d8m. 9ote

down this as

71

. . % d8. Typically the

4. 1ind one turn of the fiber cable on the mandrel or on the circular type material and note

down the new reading of the power meter as !. Switch 7++ the power supply.

7$

8. 9ow the loss due to bending and strain on the plastic fiber is

7$

71

loss due to the strain and bending the fibre is ".4 to ".Ed8. E. 5epeat the experiment for the <E. of E&"nm wa2e length. 6. 9ow compare the bending loss in the 7ptical +iber at !!"nmM E&"nm. Measurement of -ropa/ation #oss: 1. 5epeat the abo2e steps 1 to 4. $. 9ow connect the one end of the +iber optic cable of length &m to the +7 <E.1 and other end to the +7 )9.
*. 9ote down the power meter reading
7$

. .

*. :onnect the S(0 adapter to the two cables of 1m and &m length in series.
4. 9ote down the power meter reading
74

!.

9ote down all the abo2e calculated readings in the table for !!"nm <E.. % % % <ila % <ila

-. Switch 7++ the power Supply.

+. <oss in cable 1N
74 74 7$ 71

<oss in cable $N

6. <oss in * m fiber cableN J<oss in cable $K % J <oss in cable1K 1here <ilaN <oss in in%line adapter 1". 0ssuming a loss of 1."d8 in the in%line adapter J<ilaN1."d8K> we obtain the <oss in each cable. The difference in the losses in the two cables will be e,ual to the loss in *m of fiber Jassuming that the losses at connector Tunctions are the same for both the cablesK. 1". 5epeat the entire experiment with <E.$ at E&"nm and tabulate in table.

,*

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(0SER.A'*(N 'A0#E: +or !!"nm

<7SS )9 S.97
71 7$ 74

<7SS )9 :08<E $ Jd8K

Jd8mK

Jd8mK

Jd8mK

:08<E 1 Jd8K

<oss in *m fiber

<oss per (eterJd8K 0t E&"nm

+or E&"nm
<7SS )9 S.97
71 7$ 74

<7SS )9 :08<E $ Jd8K

Jd8mK

Jd8mK

Jd8mK

:08<E 1 Jd8K

<oss in *m fiber

<oss per (eterJd8K 0t E&"nm

RES,#'.

,,

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!5. *N'ENS*'& M(D,#A'*(N S&S'EM (" A #ASER D*(DE

A*M: The main aim of the experiment is to study the following ac characteristics of an intensity modulation laser and optics systems. 1. /inJacK /s /out for fixed carrier o and signal fre,uency >+o $. /in max /s o for known distortion free /out at fixed +o. E+,*-MEN'S RE+,*RED: 1. <aser .iode .esign (odule (TS+7< T' 3nit 1.no. $. <aser .iode .esign (odule (TS+7< 5' 3nit 1.no 4. Two meter ((0 lastic +iber atch cord Jcable 1K. *. Two meter L)F(( Llass +iber atch cord. J:able $K. &. )n%<ine S(0 0daptor. !. 9umerical 0perture measurement Tig. -. (andrel. E$-ER*MEN'A# SE' ,-:

-R(CED,RE: 1. :onnect one end of the ((0 +7 cable Jcable 1K to the laser port on the T' 3nit the other end is first connected to +7 pin Jon 5x 3nitK to set the carrier power le2el of the laser. Then it is remo2ed and gi2en to +7 T J5x 3nitK to study the response of the )( system.
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$. Set .(( to the $"""m/ range and connect it to o. oN J5eadingKF1"d8m. 7n the Tx 3nit> connect /in to a function generator J1"GC to &""khC sine wa2e output> 1"m/ to $"""m/ p%p outputK The black terminal is ground. Li2e the function generator output to :G1> as shown below. 4. 7n the 5x 3nit> connect /out to :G$ of the dual trace oscilloscope. :onnect the 8lack terminal to ground. *. 1ith the ((0 +7 cable connected to the power meter > adTust the SET 7 knob to set the optical carrier power o to a suitable le2el say >%14d8m.9ext disconnect the cable from the power meter and connect to +7 T. &. Set signal fre,uency and amplitude to $ kGC and 1""m/ respecti2ely. 7bser2e the transmitted and recei2ed signals on the oscilloscope. Set 5in suitably to get /outN/in or a known gain. The most preferred setting is the extreme anticlockwise position where 5in JminimumK N&1ohms. The system gain is now set. 9ext 2ary /in in suitable steps from 1"m/ to 1"""m/p%p and note the 2alues of /out. Tabulate and plot a graph /out /s /in.
1. Set signal fre,uency to $ kGC and

o to %$&."d8m. .isconnect /in before

measurement. 0dTust /in to its maximum 2alue for distortion free /out. 9ote the 2alues of /in and / out. 5epeat this for other 2alues of o and record change in gain if any .[ou may additionally obser2e the wa2eforms in the oscilloscope dc coupled position too. 'A0,#AR "(RM: /out /s /in Sl.no /inJm/p%pK /out Jm/p%pK LainN/oF/in +re,uency N$khCa :arrier le2el o N %14."d8m initial gain N minFunity.

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/in max /s o oJd8mK /inJm/p%pK /out Jm/p%pK LainN/oF/in

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!7. DES*2N (" "*0ER (-'*C D*2*'A# #*N% "(R 'RANSM*SS*(N (" D*2*'A# S*2NA#S
A*M: The obTecti2e of this experiment is to study a +iber optic digital link. )n this experiment you will study the relation between the input signals M 5ecei2ed signals. E+,*-MEN' RE+,*RED: 1. .<%"1 Transmitter M recei2er. $. power supply 4. $"(GC .ual :hannel 7scilloscope *. 1(GC +unction Lenerator &. 1 meter +iber :able Experimental Set up:

')E(R&: 7ptical fibres may be produced with good stable transmission characteristics in long lengths at a minimum cost and with maximum reproducibility. 0 range of optical fibres types with regard to siCe> refracti2e indices and index profiles> operating wa2e lengths> materials> etc.> be a2ailable in order to fulfill many different system applications. The fibres may be con2erted into practical cables which can be handled in a similar manner to con2entional electrical transmission cables without problems associated with the degradation of their characteristics or damage. The fibres and fibre cables may be terminated and connected together without excessi2e practical difficulties and in ways which limit the effect of this process on the fibre transmission characteristics to keep them within acceptable operating

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le2els. )t is important that these Tointing techni,ues may be applied with ease in the field locations where cable connection takes place. -R(CED,RE: 1. Slightly unscrew the cap of <E. S+G -&!/J!!"nmK ..o not remo2e the cap from the connector. 7nce the cap is loosened> insert the fiber into the cap. 9ow tight the cap by screwing it back. $. :onnect the power supply cables with proper polarity to kit. 1hile connecting this> ensure that the power supply is 7++. 9ow switch 79 the power supply. 4. +eed the TT< signal of about 1KGC s,uare wa2e> to )9 post of buffer section. *. :onnect the other end of +iber to detector S+G &&12 2ery carefully as per the instructions in step.1 &. 7bser2e the recei2ed signal on :57 as 7F post. !. To measure the digital bandwidth of the link> 2ary the fre,uency of the input from 1""GC on wards and obser2e the effect on recei2ed signal. E$-EC'ED 2RA-):

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(!('&: 5IBER & TIC TR(I!ER

Fig.Characteristics of LED

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Fig.Losses in Cable

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QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT : MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMM. SEM / YEAR : IV / I

EXP: 1. State Faradays rotation law. 2. State the properties of S matrix. 3. What are the reasons that low frequency parameters cannot be Measured in microwaves? 4. State the two parameters that describe a directional coupler? Define them. 5. State TEE junction theorems. 6. What is S matrix and write the S matrix of N port network? 7. What is meant by hybrid coupler? 8. Compare z parameters and ABCD parameters with S-parameters. 9. What are hybrid rings? 10.List the parameters that determine the performance of a directional coupler. 11. Explain the action of a rat-race junction. 12.Why are waveguide bends and twists constructed so that the direction of propagated energy is gradually changed? EXP: 1.Define GUNN effect. 2. What is the necessary condition for an IMPATT to produce oscillations? 3. List the differences between microwave transistor and TED devices. 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of parametric amplifier? 5. What is meant by avalanche transit time device? 6. Discuss the applications of PIN diode. 7. What is a parametric amplifier? How is it different from a normal amplifier? 8. What is the theory of a negative resistance amplifier? 9. Explain how a tunnel diode can be used as a amplifier. 10.List the several donation formation modes of a Gunn diode. 11.State the performance characteristics of IMPATT and TRAPATT diode. 12. An IMPATT diode has a drift length of 2 m. Determine the operating frequency of IMPATT diode if the drift velocity for Si is 107 cms/sec EXP:

1. Draw the electronic admittance diagram of reflex klystron. 2. State the differences between TWT and klystron? 3. Can a two cavity klystron amplifier be used an oscillator? If yes, how? 4. What is the purpose of slow wave structures in TWT? 5. What is meant by frequency pushing and frequency pulling?. 6. What is velocity modulation? 7. What are the limitations of conventional tubes at microwave frequencies?Explain how these limitations can be overcome. 8. What are the performance characteristics of a Klystron amplifier? 9. How is bunching achieved in a cavity magnetron? 10. What are cross field deices? 11. How is tuning achieved in reflex klystron oscillators? 42 M$% &C '(B

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12. What is strapping in magnetron? How is the same effect obtained without strapping? EXP: 1. What are the advantages of microstrip line over strip line? 2. What are the advantages of MMIC over discrete circuit? 3. What are the properties of dielectric materials? 4. What are the losses in strip lines? 5. List the various MMIC fabrication techniques. 6. Microstrip line is also called an open strip line.Comment on this. 7. Why is it difficult to establish microstrip short circuits? 8. What are the design considerations for a microstrip line? 9. Why are propagating modes along the strip lines are non-TEM and not pure TEM modes? 10.How are waveguides different from normal two wire transmission lines? 11.Give the physical interpretation for phase and group velocity in relation to speed of light. EXP: 1. What is Bolometer? Give two examples? 2. A wave guide load is used to absorb power of 2W., reflected power is 3mW.Find magnitude of VSWR. 3. Why reflex klystron is a square wave 1kHz PAM while microwave measurements are done using VSWR? 4. What are the sources of error in return loss measurement using a waveguide reflectometer and klystron source? 5. What is meant by duty cycle? 6. How are microwave measurements different from low frequency measurements? 7. List the various techniques of measuring unknown frequency of a microwave generator. 8. How can you extend the range of power measurement? 9. Describe how an ordinary voltmeter can be calibrated to VSWR directly.What are the drawbacks of such a VSWR meter? 10. List any two methods of measuring impedance of a terminating load in a microwave system. 11. Explain the concept of double minimum method of measuring VSWR. EXP: 1. Among Microwaves and light waves which have high bit rate distance product?Why? 2. Mention the three advantages of optical fiber as waveguide over conventional metallic waveguide? 3. What is meant by mode and index profile? 4. Mention the advantages of Graded Index fiber. 5. Write the expression for the refractive index in Graded index fiber. 6. Define Numerical Aperture of step index fiber. 7. Give the expression of the effective number of modes that are guided by a curved multimode fiber of radius a. 8. State Snells Law. 9. Define Critical angle? 10. Define TIR? 11. What is the need of Cladding? 4* M$% &C '(B

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12. Define core index difference. 13. Define refractive index? 14. What are leaky modes in optical fibers? 15. Define External reflection of light rays? 16. What is meant by modes of waveguide? 17. Define V number? 18. What is relation between V number and power flow in cladding? 19. What is the fundamental parameter of SM fiber? 20. Give the relation between rays and modes? 21. What are the advantages and disadvantages of SM fiber? 22. What are the advantages and disadvantages of MM fiber? 23. Define skew rays and merdional rays? 24. Define cutoff conditions? 25. What is meant by Degenerate modes? 26. What is meant by linearly polarized modes? 27. Define MFD? 28. Define Bi refrigence and beat length? 29. A point source of light is 12cm below the surface of a large body of water (n=1.33). What is the radius of the largest circle on the water surface through which the lights can emerge? 30. Consider a parabolic index waveguide with n1=1.75,n2=1.677 and core radius 52m. Calculate the numerical aperture at the axis and at a point 20m from the axis. 31. Why do we prefer step index single mode fiber for long distance communication? 32. Why do we use LP01 mode for long distance communications? 33. What are three operating windows? 34. Alight ray is incident from glass to air. Calculate critical angle? EXP: 1. An optical signal has lost 55% of its power after traversing 3.5 km of fiber. What is the loss in dB/km of this fiber? 2. Define mode-field diameter. 3. What are the causes of absorption? 4. Define normalized propagation constant. 5. List the basic attenuation mechanisms in an optical fiber. 6. What is meant be mode coupling ? What causes it ? 7. Mention the two causes of intramodal dispersion. 8. Define fiber loss. 9. What do you mean be polarization mode dispersion? 10. Commonly available single mode fibers have beat lengths in the range 10cm <Lp <2m. What range of refractive index differences does this correspond to? 11. Find the coupling loss for two fibers having core refractive index profiles _E =2.0 and _R =1.5 12. Define Raleigh Scattering loss. 13. Define Mie Scattering loss. 14. When the mean optical power launched into an 8 km length of fiber is 120 w. Determine the overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels. 15. How are micro bending losses reduced? 16. Distinguish intrinsic and extrinsic absorption. 17. Distinguish dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers. EXP: 4, M$% &C '(B

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1. Define radiance. 2. What is meant by population inversion? 3. what is meant by heterojunction? 4. What is meant by indirect band gap semiconductor material? 5. Draw the three key transition processes involved in laser action. 6. Give examples for direct and indirect semiconductor materials. 7. Define internal quantum efficiency of an LED. 8. Name few splicing methods in fiber optics. 9. Compare LED and LASER. 10. What so you mean by heterojunction ? Mention its advantages. a. List the different types of mechanical misalignments that can occur between two joined fibers. b. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rata to the spontaneous emission rate for a lamp operating at a temperature of 1000 K. Assume average operating wavelength is 0.5m. 11. Define lambertian pattern . 12. Define FWHM. 13. Define Modal or speckle noise. 14. Define Kinks. 15. Define Mode partition noise. 16. Define Lensing Schemes. 17. Define Splicing ? What are types of Splicing.? 18. What are the Characteristics of Light Source . EXP:

1. Define diffusion length. 2. Define avalanche effect . 3. Define responsivity. 4. Define Quantum efficiency of photo detector. 5. Write the noise sources in the receiver section. 6.Define Quantum limit. 7.What are the desired features of photo detector. 8.A photo diode is constructed of GaAs which has a bandgap energy of 1.43Ev at 300k. What is meant by long wavelength cutoff? 9.What are the benefits of trans impedance amplifier. 10.Define long wave length cutoff related photo diode. 11.What is meant by bulk dark current? 12.A photo diode has a capacitance of 6pf.Calculate the max load resistance which allows an 8MHz post defection BW. 13. What is meant by impact ionization. In APD? 14.What is transit time of photo carriers? 15.What is meant by ionization rate? 16. Define avalanche multiplication? 17.Define S/N ratio of an optical receiver?What are the conditions are required to achieve high S/N? 18.Define BER? 19.Define Extinction ratio? 20. Define photo current? 21. What is p+ _pn+ reach through structure? 22.Define excess noise factor? 23. What is meant by Pre amplifier? What are the advantages of pre amplifier? 44 M$% &C '(B

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24.Whar are the draw backs of high impedance amplifier? EXP:

1. List out the requirements that are to be considered in analyzing a link 2. Differentiate link power budget and rise time budget. 3. What is SONET? How does it differ from SDH? 4. What are solitons? 5. What is meant by modal noise?

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