GII NGN HNG CU HI

KIN TRC MY TNH

Contents
Cu hi 1.1: Kin trc my tnh l g ? Kin trc my tnh c cu thnh t nhng thnh phn
no ? ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Cu hi 1.2: Nu s khi chc nng ca h thng my tnh. ................................................... 2
Cu hi 1.3: Thanh ghi ca vi x l l g? Nu chc nng v c im ca thanh ghi tch lu A. 2
Cu hi 1.4: Nu chc nng v c im ca b m chng trnh PC ....................................... 3
Cu hi 1.5: Thanh ghi c (hay thanh ghi trng thi) ca vi x l c chc nng g? .................... 3
Cu hi 1.6: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch tc th. Cho v d. ............. 3
Cu hi 1.7: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch trc tip. Cho v d. .......... 3
Cu hi 1.8: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi. Cho
v d minh ho. .............................................................................................................................. 4
Cu hi 1.9: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch gin tip qua nh. Cho v
d minh ho.................................................................................................................................... 4
Cu hi 1.10: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch ch s. Cho v d minh
ho. ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Cu hi 1.11: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch tng i. Cho v d minh
ho. ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Cu hi 1.12: Nu phng thc trao i d liu gia CPU, cache v b nh chnh. .................... 5
Cu hi 1.13: Nu c im chnh ca a CD v a DVD. ........................................................ 5
Cu hi 1.14: Nu nguyn l hot ng ca chut quang. ............................................................ 5
Cu hi 2.1: Nu s khi chc nng v chc nng chnh ca cc thnh phn trong mt h
thng my tnh ?............................................................................................................................. 6
Cu hi 2.2: Nu s v cc c im ca kin trc my tnh von-Neumann. .......................... 6
Cu hi 2.3: Nu s v cc c im ca kin trc my tnh Harvard. .................................... 7
Cu hi 2.4: Nu s khi tng qut v chu trnh x l lnh ca CPU. ..................................... 8
Cu hi 2.5: Nu s khi v chc nng ca cc khi iu khin (CU) v khi tnh ton s hc
v logic (ALU). .............................................................................................................................. 8
Cu hi 2.6: Lnh my tnh l g ? ............................................................................................ 9
Cu hi 2.7: Nu cc dng a ch ca lnh. Cho v d minh ho vi mi dng a ch. ............ 10
Cu hi 2.8: C ch x l xen k dng lnh (ng lnh pipeline) l g ? ................................... 11
Cu hi 2.9: Nu cu trc phn cp ca h thng b nh my tnh. ........................................... 11
Cu hi 2.10: Phn bit b nh RAM tnh v RAM ng........................................................... 12
Cu hi 2.11: B nh cache l g ? .............................................................................................. 13
Cu hi 2.12: So snh cc chun ghp ni a cng IDE, SATA v SCSI. ............................. 14
Cu hi 2.13: Trnh by nguyn l c thng tin trn a CD. .................................................... 15
Cu hi 2.14: Nu nguyn l hot ng ca my in laser. .......................................................... 15
Cu hi 2.15: Nu nguyn l to hnh nh ca mn hnh LCD. .................................................. 16
Cu hi 3.1: Nu s v c im ca hai dng kin trc cache : ............................................ 17
Cu hi 3.2: So snh 3 phng php nh x cache: .................................................................... 18
Cu hi 3.3: Nu cc phng php c ghi v cc chnh sch thay th dng cache. .................. 19
Cu hi 3.4: RAID l g? ............................................................................................................. 20
ADD R2, (R1) .............................................................................................................................. 23
1

 Cu hi loi 1 im
Cu hi 1.1: Kin trc my tnh l g ? Kin trc my tnh c cu thnh t nhng thnh
phn no ?
TL: Kin trc my tnh (Computer architecture) l mt khoa hc v la chn v kt ni cc thnh
phn phn cng ca my tnh nhm t c cc yu cu:
- Hiu nng/tc (performance): nhanh.
- Chc nng (functionality): nhiu tnh nng.
- Gi thnh (cost): r.
Kin trc my tnh l mt trong hai khi nim c bn ca cng ngh my tnh.
KTMT bao gm 3 thnh phn c bn l:
-

Kin trc tp lnh (Instruction set architecture ISA).

Vi kin trc (micro-architecture).

Thit k h thng (System Design).

Cu hi 1.2: Nu s khi chc nng ca h thng my tnh.

TL:
S khi chc nng h thng my tnh nh
hnh bn:
Trong :
-

B x l trung tm (CPU)
B nh trong (Internal Memory): bao
gm: ROM v RAM.
Cc thit b vo ra (Peripheral devices).
Bus h thng (system bus).

Cu hi 1.3: Thanh ghi ca vi x l l g?

Nu chc nng v c im ca thanh ghi
tch lu A.
TL:
Thanh ghi (registers) l cc nh bn trong CPU c c im l kch thc nh, tc rt cao
(bng tc CPU) v c chc nng lu tr tm thi lnh v d liu cho CPU x l.
S lng thanh ghi tu thuc vo i CPU, cc CPU c (80x86) c 16-32 thanh ghi; cc CPU hin
i (Pentium 4 v Core Duo) c hng trm thanh ghi;
Kch thc thanh ghi ph thuc vo thit k CPU. Cc kch thc thng dng ca thanh ghi l 8,
16, 32, 64, 128 v 256 bit.
Thanh tch lu A l mt trong cc thanh ghi quan trng nht ca hu ht cc CPU.
Thanh ghi tch lu A c chc nng:
- dng cha ton hng u vo
- dng cha kt qu u ra
- s dng trao i d liu vi cc thit b vo ra.
Kch thc ca A bng kch thc t x l ca CPU: 8, 16, 32 v 64 bit.

Cu hi 1.4: Nu chc nng v c im ca b m chng trnh PC

TL:
-

B m chng trnh PC (Program Counter) hoc con tr lnh (IP Instruction Pointer)
lun cha a ch ca nh cha lnh c thc hin tip theo.
PC cha a ch ca nh cha lnh u tin ca chng trnh khi n c kch hot v
c np vo b nh.
Khi CPU thc hin xong lnh, a ch ca nh cha lnh tip theo c np vo PC.
Kch thc PC ph thuc vo thit k CPU. Cc kch thc thng dng l 8, 16, 32 v 64
bit.

5r4Cu hi 1.5: Thanh ghi c (hay thanh ghi trng thi) ca vi x l c chc nng g?
Nu ngha ca cc c nh (C), c khng (Z), c du (S).
TL:
Thanh ghi trng thi (SR - Status Register) hoc thanh ghi c (FR Flag Register) l thanh ghi c
bit ca CPU. Mi bt ca FR lu trng thi ca kt qu ca php tnh ALU thc hin.
Hai loi bt c: C trng thi (CF, OF, AF, ZF, PF, SF) v c iu khin (IF, TF, DF).
Cc bt c thng c s dng nh l cc iu kin trong cc lnh r nhnh to logic chng
trnh. Kch thc ca thanh ghi FR ph thuc thit k CPU.
ngha ca mt s c:
ZF: C Zero, ZF=1 nu kt qu=0 v ZF=0 nu kt qu<>0.
SF: C du, SF=1 nu kt qu m v SF=0 nu kt qu dng.
CF: C nh, CF=1 nu c nh/mn, CF=0 trong trng hp khc.

Cu hi 1.6: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch tc th. Cho v d.

TL:
Ch a ch (Addressing modes) l phng thc CPU t chc cc ton hng ca lnh, n cho
php CPU kim tra dng v tm cc ton hng ca lnh.
Ch a ch tc th: trong ch a ch tc th, gi tr hng ca ton hng ngun (source
operand) nm ngay sau m lnh, ton hng ch c th l 1 thanh ghi hoc 1 a ch nh.
V d: LOAD R1, #1000;
R1 1000; Np gi tr 1000 vo thanh ghi R1.
LOAD B, #500;
M[B] 500; Np gi tr 500 vo nh B.

Cu hi 1.7: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch trc tip. Cho v d.

TL:
Ch a ch (Addressing modes) l phng thc CPU t chc cc ton hng ca lnh, n cho
php CPU kim tra dng v tm cc ton hng ca lnh. S dng mt hng biu din a ch mt
nh lm mt ton hng, ton hng cn li c th l 1 thanh ghi hoc 1 a ch nh;
V d: LOAD R1, 1000; R1 M[1000]
Np ni dung nh c a ch 1000 vo thanh ghi R1.

Cu hi 1.8: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi.

Cho v d minh ho.
TL:
Ch a ch (Addressing modes) l phng thc CPU t chc cc ton hng ca lnh, n cho
php CPU kim tra dng v tm cc ton hng ca lnh.
Trong ch a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi, mt thanh ghi c s dng lu a ch ton hng,
ton hng cn li c th l mt hng, mt thanh ghi hoc mt nh.
V d: LOAD Rj, (Ri);
Rj M[Ri];
Np ni dung nh c a ch lu trong thanh ghi Ri vo thanh ghi Rj.
Cu hi 1.9: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch gin tip qua nh. Cho v
d minh ho.
TL:
Ch a ch (Addressing modes) l phng thc CPU t chc cc ton hng ca lnh, n cho
php CPU kim tra dng v tm cc ton hng ca lnh.
Trong ch a ch gin tip qua nh, mt nh c s dng lu a ch ton hng, ton
hng cn li c th l mt hng, mt thanh ghi hoc mt nh.
V d: LOAD Ri, (1000); Ri M(M(1000))
Np ni dung nh c a ch lu trong nh 1000 vo thanh ghi Ri.

Cu hi 1.10: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch ch s. Cho v d minh

ho.
TL:
Ch a ch (Addressing modes) l phng thc CPU t chc cc ton hng ca lnh, n cho
php CPU kim tra dng v tm cc ton hng ca lnh.
Trong ch a ch ch s, a ch ca 1 ton hng c to thnh bi php cng gia 1 hng v
thanh ghi ch s (index register), ton hng cn li c th l mt hng, mt thanh ghi hoc mt
nh.
V d: LOAD Ri, X(Rind); Ri M[X+Rind];
X l hng v Rind l thanh ghi ch s.
Cu hi 1.11: Ch a ch ca vi x l l g ? M t ch a ch tng i. Cho v d minh
ho.
TL:
Ch a ch (Addressing modes) l phng thc CPU t chc cc ton hng ca lnh, n cho
php CPU kim tra dng v tm cc ton hng ca lnh.
Ch a ch tng i: trong ch a ch ny, a ch ca 1 ton hng c to thnh bi
php cng gia 1 hng v b m chng trnh PC (Program Counter), ton hng cn li c th l
mt hng, mt thanh ghi hoc mt nh.
V d: LOAD Ri, X(PC); Ri M[X+PC]; X l hng v PC l b m chng trnh.

Cu hi 1.12: Nu phng thc trao i d liu gia CPU, cache v b nh chnh.

TL:S trao i d liu gia CPU, cache v b nh chnh nh hnh bn.
CPU trao i d liu vi cache theo cc n
v c s nh byte, t, t kp. Cache trao i
d liu vi b nh chnh theo cc khi vi
kch thc 16, 32, 64 bytes. S d CPU trao
i d liu vi cache theo cc n v c s
m khng theo khi do d liu c lu trong cc thanh ghi ca CPU - vn c dung lng rt hn
ch. V vy, CPU ch trao i cc phn t d liu cn thit theo yu cu ca cc lnh. Ngc li,
cache trao i d liu vi b nh chnh theo cc khi, mi khi gm nhiu byte k nhau vi mc
ch bao ph cc mu d liu ln cn theo khng gian v thi gian. Ngoi ra, trao i d liu theo
khi (hay m) vi b nh chnh gip cache tn dng tt hn bng thng ng truyn v nh vy
c th tng tc truyn d liu.
Cu hi 1.13: Nu c im chnh ca a CD v a DVD.
TL: c im chnh ca a CD:
- Dung lng ti a ca a CD l 700MB hoc 80 pht nu lu m thanh
- a s dng tia laser hng ngoi vi bc sng 780 nm c thng tin.
- Tc truyn thng tin ca a CD c tnh theo tc c s (150KB/s) nhn vi h s
nhn. V d, a c tc c 4x th tc ti a c th c l 4 x 150KB/s = 600 KB/s;
nu a c tc c 50x th tc ti a c th c l 50 x 150KB/s = 7500 KB/s.
c im chnh ca a DVD:
- Dung lng ti a ca a DVD l 4,7GB vi a mt mt v 8,5GB vi a 2 mt.
- a DVD s dng tia laser hng ngoi c bc sng 650nm, ngn hn nhiu so vi bc
sng tia laser dng trong a CD nn c mt ghi cao hn nhiu so vi CD.
- Tc truyn thng tin ca a DVD c tnh theo tc c s (1350KB/s) nhn vi h
s nhn. V d, a c tc c 4x th tc ti a c th c l 4 x 1350KB/s = 5400
KB/s; nu a c tc c 16x th tc ti a c th c l 16 x 1350KB/s = 21600
KB/s.
Cu hi 1.14: Nu nguyn l hot ng ca
chut quang.
TL :Nguyn tc hot ng ca chut quang c
th tm tt nh sau:
Mt i-t pht nh sng qua ng knh chiu
xung mt phng di chut; nh sng phn x t
mt phng di chut quay ngc tr li pha di
chut.
Mt camera t pha di chut lin tc chp
nh ca b mt di chut nh nh sng phn x.
Tc chp l khong 1500 nh/giy.
IC iu khin chut s phn tch v so snh cc
nh k nhau v qua pht hin ra chuyn ng
chut.
Tn hiu biu din chuyn ng chut do IC
iu khin chut sinh ra c chuyn cho my
tnh x l.
5

 Cu hi loi 2 im
Cu hi 2.1: Nu s khi chc nng v chc nng chnh ca cc thnh phn trong mt h
thng my tnh ?
TL :
S khi chc nng h thng my tnh nh
hnh bn:
B x l trung tm (Central Processing
Unit - CPU) c chc nng: c lnh t b
nh, gii m v thc hin lnh.
CPU bao gm:
- B iu khin (Control Unit - CU)
- B tnh ton s hc v logic
(Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU)
- Cc thanh ghi (Registers)
B nh trong (Internal Memory) c chc nng: lu tr lnh (instruction) v d liu (data) cho
CPU x l.
B nh trong bao gm:
- ROM (Read Only Memory): Lu tr lnh v d liu ca h thng, thng tin trong ROM
vn tn ti khi mt ngun nui.
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Lu tr lnh v d liu ca h thng v ngi dng;
thng tin trong RAM s mt khi mt ngun nui.
Cc thit b vo ra (Peripheral devices):
Thit b vo (Input devices): nhp d liu v iu khin. Bao gm: Bn phm (Keyboard), Chut
(Mice), a (Disk drives), My qut (Scanner)...
Thit b ra (Output devices): kt xut d liu. Bao gm: Mn hnh (Monitor/screen), My in
(Printer), My v (Plotter), a (Disk drives)...
Bus h thng (system bus):
Bus h thng l mt tp cc ng dy kt ni CPU vi cc thnh phn khc ca my tnh.
Bus h thng thng gm:
- Bus a ch (Address bus) Bus A
- Bus d liu (Data bus) Bus D
- Bus iu khin (Control bus) - Bus C
Cu hi 2.2: Nu s v cc c im ca kin trc my tnh von-Neumann.
Kin trc my tnh von-Neumann hin i khc kin trc my tnh von-Neumann c in nhng
im chnh no ?
TL :
Kin trc von-Neumann da trn 3 khi nim c s:
- Lnh v d liu c lu tr trong b nh c ghi chia s;
- B nh c nh a ch theo vng, khng ph thuc vo ni dung n lu tr;
- Cc lnh ca mt chng trnh c thc hin tun t.
Cc lnh c thc hin theo 3 giai on (stages) chnh:
- CPU c (fetch) lnh t b nh;
- CPU gii m v thc hin lnh; nu lnh yu cu d liu, CPU c d liu t b nh;
- CPU ghi kt qu thc hin lnh vo b nh (nu c).

Cn b sung so snh gia hai kin trc ny:

Cu hi 2.3: Nu s v cc c im ca kin trc my tnh Harvard.

Kin trc my tnh Harvard c nhng u im g so vi kin trc my tnh von-Neumann. Cc
my tnh hin i ngy nay s dng kin trc no ?
TL : B nh c chia thnh 2 phn:
- B nh lu m chng trnh
- B nh lu d liu
CPU s dng 2 h thng bus giao tip vi b
nh:
- Bus A, D v C giao tip vi b nh chng
trnh
- Bus A, D v C giao tip vi b nh d liu.
So snh Kin trc Havard v Kin trc von-Neumann:
- Kin trc Harvard nhanh hn kin trc von-Neumann do bng thng ca bus ln hn.
- H tr nhiu thao tc c/ghi b nh ti mt thi im gim xung t truy nhp b nh, c
bit khi CPU s dng k thut ng ng (pipeline).
Tuy nhin h thng my tnh hin nay ph bin s dng kin trc von-Neumann hin i v kin
trc ny t phc tp hn, r hn so vi h thng dng kin trc Harvard, ngoi ra cc my tnh
phn cp b nh nn tc c ci thin ng k. Hn na, kin trc von-Neumann ra i trc
nn cc nh sn xut my tnh pht trin cng ngh sn xut trn nn tng ny, s thay i l rt
tn km.
7

Cu hi 2.4: Nu s khi tng qut v chu trnh x l lnh ca CPU.

TL :
CU :
B iu khin
ALU :
B s hc v logic
Internal Bus : Bus trong CPU
A : Thanh ghi tch lu (Accumulator Register)
PC :
B m chng trnh.
IR :
Thanh ghi lnh
MAR :
Thanh ghi a ch b nh.
MBR :
Thanh ghi m d liu.
Y, Z :
Thanh ghi tm thi.
FR :
Thanh ghi c.
Chu trnh x l lnh ca CPU
1. Khi mt chng trnh c thc hin, h iu
hnh (OS - Operating System) np m chng trnh vo b nh trong.
2. a ch ca nh cha lnh u tin ca chng trnh c np vo b m chng trnh PC.
3. a ch nh cha lnh t PC c chuyn n bus A thng qua thanh ghi MAR.
4. Bus A chuyn a ch nh n n v qun l b nh (MMU - Memory Management Unit).
5. MMU chn ra nh v thc hin lnh c ni dung nh.
6. Lnh (trong nh) c chuyn ra bus D v tip theo c chuyn tip n thanh ghi MBR;
7. MBR chuyn lnh n thanh ghi lnh IR; IR chuyn lnh vo b iu khin CU.
8. CU gii m lnh v sinh cc tn hiu iu khin cn thit, yu cu cc b phn chc nng nh
ALU thc hin lnh.
9. Gi tr a ch trong b m PC c tng ln 1 n v v n tr n a ch ca nh cha lnh
tip theo.
10.Cc bc t 3-9 c lp li vi tt c cc lnh ca chng trnh.
Cu hi 2.5: Nu s khi v chc nng ca cc khi iu khin (CU) v khi tnh ton s
hc v logic (ALU).
TL :
S khi n v iu khin CU
n v iu khin CU (Control Unit) iu khin
ton b cc hot ng ca CPU theo xung nhp
ng h
CU nhn 3 tn hiu u vo:
Lnh t IR
Gi tr cc c trng thi
Xung ng h
CU sinh 2 nhm tn hiu u ra:
Nhm tn hiu iu khin cc b phn
bn trong CPU;
Nhm tn hiu iu khin cc b phn bn ngoi CPU
CU s dng nhp ng h ng b cc n v chc nng trong CPU v gia CPU vi cc b
phn bn ngoi.

n v s hc & logic ALU

ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) bao gm mt lot cc
n v chc nng con thc hin cc php ton s hc
v logic:
- B cng (ADD), b tr (SUB), b nhn (MUL), b
chia (DIV),....
- Cc b dch (SHIFT) v quay (ROTATE)
- B ph nh (NOT), b v (AND), b hoc (OR) v
b hoc loi tr (XOR)5t
ALU c:
- 2 cng vo IN: nhn ton hng t cc thanh ghi.
- 1 cng ra OUT: kt ni vi bus trong chuyn kt
qu n thanh ghi.
Cu hi 2.6: Lnh my tnh l g ?
Chu k lnh l g ? Nu cc pha in hnh trong chu k thc hin lnh. Nu dng lnh tng qut v
cc thnh phn ca n.
TL :
Lnh my tnh (Computer Instruction) l mt t nh phn (binary word) c gn mt nhim v
c th. Cc lnh ca chng trnh c lu trong b nh v chng ln lt c CPU c, gii m
v thc hin.
Chu k thc hin lnh (Instruction execution cycle): l khong thi gian m CPU thc hin xong
mt lnh:
- Mt chu k thc hin lnh c th gm mt s giai on thc hin lnh.
- Mt giai on thc hin lnh c th gm mt s chu k my.
- Mt chu k my c th gm mt s chu k ng h.
Vic thc hin lnh c th c chia thnh cc pha (phase) hay giai on (stage). Mi lnh c th
c thc hin theo 4 giai on:
- c lnh (Instruction fetch - IF): lnh c c t b nh v CPU;
- Gii m (Instruction decode - ID): CPU gii m lnh;
- Thc hin (Instruction execution EX): CPU thc hin lnh;
- Lu kt qu (Write back - WB): kt qu thc hin lnh (nu c) c lu vo b nh.
Dng tng qut ca lnh gm 2 thnh phn chnh:
- M lnh (Opcode - operation code): mi
lnh c m lnh ring
- a ch ca cc ton hng (Addresses of
Operands): mi lnh c th gm mt
hoc nhiu ton hng.
C th c cc dng a ch ton hng sau: 3 a ch; 2 a ch; 1 a ch; 1,5 a ch; 0 a ch.

Cu hi 2.7: Nu cc dng a ch ca lnh. Cho v d minh ho vi mi dng a ch.

TL :
Ton hng 3 a ch:
Dng: opcode addr1, addr2, addr3
Mi a ch addr1, addr2, addr3 tham chiu n mt nh hoc mt thanh ghi.
V d:
ADD R1, R2, R3;
R1 R2 + R3
R2 cng vi R3, kt qu gn vo R1. (Ri l thanh ghi ca CPU)
ADD A, B, C;
M[A] M[B] + M[C]
A, B, C l a ch cc nh.
Ton hng 2 a ch:
Dng: opcode addr1, addr2
Mi a ch addr1, addr2 tham chiu n mt nh hoc mt thanh ghi.
V d:
ADD R1, R2; R1 R1 + R2
R1 cng vi R2, kt qu gn vo R1. (Ri l thanh ghi ca CPU)
ADD A, B; M[A] M[B] + M[B]
A, B l a ch cc nh.
Ton hng 1 a ch:
Dng: opcode addr1
a ch addr1 tham chiu n mt nh hoc mt thanh ghi.
dng 1 a ch, thanh ghi tch lu A (Accumulator) c s dng nh a ch addr2 trong dng 2
a ch.
V d:
ADD R1;
Racc Racc + R1
R1 cng vi Racc, kt qu gn vo Racc. R1 l thanh ghi ca CPU.
ADD A; Racc Racc + M[A]
A l a ch mt nh.
Ton hng 1,5 a ch:
Dng: opcode addr1, addr2
Mt a ch tham chiu n mt nh v a ch cn li tham chiu n mt thanh ghi. Dng 1,5
a ch l dng hn hp gia nh v thanh ghi.
V d:
ADD A, R1; M[A] M[A] + R1
Ni dung nh A cng vi R1, kt qu lu vo nh A
R1 l thanh ghi ca CPU v A l a ch mt nh.
Ton hng 0 a ch:
c s dng trong cc lnh thao tc vi ngn xp: PUSH v POP.

10

Cu hi 2.8: C ch x l xen k dng lnh (ng lnh pipeline) l g ?

Nu cc c im ca c ch ng lnh.
TL :
C ch ng lnh (pipeline) hay cn
gi l c ch thc hin xen k cc lnh
ca chng trnh l mt phng php
thc hin lnh tin tin, cho php ng
thi thc hin nhiu lnh, gim thi
gian trung bnh thc hin mi lnh v
nh vy tng c hiu nng x l
lnh ca CPU.
Vic thc hin lnh c chia thnh
mt s giai on v mi giai on
c thc thi bi mt n v chc
nng khc nhau ca CPU. Nh vy CPU c th tn dng ti a nng lc x l ca cc n v chc
nng ca mnh, gim thi gian ch cho tng n v chc nng. C nhiu lnh ng thi c thc
hin gi nhau trong CPU v hu ht cc n v chc nng ca CPU lin tc tham gia vo qu trnh
x l lnh. S lng lnh c x l ng thi ng bng s giai on thc hin lnh.
c im ca c ch ng lnh:
- L dng x l song song mc lnh (instruction level parallelism (ILP)).
- Mt pipeline l y (fully pipelined) khi n lun tip nhn mt lnh mi ti mi chu k ng
h.
- Ngc li, mt pipeline l khng y khi c mt s chu k tr trong tin trnh thc hin.
- S lng cc giai on (stages) trong pipeline ph thuc vo thit k vi x l:
2,3, 5 giai on (pipeline n gin)
14 giai on (PII, PIII)
20-31 giai on (P4)
12-15 giai on (Core)
Cu hi 2.9: Nu cu trc phn cp ca h thng b nh my tnh.
Ti sao cu trc phn cp ca h thng b nh c th gip tng hiu nng v gim gi thnh sn
xut my tnh ?
TL :
Cu trc phn cp h thng b nh
c th hin nh hnh bn.
Trong cu trc phn cp h thng nh,
dung lng cc thnh phn tng theo
chiu t cc thanh ghi ca CPU n b
nh ngoi. Ngc li, tc truy nhp
hay bng thng v gi thnh mt n v
nh tng theo chiu t b nh ngoi n
cc thanh ghi ca CPU. Nh vy, cc
thanh ghi ca CPU c dung lng nh
nht nhng c tc truy cp nhanh nht v cng c gi thnh cao nht. B nh ngoi c dung
lng ln nht, nhng tc truy cp thp nht. B li, b nh ngoi c gi thnh r nn c th
c s dung vi dung lng ln.
11

CPU registers (cc thanh ghi ca CPU):

Cache (b nh cache):
Dung lng rt nh, khong t vi chc
Dung lng tng i nh (khong
bytes n vi KB
64KB n 32MB)
Tc truy nhp rt cao (cc thanh ghi
Tc truy nhp cao; thi gian truy
hot ng vi tc ca
nhp khong 1-5ns
CPU); thi gian truy nhp khong
Gi thnh t
0,25ns
Cn c gi l b nh thng minh
(smart memory)
Gi thnh t
S dng lu ton hng u vo v kt
S dng lu lnh v d liu cho CPU
qu ca cc lnh.
x
l.
Main memory (b nh chnh):
Gm ROM v RAM, c kch thc kh ln; vi h thng 32 bt, dung lng khong
256MB-4GB
Tc truy nhp chm; thi gian truy nhp khong 50-70ns
Gi thnh tng i r
S dng lu lnh v d liu ca h thng v ca ngi dng.
Secondary memory (b nh th cp b nh ngoi):
C dung lng rt ln, khong t 20GB-1000GB
Tc truy nhp rt chm; thi gian truy nhp khong 5ms
Gi thnh r
S dng lu d liu lu di di dng cc tp (files).
Vai tr ca vic phn cp h thng b nh:
Tng hiu nng h thng
Dung ho c CPU c tc cao v phn b nh chnh v b nh ngoi c tc thp;
Thi gian trung bnh CPU truy nhp d liu t h thng nh tim cn thi gian truy nhp
cache.
Gim gi thnh sn xut
Cc thnh phn t tin (thanh ghi v cache) c s dng vi dung lng nh;
Cc thnh phn r tin hn (b nh chnh v b nh ngoi) c s dng vi dung lng
ln;
Tng gi thnh ca h thng nh theo m hnh phn cp s r hn so vi h thng nh khng
phn cp c cng tc .
Cu hi 2.10: Phn bit b nh RAM tnh v RAM ng.
Ti sao b nh RAM ng cn qu trnh lm ti v RAM ng
thng r hn RAM tnh ?
TL :
SRAM (Static Ram) l loi RAM s dng mt mch lt trigo lng
n lu mt bit thng tin. Thng tin trong SRAM lun n nh v
khng phi lm ti nh k. Tc truy nhp SRAM cng
nhanh hn nhiu so vi DRAM.
Mi mch lt lu 1 bit thng s dng 6, 8 hoc 10
transitors (gi l mch 6T, 8T hoc 10T);
SRAM thng c tc truy nhp nhanh do cc bit ca SRAM c cu trc i xng, Cc mch
nh SRAM chp nhn tt c cc chn a ch ti mt thi im (khng dn knh).
12

DRAM (Dynamic Ram): Mi bit DRAM da trn mt t in v mt

transitor:Hai mc tch in ca t biu din 2 mc logic 0 v 1:
Khng tch in: mc 0
Tch y in: mc 1.
Thng tin lu trong cc bit DRAM khng n nh v phi c lm
ti nh k. DRAM chm hn nhng r hn SRAM.
RAM ng cn qu trnh lm ti v t thng t phng in, in
tch trong t c xu hng b tn hao theo thi gian nn:

Cn np li thng tin trong t thng xuyn trnh mt thng

tin.
Vic np li thng tin cho t l qu trnh lm ti (refresh), phi theo nh k.
DRAM thng r hn SRAM do:
Mi bt SRAM dng nhiu transitor hn so vi 1 bit DRAM
Do cu trc bn trong ca SRAM bit phc tp hn nn mt cy linh kin trong SRAM
thng thp.
Cu hi 2.11: B nh cache l g ?
Nu vai tr ca cache. Gii thch hai nguyn l hot ng ca cache.
TL :
Cache hay cn gi l b nh m l mt thnh phn trong h thng nh phn cp ca my tnh,
cache ng vai trong trung gian, trung chuyn d liu t b nh chnh v CPU v ngc li.
Vai tr ca cache
Tng hiu nng h thng
Dung ho c CPU c tc cao v b nh chnh c tc thp;
Thi gian trung bnh CPU truy nhp d liu t h thng nh tim cn thi gian truy nhp
cache.
Gim gi thnh sn xut
Nu hai h thng nh c cng gi thnh, h thng nh c cache c tc truy nhp nhanh
hn;
Nu hai h thng nh c cng tc , h thng nh c cache c gi thnh r hn.
Cc nguyn l hot ng ca cache
Cache c coi l b nh thng minh:
Cache c kh nng on trc yu cu v d liu v lnh ca CPU;
D liu v lnh cn thit c chuyn trc t b nh chnh v cache CPU ch truy
nhp cache gim thi gian truy nhp h thng nh.
Cache hot ng da trn 2 nguyn l c bn:
Nguyn l ln cn v khng gian (Spatial locality)
Nguyn l ln cn v thi gian (Temporal locality)
Nguyn l ln cn v khng gian:
Nu mt nh ang c truy nhp th xc xut cc nh lin k vi n c truy nhp
trong tng lai gn l rt cao;
p dng:
Ln cn v khng gian c p dng cho nhm lnh/d liu c tnh tun t cao trong
khng gian chng trnh;
13

Gii thch:
Do cc lnh trong mt chng trnh thng tun t cache c c khi lnh t b nh
chnh ph c cc nh ln cn ca nh ang c truy nhp.
Nguyn l ln cn v thi gian:
Nu mt nh ang c truy nhp th xc xut n c truy nhp li trong tng lai gn
l rt cao;
p dng:
Ln cn v thi gian c p dng cho d liu v nhm lnh trong vng lp;
Gii thch:
Cc phn t d liu thng c cp nht, sa i thng xuyn;
Cache c c khi lnh t b nh chnh ph c c khi lnh ca vng lp.
Cu hi 2.12: So snh cc chun ghp ni a cng IDE, SATA v SCSI.
TL :
IDE

SATA

Ging nhau

u l cc giao din ghp ni a cng vi my tnh

Khc nhau

SATA s dng cng tp

ATA/IDE s dng cp lnh mc thp nh ATA
dt 40 hoc 80 si nhng SATA s dng
ghp ni cng vi bng ng truyn tin ni tip
mch chnh;
tc cao qua 2 i dy;

Nhc im

SCSI l mt tp cc
chun v kt ni vt l v
truyn d liu gia
my tnh v thit b ngoi
vi;

Tt c cc thit b SCSI
u kt ni n bus SCSI
theo cng mt kiu

Mi cp thng h tr
ghp ni vi 2 a

Truyn d liu nhanh v

hiu qu
Cm nng
S dng t dy hn ATA
truyn d liu.

u im

SCSI

Tc truyn d liu
cn chm

SCSI cung cp tc
truyn d liu v tnh n
nh rt cao;
Cm nng
Cc cng SCSI thng
rt t

14

Cu hi 2.13: Trnh by nguyn l c thng tin trn a CD.

TL :
Nguyn l c CD-ROM
Tia laser t it pht laser i qua
b tch tia n gng quay;
Gng quay c iu khin bi
tn hiu c, li tia laser n v tr
cn c trn mt a;
Tia phn x t mt a phn nh
mc li lm trn mt a quay tr
li gng quay;
Gng quay chuyn tia phn x
v b tch tia v sau n b
cm bin quang in;
B cm bin quang in chuyn i tia laser phn x thnh tn hiu in u ra. Cng ca
tia laser c biu din thnh mc tn hiu ra.
Cu hi 2.14: Nu nguyn l hot ng ca my in laser.
TL :
My in laser hot ng da trn
nguyn tc chp nh in t
bng tia laser. C th:
Trng cm quang c np
mt lp in tch nh 1 in
cc;
Tia laser t ngun sng
laser i qua mt gng quay
v b iu ch tia c iu
khin bi tn hiu cn in n
mt trng;
nh sng laser lm thay i
mt in tch trn mt
trng; Mt in tch trn mt trng thay i theo tn hiu cn in;
Khi trng cm quang quay n hp mc th in tch trn trng ht cc ht mc c tch in
tri du. Cc ht mc dnh trn trng biu din m bn ca vn bn/thng tin cn in;
Giy t khay c ko ln cng c in cc np in tch tri du vi in tch ca mc nn
ht cc ht mc khi trng cm quang.
Giy tip tc i qua trng sy nng lm cc ht mc chy ra v b p cht vo giy.

15

Cu hi 2.15: Nu nguyn l to hnh nh ca mn hnh LCD.

TL :
Cc tinh th lng khng th t pht sng, chng c kh nng iu khin lng nh sng i qua
theo nhit v dng in.
C 2 loi LCD da trn phng php iu khin:
LCD ma trn th ng (Passive matrix):
S dng li hoc ma trn nh ngha tng im nh (pixel) bi hng v ct ca n. Mt im
nh (giao gia 1 hng v 1 ct) c kch hot khi in p c t vo ct v dng tng ng
c ni t.
LCD ma trn ch ng (Active matrix):
S dng mt TFT (Thin Film Transistor) iu khin mt phn t LCD. Cc TFT hot ng
tng t nh cc b chuyn mch.
Nguyn l TFT LCD:
- TFT LCD l thit b c iu khin bng cc tn hiu in.
- Lp tinh th lng nm gia 2 lp trong sut cha cc in cc ITO (Indium Tin Oxide).
- Cc phn t tinh th lng c sp t theo cc hng khc nhau theo s thay i in p
t vo cc in cc ITO;
- Hng ca cc phn t tinh th lng trc tip nh hng n cng nh sng i qua v
n gin tip iu khin mc sng/ti (cn gi l mc xm) ca nh hin th;
- Mu ca hnh nh c to bi mt lp lc mu;
- Mc xm ca cc im nh c thit lp theo mc in p ca tn hiu video a vo.

16

 Cu hi loi 3 im
Cu hi 3.1: Nu s v c im ca hai dng kin trc cache :
Look Aside v Look Through. Trong hai dng kin trc trn, dng no c s dng nhiu hn
trong thc t hin nay? Ti sao?
TL:

Cache Look aside

SRAM: RAM lu d liu cache
Tag RAM: RAM lu a ch b nh
Cache v b nh chnh cng kt ni vi bus
h thng;
Cache v b nh chnh thy chu k bus ca
CPU ti cng mt thi im;
u im:
Thit k n gin
Miss nhanh
Nhc im:
Hit chm

Cache Look through

SRAM: RAM lu d liu cache
Tag RAM: RAM lu a ch b nh
Cache nm gia CPU v b nh chnh;
Cache thy chu k bus ca CPU trc, sau
n chuyn chu k bus cho b nh chnh;
u im:
Hit nhanh
Nhc im:
Thit k phc tp
t tin
Miss chm

B sung gii thch :

.....

.
..
.

...

.
....

.
..
.
..
...

.
....
.

17

Cu hi 3.2: So snh 3 phng php nh x cache:

nh x trc tip, nh x kt hp y v nh x tp kt hp? Phng php nh x no trong cc
phng php trn c s dng nhiu nht trong thc t? Ti sao?
TL :
Tiu ch
Ging

nh x trc tip

nh x kt hp y

nh x tp kt hp

Cng l phng php nh x cache-mem

Cache c chia thnh cc dng
Khc nhau

B nh

m trang

1 trang

m trang

nh x

nh x dng ca trang n
dng ca ng (nh x c
nh)

Mt dng trong b nh
c th c nh x vo
mt dng bt k trong
cache;

nh x trang n ng
(nh x mm do):
Mt trang ca b nh
c th nh x n mt
ng bt k ca cache.
nh x dng ca trang
n dng ca ng
(nh x c nh).

u im

Thit k n gin
Nhanh do nh x l c nh:
khi bit ch nh c th tm
c v tr ca n trong cache
rt nhanh chng.

Gim c xung t do
nh x l khng c nh
H s Hit cao hn nh x
trc tip.

18

Nhanh do nh x trc
tip c s dng cho
nh x dng (chim s
ln nh x);
Gim xung t do nh
x t cc trang b nh
n cc ng cache l
mm do.
H s Hit cao hn.

Nhc im

Do nh x c nh nn d gy
xung t
H s hit khng cao.

Chm do cn phi tm a
ch nh trong cache
Phc tp do cn c n b
so snh a ch b nh
trong cache.
Thng c s dng
vi cache c dung lng
nh.

Phc tp trong thit k

v iu khin v cache
c chia thnh mt s
ng.

Cu hi 3.3: Nu cc phng php c ghi v cc chnh sch thay th dng cache.

Ti sao thay th dng cache s dng phng php LRU c kh nng cho h s on trng (hit) cao
nht ?
TL :
c thng tin:
+Trng hp hit (mu tin cn c c trong cache)
Mu tin c c t cache vo CPU;
B nh chnh khng tham gia.
+Trng hp miss (mu tin cn c khng c trong cache)
Mu tin trc ht c c t b nh chnh vo cache;
Sau n c chuyn t cache vo CPU.
y l trng hp miss penalty: thi gian truy nhp mu tin bng tng thi gian truy nhp cache
v b nh chnh.
Ghi thng tin:
+Trng hp hit (mu tin cn ghi c trong cache)
Ghi thng (write through): mu tin c ghi ng thi ra cache v b nh chnh;
Ghi tr (write back): mu tin trc ht c ghi ra cache v dng cha mu tin c ghi ra b
nh chnh khi dng b thay th.
+Trng hp miss (mu tin cn ghi khng c trong cache)
Ghi c c li (write allocate / fetch on write): mu tin trc ht c ghi ra b nh chnh v
sau dng cha mu tin c c vo cache;
Ghi khng c li (write non-allocate): mu tin ch c ghi ra b nh chnh (dng cha mu
tin khng c c vo cache).
Chnh sch thay th (replacement policies) xc nh cc dng cache no c chn thay th bi
cc dng khc t b nh.
Cc chnh sch thay th:
Ngu nhin (Random)
Vo trc ra trc (FIFO)
Thay th cc dng t c s dng gn y nht (LRU).
Thay th cc dng t c s dng gn y nht (LRULeast Recently Used):
Cc dng cache t c s dng gn y nht c la chn thay th.
u:
C h s miss thp nht so vi thay th ngu nhin v thay th FIFO
Do thay th LRU c xem xt n cc dng ang c s dng
19

Cu hi 3.4: RAID l g?
Ti sao RAID c th nng cao c tnh tin cy v tc truy nhp h thng lu tr? Cu hnh
RAID no ph hp hn vi my ch c s d liu trong ba loi RAID 0, RAID 1 v RAID 10?
TL :
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) l mt cng ngh to cc thit b lu tr tin tin
trn c s a cng, nhm t c cc mc ch:
Tc cao (High performance / speed)
Tnh tin cy cao (High reliability)
Dung lng ln (Large volume)
RAID:
Mt mng ca cc a cng;
Cc a cng theo chun SATA v SCSI mi h tr to RAID.
Hai k thut chnh c s dng trong RAID:
To lt a (Disk Stripping):
Ghi: D liu c chia thnh cc khi, mi khi c ghi ng thi vo mt a c lp;
c: Cc khi d liu c c ng thi cc a c lp, v c ghp li to d liu hon
chnh.
Tc truy nhp c ci thin.
Soi gng a (Disk Mirroring):
Ghi: D liu c chia thnh cc khi, mi khi c ghi ng thi vo nhiu a c lp;
Ti mi thi im ta lun c nhiu hn 1 bn sao vt l ca d liu.
Tnh tin cy c ci thin.
RAID 10

u im:
An ton cao: do ti mi thi im RAID lun cha nhiu bn copy ca d liu cc a vt l
khc nhau.
Nhanh: tc truy nhp t l vi s a ca RAID

.
.

.
.
.

20

Cu hi 3.5: Nu cc c im chnh ca kin trc bus PCI v PCI-Express.

Ti sao bus PCI-Express c kh nng h tr nhiu cp thit b truyn d liu ng thi vi tc
cao?
TL :
Bus PCI Express Kin trc
PCI Express c cu trc t cc lin kt ni tip im n im;
Mt cp lin kt ni tip (theo 2 chiu ngc nhau) to thnh mt lung (lane);
Cc lung c nh tuyn qua mt b chuyn mch (crossbar switch) trn bng mch chnh;
Cc khe cm PCI Express vt l c th cha t 1 n 32 ln.
PCI Express s dng giao thc truyn ni tip v trnh c vn timing skew (lch thi
gian) mt trong cc yu t lm gim tc :
Cc loi bus song song (ISA, PCI, AGP) i hi tt c cc bit ca mt n v d liu phi
n ch ti mt thi im;
Do vn timing skew, cc bt ca mt n v d liu c th khng n ch ng thi gy
kh khn cho vic khi phc n v d liu;
Phng thc truyn ni tip khng gp phi vn timing skew do giao thc ny khng
i hi tt c cc bit ca mt n v d liu phi n ch ti mt thi im.
Cu hi 3.6: C ch ng lnh (pipeline) ca CPU thng gp phi nhng vn g?
Nu mt hng gii quyt xung t d liu trong pipeline khi thc hin on chng trnh sau:
ADD R4, R4, #300 ; R4 R4+300
ADD R1, R2, R3
; R1 R2+R3
CMP R1, #100
; so snh R1 vi 100
SUB R5, #2000
; R5 R5 - 2000
bit rng mi lnh c chia thnh 5 giai on trong pipeline: c lnh (IF), gii m & c ton
hng (ID), truy nhp b nh (MEM), thc hin (EX) v lu kt qu (WB).
TL :

21

Cu hi 3.7: C ch ng lnh (pipeline) ca CPU thng gp phi nhng vn g?

Nu mt hng gii quyt xung t d liu trong pipeline khi thc hin on chng trnh sau:
ADD R4, R4, #300 ; R4 R4+300
ADD R1, R1, R3
; R1 R1+R3
SUB R1, R1, #100 ; R1 R1 - 100
SUB R5, #2000
; R5 R5 - 2000
bit rng mi lnh c chia thnh 5 giai on trong pipeline: c lnh (IF), gii m & c ton
hng (ID), truy nhp b nh (MEM), thc hin (EX) v lu kt qu (WB).
TL :

Cu hi 3.8: Cho on chng trnh sau (R1, R2 l cc thanh ghi):

Lnh
ngha
Ch
LOAD R2, #400
LOAD R1, #1200
STORE (R1), R2
SUBSTRACT R2, #15
ADD 1200, #10
ADD R2, (R1)

22

GT R2

Cu hi 3.9: Cho on chng trnh sau (R1, R2 l cc thanh ghi):

Lnh
ngha
Ch

GT R2

LOAD R2, #500

LOAD R1, #2000
STORE (R1), R2
ADD 2000, #30
SUBSTRACT R2, #15
ADD R2, (R1)

Cu hi 3.10: Cho mt dy s nguyn gm 10 phn t lu trong b nh bt u t a ch 1000.

Vit chng trnh s dng tp lnh ca CPU tnh:
a.
Tng ca cc s dng lu kt qu vo nh c a ch 2000.
b.
Tng ca tt c cc s trong dy lu kt qu vo nh c a ch 2010.
TL :

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

..
23