Machine operating chart (or performance/capability chart)

Xs I E=V+jIX E=E/=machine internal emf V=V/0=machine terminal voltage I=I/-=machine current (stator) Xd=synchronous reactance Efd= rotor field voltage (dc) Ifd= rotor field current (from exciter)

Development of machine chart from basic equation: E=V+jIX

=90 E 0' I V/X V P IX 0' Vpu (=1) Ppu constant pf S=VI 0' V2/X (=Sb/Xpu) 0 Q Sb leading pf Spu lagging pf Vb Epu constant |E|

rotor Ifd Efd

stator V

Machine (generator) operating point The operating point may be located by any two of the five parameters: power P, reactive power Q, power factor pf, internal emf E, and MVA S. Actually, the operating point is determined by P and E, where P is controlled via governor system by sensing the machine speed (frequency); E is controlled via excitation system (or so-called AVR) by sensing V. The machine rating is usually described by kV, MW, and power factor. Capability limits (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) MW limit efg : rated turbine mechanical output Pm = locus of constant P. MVA limit gh : max. generator stator current I = locus of constant S. Excitation limit hj : max. exciter current Ifd = locus of constant E. Theoretical steady state stability limit abO : locus of 90 . Practical steady state stability limit ed: margin defined from (4), e.g. 10%.

constant |S| 0' 1/Xpu 0 0 Qpu

The machine rated power factor is the interception of (1) and (2). Usually, the design of exciter is such that (3) is slightly beyond (outside) this interception. (4) and (5) have been discussed by many textbooks. In fact, these sss limits do not exist if the machine has an automatic excitation system, as the internal emf is no longer constant. Note: E is proportional to the flux produced by rotor field current Ifd, which is fed by the exciter. In pu system E=Efd the field voltage which is also the exciter voltage. V is always kept very close to 1 pu by varying E using the excitation control. Since Zb=Vb2/Sb, and Xpu=X/Zb=SbX/Vb2, V2/X=Sb/Xpu if V=Vb (i.e. 1 pu). The chart development is based on E=V+jIX using pu system. For three phase notation, E=V+j3IX, just change IX to 3IX and VI to 3VI in the diagram.

Operating chart of a synchronous generator (extracted from Weddy)

(Max. excitation E=2.5pu. Rated output: S=75MVA, P=60MW, Q=45MVAr, pf=0.8 lag.)

Worked example
A 75 MVA 0.8 power factor generator has a reactance Xd=1.6 pu and maximum excitation of 2.5pu. Construct an operating chart showing the limits of MW, MVA, excitation, and steady state stability (theoretical and practical with 10 % margin). Determine the internal emf and the load angle when delivering the rated load. Solution: Step 1: Draw P and Q axes, with origin O Step 2: Locate O with OO = Sb/Xd = 75/1.6 = 46.9MVar (1pu E or excitation) Draw a horizontal line P=750.8=60 (MW limit). With O as centre, draw an arc of diameter of S=75 (MVA limit). With O as centre, draw an arc of S=2.5x46.9 =117MVA (Excitation limit). Draw a vertical line Oa (Theoretical s.s.s. limit) To determine 10% practical s.s.s. limit 10 % of 60 MW = 6 MW. Start with, say E =1pu (= Oa), locate b with ab=6. With radius Oa, draw an arc cutting the horizontal line via b to get one point of the practical limit. Other points may be obtained by varying the E. The rated load g is the interception of MW and MVAr limits. Measure Og(=110MVA). Hence, E=110/46.9=2.34pu. Measure angle gOO(=33)

Tutorial 1. A 300MVA 0.8 power factor generator has a reactance of Xd=2.5 pu and maximum excitation of 3.333 pu. Establish the performance chart of this machine, showing clearly the limits of power, MVA, excitation and the traditional steady state stability. Determine the maximum MVAr capability (both generation and absorption) at an output level of 150 MW. (Use a scale of 2cm for 50MW.) A 210 MVA 200MW generator has a synchronous reactance 1.5pu. The excitation current at no-load (i.e. at zero MW and zero MVAr) is 2kA and the maximum excitation current is 4.7kA. Develop the operating chart of this generator showing (i) the MW limit, (ii) the MVA limit (iii) the excitation limit and (iv) the 8% practical steady state limit. If the generator operates at 120MW 0.8 power factor, determine (v) the pu excitation, (vi) the rotor angle and (vii) the surplus reactive power it can provide to the system. 3. The 750 MVA generator of Xd=1.6pu in the worked example is used as synchronous compensator to provide reactive compensation of a) 50MVAr capacitive b) 20MVAr inductive. Calculate the E pu in each case, assuming the power absorbed by the compensator is negligible. Synchronous machine must have minimum and maximum exciation limits. If the machine in the worked example has Emin=0.3pu and Emax=2.5pu, and is run as synchronours motor with negligible power consumption, what is machine maximum inductive and capactive MVAr compensation provided?

2.

Example to show AVR action

A generator has a reactance X=2 pu, 0.8 and with an initial terminal voltage of V=1/0 . If it supplies a load of S=0.8+j0.6 i.e. I=S*/V*=0.8-j0.6, E=V+jIXd= 2.2+1.6j = 2.72/36 (=E1). If the load increases to 0.8+j0.61, E 0 becomes 2.22+1.6j = 2.74/35.8 (=E2) Q= 1/X Mechanism of E increasing from 2.72 pu to 2.74 pu Assuming a constant-current load such that I suddenly increases from 0.8-j0.6 to 0.8-j0.61, the voltage becomes V=E1jIXd=(2.2+1.6j) j2(0.8-j0.61)=0.98/0 , dropping from 1.0pu to 0.98pu. (At this transition moment, the above chart based on V=1/0 does not apply.) Thus, the voltage error V=Vref V increases and the AVR responses, increasing the exciter output current Ifd and hence Efd . As a result, E (Efd) also increases, and hence V. Consequently V will be brought to almost 1 pu again.
Ppu E1 E2

4.
0.6

Qpu

Answer 1. 2. 3. 4. MVAr absorption: 120, MVAr generation: 252 (v) 1.853pu, (vi) 27.6 (v) 80MVAr a) 2.066pu (over-exicted), b) 0.5736 pu (under-excited) 32.8 inductive and 70.4 capacitive.