117 CHAPTER 3 Water A a 26.8 cm 2a a Mercury SG = 13.

6 Water B

right side. A car that weighs 20,000 N is to be jacked up. (a) At the beginning, when both pistons are at the same elevation (h 0), calculate the force F1 in newtons required to hold the weight of the car. (b) Repeat the calculation after the car has been lifted two meters (h 2 m). Compare and discuss. 356 Consider a hydraulic jack as in Prob. 355. The specific gravity of the hydraulic oil is 0.870. (a) For a given force F1 50 N and for the case in which h 0, calculate force F2 as a function of area ratio for the range 50 A2/A1 1000. Discuss the relationship between F1 and A2/A1 (is the relationship linear, quadratic, etc.?) (b) Run FlowLab using template Hydraulic_press_area for the given conditions and the same range of area ratio. Compare to your manual calculations. 357 Consider a hydraulic jack as in Prob. 355. The area ratio is A2/A1 400. (a) For a given force F1 50 N and for the case in which h 0, calculate force F2 as a function of hydraulic fluid density for the range 780 kg/m3 (kerosene) r 998.2 kg/m3 (water). Discuss the relationship between F2 and r (is the relationship linear, quadratic, etc.?). (b) Run FlowLab using template Hydraulic_press_liquid for the given conditions and the same range of density. Compare to your manual calculations. 358 Consider a hydraulic jack as in Prob. 355. The specific gravity of the hydraulic oil is 0.870, and the area ratio is A2/A1 400 (A1 1 cm2 and A2 0.04 m2). (a) For a given elevation difference h 2 m, calculate force F2 as a function of applied force F1 for the range 10 N F1 500 N. Discuss the relationship between F2 and F1 (is the relationship linear, quadratic, etc.?). (b) Run FlowLab using template Hydraulic_press_force for the given conditions and the same range of F1. Compare to your manual calculations. 359 Consider a hydraulic jack as in Prob. 355. The specific gravity of the hydraulic oil is 0.870, and the area ratio is A2/A1 400 (A1 1 cm2 and A2 0.04 m2). (a) For a given applied force F1 50 N, calculate force F2 as a function of elevation difference h for the range 0 m h 4 m. Discuss the relationship between F2 and h (is the relationship linear, quadratic, etc.?). (b) Run FlowLab using template Hydraulic_press_elevation for the given conditions and the same range of h. Compare to your manual calculations.

FIGURE P353
354 A multifluid container is connected to a U-tube, as shown in Fig. P354. For the given specific gravities and fluid column heights, determine the gage pressure at A. Also determine the height of a mercury column that would create the same pressure at A. Answers: 0.415 kPa, 0.311 cm

A 80 cm Oil SG = 0.90

35 cm

Water 90 cm Glycerin SG = 1.26

18 cm

15 cm

FIGURE P354
355 Consider a hydraulic jack being used in a car repair shop, as in Fig. P355. The pistons have an area of A1 1 cm2 and A2 0.04 m2. Hydraulic oil with a specific gravity of 0.870 is pumped in as the small piston on the left side is pushed up and down, slowly raising the larger piston on the

Fluid Statics: Hydrostatic Forces on Plane and Curved Surfaces

F1 h Hydraulic oil SG = 0.870 F2 A2

360C Define the resultant hydrostatic force acting on a submerged surface, and the center of pressure. 361C Someone claims that she can determine the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on a plane surface submerged in water regardless of its shape and orientation if she knew the vertical distance of the centroid of the surface from the free surface and the area of the surface. Is this a valid claim? Explain.

A1

FIGURE P355

120 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS

383

Repeat Prob. 382 for a radius of 4 m for the gate.

L Hinge h R

Answer: 314 kN

384 Consider a flat plate of thickness t, width w into the page, and length b submerged in water, as in Fig. P384. The depth of water from the surface to the center of the plate is H, and angle u is defined relative to the center of the plate. (a) Generate an equation for the force F on the upper face of the plate as a function of (at most) H, b, t, w, g, r, and u. Ignore atmospheric pressure. In other words, calculate the force that is in addition to the force due to atmospheric pressure. (b) As a test of your equation, let H 1.25 m, b 1 m, t 0.2 m, w 1 m, g 9.807 m/s2, r 998.3 kg/m3, and u 30o. If your equation is correct, you should get a force of 11.4 kN.

R F

FIGURE P387
in water as in Fig. P387. The depth of water is h. (a) Generate an equation for the force F acting on the cylinder as a function of (at most) h, R, w, g, r, and L. Ignore atmospheric pressure since it acts on both sides of the cylinder. (b) As a test of your equation, let h 5 m, R 0.5 m, w 1 m, g 9.807 m/s2, and r 998.3 kg/m3. If your equation is correct, you should get a force of 11.4 kN. 388 Consider the cylindrical gate of Prob. 387. (a) For the values given there, calculate force F as a function of depth h in the range 0.6 h 5 m. Discuss the relationship between F and h (is the relationship linear, quadratic, etc.?) (b) Run FlowLab using template Cylindrical_gate_depth for the given conditions and the same range of depth h. Compare to your manual calculations. 389 Consider the cylindrical gate of Prob. 387. (a) For the values given there and with h 5 m, calculate force F as a function of the width L of water in the reservoir upstream of the gate in the range 0.2 L 2 m. Discuss the relationship between F and L (is the relationship linear, quadratic, etc.?) (b) Run FlowLab using template Cylindrical_gate_width for the given conditions and the same range of width L. Compare to your manual calculations.

H t F b

FIGURE P384
385 Consider the submerged plate of Prob. 384. (a) For the values given there, and for the plate aligned vertically (u 90o), calculate force F as a function of depth H in the range 1 H 10 m. Discuss the relationship between F and H (is the relationship linear, quadratic, etc.?) (b) Run FlowLab using template Submerged_plate_depth for the given conditions and the same range of depth H. Compare to your manual calculations. Note: FlowLab uses absolute pressure in its solution, so you need to subtract the force due to atmospheric pressure from the FlowLab results. 386 Consider the submerged plate of Prob. 384. (a) For the values given there, and for the plate center fixed at H 1.25 m), calculate force F as a function of angle u in the range 0 u 90o. Discuss the relationship between F and u (is the relationship linear, quadratic, etc.?) (b) Run FlowLab using template Submerged_plate_angle for the given conditions and the same range of angle u. Compare to your manual calculations. Note: FlowLab uses absolute pressure in its solution, so you need to subtract the force due to atmospheric pressure from the FlowLab results. 387 Consider a two-dimensional hinged cylindrical gate of radius R and width w into the page. The cylinder is resting at ground level with one quarter of its circumference submerged

Buoyancy
390C What is buoyant force? What causes it? What is the magnitude of the buoyant force acting on a submerged body whose volume is V? What are the direction and the line of action of the buoyant force? 391C Consider two identical spherical balls submerged in water at different depths. Will the buoyant forces acting on these two balls be the same or different? Explain. 392C Consider two 5-cm-diameter spherical ballsone made of aluminum, the other of ironsubmerged in water. Will the buoyant forces acting on these two balls be the same or different? Explain. 393C Consider a 3-kg copper cube and a 3-kg copper ball submerged in a liquid. Will the buoyant forces acting on these two bodies be the same or different? Explain.