SIW-1

SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDES

Substrate integrated waveguides belong to the family of substrate integrated circuits.
Substrate Integrated Circuits (SICs):
Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW)
Substrate Integrated Non-Radiative Dielectric Waveguide
(SINRDW)
Substrate Integrated Image Guide (SIIG)
Plated-through
(metallized) via holes
Air holes
Air holes
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In the upper microwave and the lower millimeter-wave range, substrate-integrated waveguide circuits
form a reasonable compromise between microstrip and waveguide technologies.
Microstrip is light weight and
compact but has high ohmic losses.
Waveguide has low ohmic losses but
is bulky and difficult to integrate.
Substrate-integrated waveguide uses the top and bottom metallizations of the substrate
and metallized via holes to create an artificial waveguide.
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Fundamental Mode Propagation in
Regular Waveguide Substrate Integrated Waveguide
SIW is a compromise between microstrip and all-metal waveguide
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1. DESIGN OF VIA DIAMETER AND VIA SEPARATION
Leakage loss in Np/rad as a function of via
diameter and via separation normalized to the
cutoff wavelength.
Deslandes, Wu, IEEE Trans. MTT, J une 2006
SIW circuits with d/p between 0.4 and 0.8 have been
published. In order to limit leakage losses to those of
dielectric and conductors, d/p>0.5 is recommended.
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2. EQUIVALENT WAVEGUIDE WIDTH
The equivalent waveguide width determines the SIWs cutoff frequency (cutoff wavelength) for applying
rectangular waveguide design procedures.
equ
c r
c
a
2f
=
c
Design an SIW circuit for a given frequency (waveguide
band). Note that only TEm0 modes can propagate in SIW.
c is the speed of light
Different models to calculate the equivalent waveguide width:
2
equ
d
a a
0.95p
=
Model (1) (Cassivi et al, IEEE MWCL, Sep. 2002):
Model (2) (Yan et al, IEEE MWCL, Sep. 2004):
1 2 3
equ 1 2
3 1
x x x p
a a x x
d x x
(
| |
+
= + +
( |

\ .

( )
( )
( )
1
2
3
x 1.0198 0.3465 a p 1.0684
x 0.1183 1.2729 a p 1.2010
x 1.0082 0.9163 a p 0.2152
= +
=
= +
Model (3) (Xu, Wu, IEEE Trans. MTT, J an. 2005):
2 2
equ
a a 1.08d p 0.1d a = +
Model (4) (Che et al, IET MAP, Feb. 2008):
equ
equ
2a
p p
a arcctg ln
4a 2d
(
t
=
(
t
(

Model (5) (Salehi, Mehrshahi, IEEE MWCL, J an. 2011):
equ
3
2
2
4
a
a
2a d d 4a d
1
p a d a d
5p
=
| |
| |
| |
+
|
| |
|

\ .
\ .
\ .
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d/p=0.4: Models (1), (2), (3), (5)
d/p=0.6: Model (2) Models (1), (3), (5)
d/p=0.8: Models (1), (3) Models (2), (5)
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3. SQUARE-TO-CIRCULAR VIA CONVERSION
When the via holes are produced by a laser, they can have any shape. Square via holes can be fabricated
closer together than circular ones. Square via holes are also easier to model, e.g., in MMT, FEM, etc
W-band SIW-to-waveguide transition with square via holes (Dousset, Wu, Claude, El. Lett., Nov. 2010)
The side length of the square via is the arithmetic mean of the inscribed and circumscribed squares of the
circular via:
1
1
2 2
2
o i
a a d
a
+ | |
= = +
|
\ .
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Examples:
Two-resonator K-band SIW post filter
Four-resonator K-Band SIW dual-band filter
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Examples (contd):
K-band SIW 2-way power divider
K-band SIW 3-way power divider
24-slot 3 dB W-band SIW aperture coupler
realized by cascading two 8.34 dB couplers
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4. DESIGN OF SIW COMPONENTS
- For given frequency range, select substrate material and determine via-hole diameter and
separation.
- Design the component in all-dielectric-filled rectangular waveguide (H-plane technology)
using the equivalent waveguide width.
- Set certain parameters (iris thickness, coupling aperture thickness, etc) to via-hole
dimensions so that they can easily be replaced by via holes later.
- Optimize the rectangular waveguide component for given specifications.
- Replace waveguide walls by via holes using the equivalent waveguide-to-SIW width and use
all-dielectric waveguide ports.
- Use square via holes if that is easier to handle in modelling procedures (MMT,
WaveWizard, FEM, etc).
- Fine-optimize the SIW component.
- Verify with a different field solver.
- Include microstrip-to-SIW tapers for measurements.
- Design calibration standards.
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5. PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF SIW TECHNOLOGY
Power Dividers (Germain, Deslandes, Wu, CCECE 2003)
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Couplers (Cassivi, Deslandes, Wu, APMC 2002)
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Filters (Chen, Wu, Drolet, IEEE Trans. MTT, Mar 2009)
Fourth-order filter with three oversized SIW
cavities
Fourth-order filter with two oversized SIW
cavities
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Filters contd (Chen, Wu, Li, IEEE Trans. MTT, Dec 2007)
K-band SIW dual-band filter
K-band SIW triple-band filter
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Di/Triplexers
Ka-band SIW diplexer (Tang Hong Chen Luo Wu,
IEEE Trans. MTT, Apr 2007)
2 GHz SIW triiplexer (Hou, Hong, Tian, Liu, Tang,
APMC, Dec 2009)
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Leakage waves
Leaky Wave Antenna
Slot Array Antenna
Antipodal Linearly
Tapered Slot Antenna (ALTSA)
Antenna Applications
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Antenna coupled diplexer (D. Deslandes,
PhD Diss, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal,
2005)
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10 GHz ALTSA Array (Hao, Hong, Chen,Chen,
Wu, IEEE MTT-S IMS, J une 2005)
Top metallization
Bottom metallization
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37.5 GHz Multibeam Antenna with Parabolic Reflector
(Cheng, Hong, Wu, IEEE Trans. AP, J an 2008)
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Radiation pattern when excited at Port 1
Radiation pattern when excited at Port 3
94 GHz Monopulse Array (Cheng, Hong, Wu,
IEEE Trans. AP, J an 2012)