SCIENCE

Heidegger mneglected his own earlier

refetions" on science.
14 P. Heelan, who began as a physicist has been
providing critical analyses of sien as herme
ne

tic practice since the 1970s. He engages

Herdegger throughout, but also exlicitly
stats at the After Postodernism Confrence
at the University of Chicago, Noember
1416, 1997 that "Hermeneutic philosophy
refers mostly toM. Heidegger's" (ww .focus
ing.orgapm_aperslheelan.html (Accessed July
17, 2012)).
15 See Marx, Hedegger and te Tradtion
tans. Kisiel and AGeee (Evanston, f:
Northwester University Press, 1971), 139-3
on physis and Anwesen.

@,Heidegger "Neuzitliche Naisseschaft

und modere Tecbnik," Research in
344
Phenomenology 7 (1977), 1-4, with Im0I0
by]. Sallis.
1
7 Bretano, On the Several Sense of Being'
in rist
?
tle, trans. George (Berkely: ,
Un

verstty of Califoria Press, 1975).

Hetdegger confrms that this t drove
m to write Being and Time in
@
.
Heidegge. "The Understanding of Time in
Phenomenology and in the Thinking of the
Being-Question," trans. T. Sheehan and
Elliston, Southwest jourl of Philosoph
!
0.2 {1979), 199-201, 201, and in his
mau

ural address to the Heidelberg

of Sctence, noted in H. Siegfried, ""JO<Iin
Heidegger: A Recollection," Man and
3.1 (1970), 3-, 4.
18 : Heidegge. Ge/assenheit (Pfullingen:
Gunther Neske, 1992), 12 et passim.
43
SPACE: TH OPEN I WHICH
W SOJOURN
John Russon and Ksten Jacobson
experience of "there."
is opposed to "here," to be sure, but
basically "there" is "somewhere," a pri
situating that precedes, makes pas
and contains the opposition of "here'l
"there": "there is" realty, it "takes
"This "taking place" has the dual sense
>f"happetirtg" and "occupying a determi-
location vis-3-vis others in the universal
of appearing": "there" is both the sin
fact of the global happening of reality,
it is the always local specifiCity of things
;jit;uated with respect to other things O
ourselves. This "there" is the "Da" with
Heidegger's investigations throughout
career are preoccupied. We are intrinsi
engaged with that Da: we are Dasein,
,: "there-being."
The Da, the "there," is space, but say
the word "spate" does not suddenly

make transparent the sense of the Da; on

the contrary, reflecting on the phenomenon
of "there" draws our attention to the fun
. damental enigma of space, the enigmatic
way that we fnd ourselves in the midst of
things, thrown into a world that presents
itself simultaneously as embracing us and as
spread away from us into the distance. Late
in his career (1969), in his Zollikon seminars,
Heidegger remarks:
In Being and Time, being- open (Da-sein)
means beng-open (Da-sein). The "Da" is
determined here as "the open." This open
ness has the character of space. Spatiality
belongs to the clearing [Lichtung]. U
belongs to the open in which we sojourn
as existing beings. (GA 89, 283/ZS,
225)'
We are Da-sein, which is to say we are open to
a reality that is open to us, and that is a real
ity in which things open onto other things.
Before engaging in any technical reflections
on "space," we must first push ourselves to
notice-and notice the mysterious wonder
of-this fact of the open: we should notice
that there is a "there is" for us. We live as the
witnessing of a clearing in which it is given
to us to notice, it is. given to us that there is
something to notice .
Heidegger's philosophy is fundamentally a
phenomenology, that is, it is a description of
experience as it is lived. To respond mean
ingfully to his philosophy-to understand
it-we must first engage ourselves in the
SPACE
project of reflecting upon the character of our
own exerience: we must begin by reflect
ing on this, our fundamental exerience of
"being there." Having attuned ourselves to
the mysterious character of the happening
of our experience, we can follow Heidegger's
ever-deepening refections on the nature of
space-the nature of the Da-throughout
his writing.
LIVED-SPACE
Heidegger's first and most revolutionary
contribution, and the one that provides the
context for all his subsequent reflections on
space, is the emphasis in Being ad nme on
the primacy of the "ready" [zuhanden] char
acter of the world.2 Though we are intelli
gently, meaningully, and discriminatingly
related to the very specific features of our
surrounding environment, in our everyday
experience we integrate ourselves with them
without making them the explicit objects of
our attention. While one is walking, reaching
into a pocket or grabbing for te telephone,
one will typically be talking with a fiend
about the plans for the_ evening or some other
topic. The explicit, "conspicuous" object o
attention is the evening's events, while the
surrounding world of ground, limbs, pocket,
and telephone whose support we gather up
in our behavior is "inconspicuous"-non
thematic in, though utterly essential to, our
experience.
This nonthematic involvement with the
determinaces of our environment is not an
optional or secondary aspect of our experi
ence, but uour primary way of existing. First
and foremost, we" dwell" in the world, which
means we always exprience from a network
of "involvements," a lived inhabitation of the
world, and thus tis world that provides
context and backgound for our lives is
most basic phenomenon of our exeetce
it is what most basically appears, what
"there."3 We are Dasei"being th,re"
frrst in this sense that our ver existence
this being stretched out into the things
make our "home."4
This "exsting as stretched out into
is our spatalit, our being spatial.
not first a characteristic of the object of
experience but is the very character
we exist.5 The close and the distant are
primarily matters of the quantity of
tion between objects, but are matters of
comfortable absorption in or our aliienate
unfmiliarity with our world. What is
is near because we have turned
toward it and taken the thing up into
care. What is far is far because we are
focusing our attention on it or beartse,
lies out of reach of a project we undek
Space, first, is the proximity to or
fom our world that we live.
It is tis "lived spatiality" that Hcidcggt
studies in Being and Time.6 U accoJdai c
with its Being-in-the-world,"
writes, "Dasein always has space presonte
as alceady discovered, though not
cally" (GA 2, 112/BT, 147):even when
as suh has not yet become an explicit
of focal concern for us, we already
space in that we are oriented in our
able involvement with the world in
our felt proximiries and the ways in
we are oriented from this home to
distaot. Heidegger studies these characte
istics of our spatiality under the
"de-severance" [Ent-feng] and
tionality" [Ausrichtung].7
"De-severance" is the way in which
being is always characterized hvfn,;,,.,h;,
at a distance, by having things presented
346
their separation from us. 8- As I launch
project of writing, the things not con
with this writing slip away and I brirlg
those that enable my writing. The pen
. for example, emerges as a relevant option
takes its place in the heterogeneous net
of papers, surfaces, lights, and limbs
in their separation from me, are the
)oS;ibility of my writing. In engaging with
'region" of writing, these diferentiated
become simultaneously close and
as de-severing, we are always doing
with the "farness" between things and
IS recisely in allowing them tq exist for us
is rclevant differencesidistaoces.' This "male
close" that is de-severing is not reducing
quantity of bodily separation between
body and some thing, but is rather let
"any entity be encountered close by as
entit which it is" (GA 2, 105/BT, 139).
fe-severan: e is the way in which things are
ever far from us on the basis of their
U this description of de-severance, we see
well our "directionality." "Every bringin
" Heidegger writes, "has already taken
advance a direction towards a region out
which what is de-severe brings itself
(GA 2, 143T, 108). We exist as
>dctional insofar as we are always bring
things close to us from out of a region to
these things belong, which is to say, we
not indiferently relate to the things of the
but we are instead always oriente
the world in some meaningful way or
We experience the world as regional,
! as

having locations-the relevant, oriented

: dcmains of our involvement-in which cer
things are gathered together through
our prOjects and, more generally, our care,
and we experience things as belonging to
regions, as coming out of a place to which
they belong.
10
SPACE
The world of our experience is not at root
an alienated assemblage of isolated things set
off against each other and against an isolated
knowing subject in space as a uniform and
empty "container," but is, rather the hetero
geneous fabric of availability upon which
we draw to carry out our practices of every
day life, a fabric meaningfully articulated in
determinate regions that provide the context
to which things themselves belong. The sub
ject as an isolate consciousness, things as
isolated individuals and the "empty" space in
which we imagine them to be contained are
derivative realities that emerge fom within
this primordial, lived spatiality, rather than
being the original terms of reality.11
EATH AND TIME-SPACE
The phenomenological descriptions of
"world" in Being and Time challenged our
typical understanding of the world by com
pelling us t? notice a realm of lived space,
"beneath," so to speak, the objective real
ity of discrete objects situated in empty
space. In "The Origin of the Work of Art,"
Heidegger compels us to sif our atten
tion from the "world" of availability to the
"earth" that is the originary matrix that
is the very possibility of world. Heidegger
describes phenomenologically the experience
of an ancient Greek temple, noting how the
temple, rather han presenting itself as an
object, in fact articulates a world, shaping
for us a perspective on ourselves and nature:
"the temple, in its standing there, first gives
to things their look and to :en their outlook
on themselves" (GA 7, 28/PLT, 42). The art
work is the gesture by which a community
carves out for itself a Weltanschauung-a
"worldview"-but this world is itself the
bL
takng uQC QC88Iblty thal, Qm QC88IbIlIly
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ba8IC QhcnCmcnCn C mcanIngul aQQcat-
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drawing from aQQcaranCc 8uCh lhal a
mIghl aQQcar.` Ilh catlh wc haVc lhc
QC88bIlIly C lhc`lhctc I8, lhal whIChIn
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8QaCcC Cut lIVc8.
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thal QtcCOc8CutcXQctIcnCcClhcmcat:tng-
ulatlICulalICnC8QaCc.`hI8 nClICn I8
lhctdcVclCQcdInthc CCUCcQlC `tImc-8QaCc
[Zeit-Raum] In Contributions to PhilosoJ/y
(1938). mcIdcggct wtIlc8:
Lncmu8lIr8lgcnctallyallcmQllCtn
whal I8 CwnmC8l lC lImc 8C CtI@ly
(In lImc8`cC8la8I8) lhal lImc bcCCmc8
gra8Qablca8lhcQC88IblcltulhCtbc-Ing
[Sen] a88uCh. ul altcady lhInkng tmc
lhtCugh In lhI8 way btIng8 lImc In Il8
tclatcdnc88lClhcDa CDa-sein, nlCan
c88cntIal tclattCn8htQ wIlh thc 8Qatal-
Ity C Da-sein and lhu8 wIlh 8QaCc . . . .
ul mca8utcd agaIn8l lhcIt Ctdtnaty
tcQtc8cnlalICn8 ltmc and 8QaCc atc hctc
mCtc CtgInaty and ullImalcly, thcy atc
ltmc-8QaCc [Zeit-Raum], whICh I8 nCl
a CCuQlIng C lImc and 8QaCc bul whal
I8 mCtc CtIg U lhcr bclCnging
lCgclhct. (L 65, 189/1, 132)
Beig and Time lCCk lcmQCtalIly a8 Il8 Cluc
Ct nVc8ltgalng lhc nalutc C bcIng: lh0
atlICulalICn and tcalIzalCn C Cur Carc In
lhc cXQctIcnCc C lIVcd Umc I8 Cut unda-
mcnl hCld Cn lhc tclalICn8hIQ C what_,
whal wa8 and whal wll bc, and I8 thu8 lc
undamcnlal abtIC o lhc mcanIngunc88
lhcSinn-of CutcXQctIcnCc.*"3clBeing an
Time tcVcalcd lhI8 Cut mcanIngul gta8Q
C lhc wCtld, D nCl a matlcr C InlcllcClual
tcQtc8cnlalICn, bul I8 a mallct, a8 wc 8aw
abCVc, C lIVcd 8QalIalIly an nhabIlatICn C
348
wCtld.`` hI8 In8cQataDIlly C lImc and
8Q8CcC`DIcanIng and`cXlcn8ICn, 8C lC
8DcaK~InVIlc u8 lC tcCCgnIzc a 8CutCc Ct
caCh lhat QtcCcdc8 thcIt aQQatcnl 8cQataDIl-

hI8 I8 Uc`tImc-8QaCc [Zeit-Raum] C

cCh'ibtiom to Philosophy.
8catlhI8lhal CwhICh wCtdI8lhctcalI-
;
'""'""' Zeit-Raum I8 lhal C whiCh thc 8QaCc
thc lImc lhat wc lIVc atc tcaIzalICn8.
what makc8 QC88IDc 8QaCc and tImc,
I8 nCl QtCQcty gra8Qablc In lhc

ctm8of 8QaCcandlImc.buChlctm8,hCwcVct,
`atc lhc lctm8 C mcanIng Ct u8. Zeit-Raum,
thcn, a8 lhc `gtCund C mcanIng, I8 Il8cl

Cul8Idc lhc dCmaIn C mcaning: Il I8 Qtc-
C8cy mcanInglc88. n lhI8 8cn8c, Zeit-Raum
"gtCund In thc 8cn8c C "Abgrund"
aDy88.`hc tcCCgntICn D Zeit-Raum I8 thc
tcCCgnlICn that mcanIng as suc CannCl bc
`lhc la8l wCtd, 8C lC 8Qcak, bul as mean-
1 Jng QtcCI8cly QCInl8 lC Il8 Cwn tCClcdnc88 In
a ktnd C ab8cnCc C mcanIng.
bcCCgnIzIng lhI8 ab8cnCc C mcanIng I8
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`pIhIlI8m,bulI8,a8mcIdcggct altcadyanlIC-
IQatcd In hI8 8ludy C anXIcly In Being and
Time, QtcC8cly a lIVcd tcaIzatICn C Cnc8
Cwn cXQC8urc lC an`Cul8Idc lhal, a8 8uCh,
CaDncVct bc btCughl wIlhIn thc CCnInc8 C
CCmCtlablc cXQctIcnCc: an Cul8Idc In whICh
wc Can ncVct Dc al hCmc. hc cXQctIcnCc
C 8QaCc I8 away8 lhc cXQctIcnCc C bcIng
cXQ8cdtCCutlImIl8, andhctc, InUI8cngagc-
mcnl wIth lhc dccQc8l 8cn8c [Ct ab8cnCc C
8cn8c) C8QaCc, wc8ImIlarly cngagclhI8cXQC-
8urcal IlmO8lcXltcmclcVcl.'Dasein undct-
8tCCda8CutIVcd8QaIialIlyCbcIng-al-hCmc
Il8c dcQcnd8 Cn Da-sein undct8lCCd a8 an
CtIgInary hCmclc88nc88 lhal I8 Cur tclalICn tC
8QaCca8 Zeit-Raum.19
Da-sein, lhc 8Itc C Cut hCmclc88 cXQC-
8utc tC Zeit-Raum, I8 nCt 8ImQly Cthct lhan
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bLL
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8QaCc and mcanIngul tImc, I8 ncIthct a 8Qa-
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Ccdcnl tcaIlyIndccd, Il dCc8 nCl cXI8l Inany
way Clhct lhan as 8QaCc andlImc.`hctc I8
Cny thc event [Ereignis} lhal I8 thc aQQrOQtI-
alIng ClhcQC88IbIlItyCDcIngInlhchaQQcn-
Ing C a mcanngul wCtld. hc cVcnl 8 lhc
CC-CCCuttcnCcCZeit-Raum andC 8QaCc and
tImc, bulIlI8QtcCI8cly thc cVcnl ClhcIr8cQa-
taliCn tCm caCh Clhct: lhcy caCh cXI8l Cny
In and a8 lhi8 CCn8lIlulIVc`8ltIc.' bImIatly,
In Cut InhabIlatICn C a amIlIat wCrd~
Cut cXI8lcnCc a8 usctnthctc alway8 utk8
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than a8 makIng a hCmc In bcIng, aQQtCQtIat-
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ALmD1LDP LDL
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lICn [Machenschaf]. c 8aw In Cut InIlIa
349
bLL
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Jhc way In whICh yOu atc and1am thc
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11f/LJ 11/ '
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tIc8 a8 thc c88cnHal ChataCtct O bcIng:
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PL1bP HLLHLPLLb
See Thomas Sheehan, "A Paradigm Shift m
Heidegger Research," Continental Philosophy
Review, 32 (2001), 1-20.
2 GA 2, 63-113/BT 91-148, division 1, chaptr 3,
"The Worldhood of the World." The concept
of "wOtld is also discussed extensively in the
. 1927lecture course, Die Grudprobleme der
Phinomenologie, GA24,230-41 and 412-29/
BP, 162-70 and 291-302, and in earlier courses
such as the 1925 course, Prolegomena zur
Geschichte des Zeitbegrifs, GA20 210-325/
HC 156-236, division 1, chapter 3, sections
19-25. For the idea that Heidegger's later phi
losophy of space represent a fundamental shift
in position, see Andrew J. Mitchell, Heidegger
among te Sculptors: Body, Space and the Art
of Dwelling (Stanford: Stanford University '
Press, 2010); for a powerful criticism of this
position, see Franois Raffoul, "The Event
of Space," Gatherings: The Heidegger Circle
Annual,2 (2012), 89-106.
3 ot"dwelling," see GA 2, 54/BT, 79-80; for
"involvements," see section 18, GA 2,84/BT,
116, and to compare the notion of "equipmen
tal totality," see GA 2,68/BT, 97.
' See GA 2,11-15 ad 52-9/BT, 32-5 and
78-86. See Kirsten Jacobson, "A Developed
Nature: A Phenomenological Account of the
Experience of Home," Continental Philosophy
Review, 42 (2009), 355-73. Initially, Heidegger
presented "Dasein" as a word without
hyphenation; later he hyphenated the word
"Da-sein." In discussing Being and Time, we
use the term without hyphenation; the relation
betwee the earlier and later uses is considered
in the seond section of this chapter.
s GA 2,138/BT, 104: "To ecounter the ready-to
hand in its environmentl space remains
ontically possible only because Dasein itself is
spatial' with regard to it Being-in-the-world."
SPACE
6 Sections 22-4, "The Spatiality [Riumlichkeit]
of Dasein." See Yoko Arisaka, "On Heideger's
Theory of Space: A Critique of Dreyfus, .
Inquiry 38 (1995), 455-67; Jing Long, "The
Body and the Woddhoo mthe World, .
joul of Philosophical Research, 31 (2006),
295-308.
' See also GA 20 306-25/CT 223-36, O25.
8
See Hubert Dreyfus, Being-in-the-World: A
Coentary on Heideger's Being and Time,
Division I (Cambridge: APress, 1991),
132; Jeffy Malpas, Heidegger's Topology,
(Cambridge, A Press, 2006), 91, 376;
Peg Birmingham, "Heidegger and Arendt:
The Birt of Political Action and Speech," in
eds Franois Rafoul and David Pettigrew,
Heidegger's Practical Philosohy (Albany:
SUNY Press, 2002), chapter 12, 197.
9 For "regions," see GA 2, 103/BT, 136-7.
10
See Edward S. Casey, The Fate of Place: A
Philosophical History (Berkeley: University of
Califoria Press, 1997), 247-56.
11
Heidegger's phenomenological description of
lived eperience also challenges the mutual
isolation that we typically presume to ei
between subjects; Being and Time, division
1, chapter 4.
:

Compare Heidegger's remarks on a "pheom

enology of minapparent," GA 15, 135/FS, 80.
' See Tomas Sheean," Kehre and Ereignis:
A Prolegomenon to Introduction to
Metphysics," in ee Richard Polt and
Gregory Fried, A Companion tO Heideger's
Introduction to Metphysics (New Haven and
London: Yale Universjty Press, 2000), 3-16,
263-74, especially 7.
14
"The meaning [Sinn) of Dasein is temporality,"
GA 2, 331/BT, 380.
15
See GA 2, 367-9/BT, 418-21 for Heidegger's
discussion of the relation of space and time in
Being and Time.
" GA 65, 371-88/CP1, 259-71, "Der
Zeit-Raum als der Ab-grund." On this
theme, see Friedrich-Wilhehn von Hnn,
"Wa-ZeirRa-" in e. Ewald Rieht Die
Fge Nach dr Wahrheit (Frankfrt am Main:
Klostnnann, 1997). Compre Heideger Der
Kunst und der Raum (St. Gaiie, Switerland:
Erker Verlag, 1969), translated by Charles
H. Siebert as "Art and Space," Ma and World
6 (1973), 3-8,7: "Space-does it belong to the
primal pheomena at the awareess of which
m anovercome, as Goethe says, by an awe
to the pint of anxiety? . . . For behind space, so
it will appear nothing more is given to which
it could btraced O.Wnspace there u
no retreat to something c.Se Stuart Elden,
"Contibutons to Gegraphy? The Spacs of ;, .
Hideger's Beige, Environent ad PC.
D:SoandSpae,23 (2005),811-27.
"
17
especially GA 2, 186/BT, 180.
18
See Mitchell, Heidegger among the
Sculptors, 52.
19
Heidegger takes up our "homeless " or . ,
"unhomel y" character in Being and Tme (e.g.:

,: ,
GA 2, 189/BT, 183). It na cntral theme of the
1942 lecture course, HO/derlin's Hymne "der :-'
Ister," GA 53.

Zeit-Raum is "originally the site fr the

moment of enowning [Augenblicks-Sdes
Ereignisses]." (G 65,30/CP1,22)
21
See GA 65, 29/CP1, 21: "Tune-space [is] the,
site for the moment of strif . . , . Strif [is]
te stif of earth and world because truth of
be-ing [takes place] only in sheltring, sheltt-
ing as grounding the'berween' in beings: te
tug of earth and world."
t @John Sallis, "Grounders of the Abyss,"
in es Charles Scott, Susan Schoenbohm,
Daniela Vallega-Neu, and Allejandro Vallega,
Companion to Heidegger's "Contributions to
Philosophy'' (Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 2001), 181-97.

' See Elde, "Contibutions to Geography?" 819:

24
mContributins to Philosophy, similarly,
Heidegger identifes the "hiaden essenc "
of Zeit-Raum as 'nearness and remotees,
emptiness and gifting, frvor and dawdling," in
contrast to quantitative measurability we com
monly take to b defnitive of objective space
and time (GA 65, 372/CP1, 260).
2 Compare GA 7, 29-36/BW 333-41.
16 Bemerkungen zKunst-Pistik-Raum, ed.
Hermann Heidegger (St. Gallen, Switerland:

Erker Verlag, 1996), 13; quoted in Mithell,
Heiegger among te Sculptors, 40.
27
On the concretness of space se Jefrey
Malpas, Heidegger and the Thinking of
352
Place: Explorations in the Topology of Being
(Cambridge A:APress, 2012) and the
review of this book by Frois Raffoul, Notre
Dame Philosophical Reviews, July 19, 2012.
44
TECHNOLOGY
Hans Run
Up until the mid-nineteenth century, the
question and problem of technology was not
seen as an issue of great philosophical inter
est. It is in the social philosophy of Marx and
other left Hegelians that one can first see a
genuine shift among philoSophers in this
respect. The modes of production and thus
the very technical means of life are now seen
as cultural forces in their own right, and thus
as influencing the thoughts, experiences, and
self-understanding of a society. D 1877 Ernst
Kapp, a philosopher and a contemporary of
Marx, publishes the first book with the title
"Outline for a Philosophy of technology"
(Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik),
where he launches the idea of the tool-as an
"organ-extension" of man.
With the First World War the question
takes on another urgency. The war was not
only a human and cultural disaster of previ
ously unseen dimensions. It was also an expe
rience of how the machinery of war somehow
seemed to have taken over the lives of men,
and made them into its servants rather U
its masters. Together with the rapid and con
vulsive industrialization of the West it contrib
uted to bringing the question of technology U
the forefont of the cultural and philosophi
Cdebates in postwar Europe.
In the 1920s many European philosophers
and intellectuals turn their interest toward
technology as the defining issue of our time.
Ortega y Gasset in Spain, Nikolai Berdjajev
in Russia (and France), Oswald Spengler,
Ernst Jiinger, and Ernst Cassirer in Germany,
and many others take part in the discussion
of the meaning and consequences of the tech
nologizing of culture. The culmination of the
Second World War brought the whole mat
ter U yet another level. The atomic bomb
marked a new step in both the technological
and the spiritual evolution of humankind. It
now had the ability to abolish life on eanh
as such. With the parallel discovery of the
human genome, humanity appeared to have
fulfilled the ancient phantasies of a demi
urge that in his hands had the power and the
techne to create and destroy life.
The first phase of this discussion takes
place when Heidegger is developing his own
version of phenomenology as existential
ontology. Yet, in his early published works,
including Being and Time, the question of
technology does not stand forth as a funda
mental concern. It.is not until the early 1950s
that he explicitly and publicly takes on the
question of technology as a philosophical
theme in its own right. He then gives several
public lectures on this theme, which are then
edited into the immensely influential essay
"The Question Concerning Technology"
in 1954. Here he describes the essence of
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